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42-473: These citywide events may take on many purposes, including art gallery openings, and social and political networking. American cities have promoted such events to bring people to historic areas perceived as dangerous, using the " safety in numbers " mentality to combat urban decay . In some cities this monthly event may occur on the first Saturday of each month instead of Friday or on "Third Thursdays". Additionally, these are "see and be seen" events that serve as

84-436: A block party or social gathering open to the general public. Some of these events may be centered on political networking by Republicans and Democrats, but usually First Fridays are art and entertainment destinations. They may involve pub crawling , other retail establishments such as cafes and restaurants, and performances by fire twirling acts, jazz musicians , belly dancing , street musicians, or others. "First Fridays"

126-773: A historically located designated arts district . Among the cities with art-oriented First Friday events are: Albany , Anchorage , Augusta , Bellingham , Binghamton , Boston , Burlington , Chicago , Columbia (Missouri) , Columbus , Denver , Fort Collins , Honolulu , Hood River , Indianapolis , Ithaca , Juneau , Kalamazoo , Kansas City , Knoxville , Lincoln , Louisville , Las Vegas , Miami , Missoula , Peoria (Illinois) , Scranton , Oakland , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , Olympia , Philadelphia , Phoenix , Pittsburgh , Portland (Maine), Raleigh , Richmond , Rochester , San Antonio , San Jose , Santa Cruz , Santa Rosa , Spokane , Tallahassee , Tulsa , York (PA) , Marietta, Ohio , and Ypsilanti . Richmond, Virginia

168-510: A massive build-out, which included the construction of over 600 buildings. This would go on into the 80s, until the last few skyscrapers were topped out. In 1978, the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , designed by renowned architect Minoru Yamasaki , debuted. Now, the economy of Richmond is booming, with several Fortune 500 companies headquartered there. Dominion Resources , MeadWestvaco , and Universal are among those headquartered in

210-544: A number of the town's art galleries , museums, or artists' studios, both commercial and non-profit 501c3 organizations, will open their doors on Friday evening. The idea is that galleries will attract people to the downtown and enrich the art community by pooling their openings together, sometimes, as in the case of art6 and Artspace in Richmond, Virginia (when in Jackson Ward at 6 East Broad Street) into one monthly evening in

252-602: A range of countries, with rates of collisions between motorists and cyclists or walkers. He found an inverse relationship that was hypothesised to be explained by a concept described as 'behavioural adaptation', whereby drivers who are exposed to greater numbers of cyclists on the road begin to drive more safely around them. Though an attractive concept for cycling advocates, it has not been empirically validated. Other combined modelling and empirical evidence suggests that while changes in driver behaviour might still be one way that collision risk per cyclist declines with greater numbers,

294-474: A slower rate than would be expected based on their numbers. That is, more people walk or cycle where the risk to the individual pedestrian or bicyclist is lower. A 2002 study into whether pedestrian risk decreased with pedestrian flow, using 1983-86 data from signalized intersections in a town in Canada, found that in some circumstances pedestrian flow increased where the risk per pedestrian decreased. After cycling

336-476: A true urban core there are still concerns among both civic and private institutions that the city will risk crime and dilapidation in the Downtown areas unless investment is forthcoming. The City of Richmond Downtown Master Plan concretises the official line which is to build upward and create a Condo tower-based residential area Downtown. This will provide "the perfect place to live, work, and play". This will not solve

378-1125: A way for these professionals to meet in a social atmosphere while exchanging useful information. The concept spread rapidly and First Fridays chapters now operate in 39 cities across North America and seven countries worldwide, including Austin , Binghamton , Birmingham , Boston , Charlotte , Charleston , Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Detroit , Fort Myers , Fort Lauderdale , Hattiesburg , Hartford , Hong Kong , Houston , Indianapolis , Jackson , Kansas City , Kingston , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Long Beach London , Louisville , Memphis , Miami , Nashville , Nassau , New Orleans , New York , Newark , Oakland , Orlando , Philadelphia , Phoenix, Pittsburgh , Raleigh , Richmond , Rio de Janeiro , Sacramento , San Antonio , San Diego , San Francisco , St. Louis , Normandy , Scranton , South Bend , Syracuse , Tallahassee , Tokyo , Toronto , Washington, D.C., and since May 2016 also in Switzerland Biel/Bienne In 2002, several First Fridays operators created First Fridays United, which

420-507: Is a company founded to organize the existing First Fridays chapters in 30 cities into one group to share information, resources and solicit corporate sponsors and advertisers. The organization sponsors a series of international events in addition to the monthly networking happy hours. Today, First Fridays reaches over 450,000 urban professionals through email, internet, and event marketing and has had numerous Fortune 1000 corporate clients. Chanin Walsh

462-526: Is a theme favored by Mayor Dwight C. Jones, citing plans for large apartment and condominium towers on the Canal Walk and hoping that it will attract tourists to Richmond. Unfortunately this has not occurred, however the planning is now taking a more modest line aimed at enhancing the challenge of a rather dull and empty space. Plans for the demolition of the old Reynolds Metals plant are still awaiting funding of around $ 50 million to be followed by reconstruction of

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504-403: Is also a nationally recognized networking event targeting Black professionals held on the first Friday of every month in various cities throughout North America. These events started in 1987 and provide urban professionals an opportunity to socially network, exchange and share ideas on professional, educational, political and social issues. Some cities hold "gallery hops" and "art walks", in which

546-424: Is among the largest First Fridays art walks in the nation. It draws nearly 20,000 people from all over the state of Virginia and nation, showcasing its artistic side and opening restaurants and art galleries all over Broad Street , Manchester area , and Downtown Richmond . Artspace and Art6 Gallery were two of the first anchor galleries for First Fridays on Broad Street in Richmond. One of the oldest First Friday's

588-742: Is located in Boston's SoWa Arts District where more than 80 artists open their studios to the public every First Friday. The SoWa Arts District is located at Harrison Ave and Thayer Street in Boston's South End. In 2015, USA Today's 10BEST readers poll voted the SoWa as the second best arts district in the country. Some First Fridays promote arts and culture combined with social networking, like First Fridays in Tucson, AZ . Other smaller-scale First Fridays serve as social gatherings for groups of friends or people new to an area and may involve no art. They may also include

630-540: Is the central business district of Richmond, Virginia , United States. It is generally defined as being bound by Belvidere Street to the west, I-95 to the north and east, and the James River to the south. The Fan district borders it to the west, Highland Park to the north, Church Hill to the east, and Manchester to the south. The James Monroe Building and Truist Place tower over 449 ft, and 400 ft, respectively, making them Richmond's tallest buildings, and

672-450: Is the top networking event for African American professionals and consistently attracts over 16,000 people each month across North America according to First Fridays United. The First Fridays monthly events originated in 1987 as an outlet for African American professionals to mix, mingle and network. During the 1980s it was common for an individual to be the only black professional working in their company. First Fridays happy hours become

714-575: The London Congestion Charge . In January 2008, the number of cyclists in London being treated in hospitals for serious injuries had increased by 100% in six years. Over the same time, they report, the number of cyclists had increased by 84%. In York, comparing the periods 1991-93 and 1996–98, the number of bicyclists killed and seriously injured fell by 59%. The share of trips made by bicycle rose from 15% to 18%. In Germany, between 1975 and 2001,

756-580: The Richmond Folk Festival , which is now one of the biggest festivals in the state, drawing as much as 200,000 people in its weekend long schedule. It takes place each year on Brown's Island and the surrounding area. There is also the National Beer Festival, which was scheduled to come to Richmond for 2011, but will return next year on account that it was cancelled under mysterious circumstances. There are much more festivals that bring nearly

798-518: The Netherlands, between 1980 and 2005, and cyclist fatalities decreased by 58% and cycling increased by 45%. During 7 years of the 1980s, admissions to hospital of cyclists declined by 5% and cycling in Western Australia increased by 82%. Downtown Richmond 37°32′44″N 77°26′20″W  /  37.54556°N 77.43889°W  / 37.54556; -77.43889 Downtown Richmond

840-515: The absolute number of cyclists killed or seriously injured decreased by 29% and the amount of cycling in New York city increased by 98%. In Portland, Oregon, between 1990 and 2000, the percentage of workers who commuted to work by bicycle rose from 1.1% to 1.8%. By 2008, the proportion has risen to 6.0%; while the number of workers increased by only 36% between 1990 and 2008, the number of workers commuting by bicycle increased 608%. Between 1992 and 2008,

882-558: The banking interests that form the backbone of the city. Industry friendly investment in infrastructure has enhanced Richmond's reputation and attracted business through the establishment of areas such as the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park, (located north of the Richmond Coliseum ), which markets itself as a premier office park for research. However although much has been done in Richmond towards establishing

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924-468: The downtown district. MeadWestvaco built its new headquarters in 2010. However large areas of the town were allowed to fall into disrepair until the creation of large swathes of HUD priority areas in the worst areas. Developers were quick to take advantage of the generous re-development loans especially since there was a ready-made market in the form of students requiring cheap housing. The Shockoe Bottom and Shockoe Slip districts have successfully begun

966-410: The effect can be easily produced through simple spatial processes (traffic design) akin to the biological herding processes described above. Without considering hypotheses 1 or 3, Jacobsen concluded that "A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking and bicycling if more people walk or bicycle." He described this theory as "safety in numbers." Safety in numbers is also used to describe

1008-552: The evidence that the number of pedestrians or cyclists correlates inversely with the risk of a motorist colliding with a pedestrian or cyclist . This non-linear relationship was first shown at intersections. It has been confirmed by ecologic data from cities in California and Denmark, and European countries, and time-series data for the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The number of pedestrians or bicyclists injured increases at

1050-506: The fact that there are no major national chain stores located in downtown or its direct vicinity. A rapid transport system to provide faster links between Washington and Richmond is also mooted as important to the create of New Richmond according to Mayor Dwight C. Jones : high-speed rail . Downtown Richmond also is home to some of the nation's biggest festivals, including the National Folk Festival from 2005 to 2007, which spawned

1092-586: The historic John Marshall hotel is also aimed to provide inner-city living space for an optimistic planning target for residency. This is echoed by the planned new construction of Shockoe Valley Heights, a large residential development in Shockoe Bottom. The partial redevelopment of Tobacco Row , a huge row of old tobacco warehouses near fashionable Cary Street is now complete and has attracted favorable attention. The economical loft conversions have proved popular among student tenants. Further housing and redevelopment

1134-665: The large First Friday events such as those in Phoenix, Arizona, attracting up to 20,000 attendees to hundreds of spaces. Various cities areas have First Fridays centered on politically conservative networking. The pioneer of these events began in Washington, D.C. , but similar events have found success in Virginia, Nevada, and Arizona. In many cities, First Fridays events place an emphasis on African American networking and business opportunities for African American professionals. First Friday

1176-515: The largest in the nation, and a major player in the slave trade market. The district now known as Shockoe Bottom was the largest and most famous slave trade market in the entire nation, with people traveling from the South to trade, purchase, or sell slaves. When the Civil War came, though, Richmond became much of a military town, serving as the capital of the newly formed Confederate States of America . As

1218-483: The new School of Medicine under construction will be 12 storeys). Other important buildings Downtown include the Richmond Coliseum and the Greater Richmond Convention Center (which includes a tourist information office). Shockoe Bottom and Shockoe Slip also have nightclubs, bars, condo towers and lofts in various architectural styles. From the 1800s, downtown Richmond was a booming city, one of

1260-438: The number of bicyclists crossing four bridges into downtown was measured to have increased 369% between 1992 and 2008. During that same period, the number of reported crashes increased by only 14%. In Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1995 and 2006, the number of cyclists killed or seriously injured fell by 60%. During the same period, cycling increased by 44% and the percent of people cycling to work increased from 31% to 36%. In

1302-523: The old canal system and development of the infrastructure with HUD grant aid before private interests can be offered a suitable development area. Richmond's downtown is rich in history especially from the Civil War and reconstruction period, the "Gilded Age". A great deal of attention has been devoted to the potential tourism holds for the city, however the mainstay remains the VCU facilities and students together with

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1344-518: The process of converting tobacco warehouses and factories into lofts and apartments. Canal Walk is under consideration for development both on the residential and service sector sides, however it is not clear whether there is real consumer appetite for additional restaurants, bars and coffee shops in Richmond. HUD developments in the Manchester district are hoping to start converting former factories into apartment and loft complexes. Residential conversion of

1386-414: The safety effect creates an actual reduction of danger, rather than just a redistribution over a larger group. The mathematical biologist W.D. Hamilton proposed his selfish herd theory in 1971 to explain why animals seek central positions in a group. Each individual can reduce its own domain of danger by situating itself with neighbours all around, so it moves towards the centre of the group. The effect

1428-589: The slaves were free, Richmond saw new economic opportunities in other businesses, such as finance, retail, and banking. In the 1920s, America shifted into an Art Deco period, which included the construction of many fancy buildings in Downtown Richmond, notably the Central Bank Building. Also, department retailers saw investment in the downtown sector, and opened up flagships . This included Sears & Roebuck , Thalhimers , and Miller & Rhoads . But

1470-424: The slow yet massive move out into suburban areas began making its mark on Downtown, as these department stores expanded out to the new suburban shopping centers, and eventually Sears closed the downtown store, and Thalhimers and Miller & Rhoads went defunct in the 90s. Although retail was becoming less and less of a viable economy for downtown, banking and big business began booming, and in the 1960s, Richmond began

1512-856: The state's second and third tallest in the behind the Westin Virginia Beach Town Center at 508 ft. Other towering skyscrapers include the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond , Bank of America Plaza, the James Center , Richmond City Hall , the Riverfront Plaza twin towers, the James Madison Building, Dominion Energy headquarters building, Main Street Centre, the Central National Bank , and VCU Medical Center (which includes several hospitals, most over 200 feet, and

1554-464: The total number of bicycle trips made in Berlin almost quadrupled. Between 1990 and 2007, the share of trips made by bicycle increased from 5% to 10%. Between 1992 and 2006, the number of serious bicycle injuries declined by 38%. In Germany as a whole, between 1975 and 1998, cyclist fatalities fell by 66% and the percent of trips made by bicycle rose from 8% to 12%. In America, during the period 1999-2007,

1596-480: The war came to an end, the South, in a last resort, deliberately set fire to Richmond, so that when the Union troops arrived, the entire city was ablaze. The troops tried to extinguish the fire, but 80 percent of the buildings of Downtown Richmond was completely burnt to the ground. In the era of Reconstruction , Richmond devised to rebuild and prosper back to the top as it once was, and quickly rebuilt itself. Now that all of

1638-553: The water until a large enough group has assembled, reducing each individual's risk of seal predation. This behavior is also seen in masting and predator satiation where the predators are overwhelmed with an abundance of prey during a period of time resulting in more of the prey surviving. In 1949 R. J. Smeed reported that per capita road fatality rates tended to be lower in countries with higher rates of motor vehicle ownership. This observation led to Smeed's Law . In 2003 Peter L. Jacobsen compared rates of walking and cycling, in

1680-640: Was one of the first to create a marketing plan for First Friday in Doylestown which turned the “art gallery model” into an all-merchant benefiting event. Safety in numbers Safety in numbers is the hypothesis that, by being part of a large physical group or mass, an individual is less likely to be the victim of a mishap, accident , attack, or other bad event. Some related theories also argue (and can show statistically) that mass behaviour (by becoming more predictable and "known" to other people) can reduce accident risks, such as in traffic safety – in this case,

1722-458: Was promoted in Finland, there was a 75% drop in cyclists deaths and the number of trips increased by 72%. In England, between 2000 and 2008, serious bicycle injuries declined by 12%. Over the same period, the number of bicycle trips made in London doubled. Motor vehicle traffic decreased by 16%, bicycle use increased by 28% and cyclist injuries had decreased by 20% in the first year of operation of

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1764-428: Was tested in brown fur seal predation by great white sharks . Using decoy seals, the distance between decoys was varied to produce different domains of danger. The seals with a greater domain of danger had as predicted an increased risk of shark attack. Antipredator adaptations include behaviour such as the flocking of birds, herding of sheep and schooling of fish. Similarly, Adelie penguins wait to jump into

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