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27-505: The party started to form around a core of Fennoman intellectuals in the 1860s, but remained formally unorganized for decades. Improving the status of the Finnish language, especially furthering its use in education, was a central issue from the start. In the 1877–1878 sessions of the Diet of Finland the party attained a leading role among the clergy and the peasantry, which it would hold till 1904. In

54-399: A long list of subsidiary titles as the grand duke of several ancient Russian principalities and provinces. The use of the title of grand duke on Johan's behalf was a countermeasure to signify his mighty position as sovereign of Sweden, also a multinational or multi-country realm, and equal to a tsardom . Not only was Finland added, but Karelia , Ingria , and Livonia , all of which were along

81-576: A minority to the liberal, republican National Progressive Party . Diet of Finland The Diet of Finland ( Finnish Suomen maapäivät , later valtiopäivät ; Swedish Finlands Lantdagar ), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the recipient of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates . (The term valtiopäivät today means an annual session of

108-476: A monarchy a bulwark against socialism and thought that the election of a German prince as a monarch would guarantee Germany's military support, but the plan failed when the First World War ended in a German capitulation and the abolition of German Monarchy . In December 1918, the party's supporters divided into two new parties, with a majority going to the conservative, monarchist National Coalition Party and

135-635: The Crimean War had taken place, did Alexander II call the Estates again. The opening ceremony was held on 18 September and the Emperor made his declaration promising to introduce changes to the constitution, including having the Diet meet regularly. The Diet duly met again in January 1867, when it passed a law on its own procedures. The Diet was to meet at least every fifth year, but in practice it met every third year. In

162-542: The Diet of Porvoo on 29 March 1809 to pledge allegiance to Emperor Alexander I of Russia , who had already earlier during the war adopted the title of grand duke (also translated as grand prince) of Finland to his long list of titles. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809, Finland became in some aspects an autonomous grand duchy , as in an informal real union with

189-514: The Finnish War between Sweden and Russia , the four Estates of occupied Finland (Nobility, Clergy, Bourgeoisie and Peasants) were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I , the new Grand Duke of Finland , between 25 March and 19 July 1809. The central event at Porvoo was the taking of the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in Porvoo Cathedral on 29 March. Each of

216-664: The Parliament of Finland , while in Swedish Riksdagen is now the name for both the Parliament and its sessions.) The first States of Finland were held in Helsinki in 1616. Other assemblies (Åbo lantdag ) were held in Turku , for example in 1676. The assembly was called together by Axel Julius De la Gardie . The estate of peasants was chaired by Heikki Heikinpoika Vaanila . During

243-456: The Russian Empire . The grand duke ruled Finland through his governor-general and a national senate appointed by him. Although no grand duke ever explicitly recognised Finland as a separate state in its own right, the country nevertheless enjoyed a high degree of autonomy even before its independence in 1917. Finland was declared an independent nation state on 6 December 1917. After

270-465: The duke of Finland (a royal duke ), assumed the subsidiary title Grand Duke of Finland ( Swedish : Storfurste , Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinas) to the titles of the king of Sweden , first appearing in sources in 1581 (though first used by Johan III in 1577). In those years, Johan was and had been in a quarrel with his eastern neighbour, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia ("the Terrible"), who had

297-637: The 1880s, a faction within the party took a critical view of Russia, eventually breaking away and founding the Young Finnish Party in 1894. The Finnish Party sought legitimacy in the eyes of the Russian authorities and saw cooperation with Russia as a way to enact its language policies. When Russification began in 1899, the Young Finns advocated passive resistance, whereas the Finnish Party, now often called

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324-565: The 1906 party program placed the party in the political centre, between the Social Democratic Party on the left and the Young Finns on the right. After the 1906 parliamentary reform, the party was consistently the biggest non-socialist party in parliamentary elections in 1907–1917 and the second biggest overall after the Social Democrats. However, it lost seats in every election, sliding down from 59 MPs in 1907 to 32 in 1917. After

351-638: The Diet of 1882 the Governor General announced that the Diet would have the right to submit bills, but only the Emperor would be able to initiate changes in the constitution or in the Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland . In 1899 Grand Duke Nicholas II signed what came to be known as the February Manifesto . The powers of the diet regarding Finland's internal affairs were weakened and transferred to

378-525: The Estates swore an oath of allegiance , committing themselves to accepting the Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland, and to keeping the constitution and the form of government unchanged. Alexander I subsequently promised to govern Finland in accordance with its laws. This was thought to mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish Instrument of Government of 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it

405-580: The Finnish independence in December 1917 and the Civil War of 1918, Russification was no longer an issue and the language question had lost a great deal of its importance in Finnish politics. The main issues holding the party together were now secondary to economic and constitutional issues. Although it had agreed to establishing a republican form of government before the war, the party leadership now switched to supporting constitutional monarchy . Party leaders saw in

432-570: The Old Finns ( vanhasuomalaiset ), supported appeasement. Although the party maintained that Finland's rights were being violated, it emphasized the importance of keeping official positions in Finnish hands and feared that resistance could lead to further loss of autonomy. Aside from the central language question, the party espoused conservative values and supported many social reforms, especially during Danielson-Kalmari's time as its ideological leader after Yrjö-Koskinen's death in 1903. On economic issues,

459-591: The Russian ministers. The legal committee of the diet of 1899 adopted the opinion that the manifesto was not legally valid in Finland. The unrest during the Russo-Japanese War resulted in a general strike in Finland in October 1905. The most immediate result was the emperor's manifesto that cancelled all illegal regulations. A parliament based on universal and equal suffrage was also promised. An extraordinary session of

486-470: The Swedish–Russian border. It is said that the first use of the new title was in an occasion to contact Tsar Ivan. During the next 140 years, the title was used by Johan's successors on the Swedish throne, with the exception of Charles IX , who listed Finns as one of the many nations over which he was the king during 1607–1611. As the title had only subsidiary nature without any concrete meaning, it

513-461: The consent of that estate. All four chambers had to agree in order to modify constitutional laws. List of sessions of the Finnish diet. The Diet of Finland, and the four estates of which it was composed, met in a number of different locations during its existence. In the 1860s, all the estates met in the Finnish House of Nobility . The Nobility of Finland continued to meet there until 1906, but

540-459: The diet in December 1905 was called to implement the parliamentary reforms. The proposal was presented to the emperor on 15 March 1906 and after his approval it was submitted to the estates on 9 May. The reforms came to force on 1 October 1906. The diet was reformed from a legislative assembly of four estates into a unicameral parliament of 200 members. At the same time universal suffrage was introduced, which gave all men and women, 24 years or older,

567-533: The elections for the Diet of 1872, members of the two language-based parties , the Fennomans and the Svecomans , gained more ground at the expense of the liberals . After the assassination of Alexander II the special position of Finland in the Russian empire was put in danger. Alexander III announced that the Finnish monetary , customs and postal systems were to be incorporated into their imperial counterparts. At

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594-400: The right to vote and stand for election. Acts on the right of parliament to monitor members of the government, on the freedom of speech , assembly and association , and freedom of the press were also introduced. These reforms established the hallmarks of today's Parliament of Finland . The first election to the new parliament was arranged in 1907. From 1869 to 1906, the Diet of Finland

621-540: The state, and regular use by scientific and scholarly organizations. Grand Duke of Finland The Grand Duke of Finland , alternatively the Grand Prince of Finland after 1802, was, from around 1580 to 1809, a title in use by most Swedish monarchs . Between 1809 and 1917, it was included in the title of the emperor of Russia , who was also the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Finland . Around 1580, King Johan III of Sweden , who had previously (1556–63) been

648-538: The three commoner estates later met in other locations, such as in 1888, when they met in the new building of the Ateneum Art Museum. From 1891 until the parliamentary reform of 1906 the three commoner estates of Clergy, Bourgeoisie and Peasants met in the newly built House of the Estates (Finnish Säätytalo , Swedish Ständerhuset ). However, the meeting rooms of the house were too small for the 200-member unicameral parliament. The house has since seen sporadic use by

675-425: Was tetracameral , being composed as follows: Normally, all four chambers debated separately, and in the whole history of the Diet there were only two joint sessions, at which voting was not permitted. At least three of the four chambers had to pass a bill before it could be approved by the Emperor . Consensus was sought through joint committees. Any bill affecting the privileges of an estate could be passed only with

702-519: Was also interpreted to mean that all existing codes and statutes were to be respected. The Diet required that it be convened again after the Finnish War, which separated Finland from Sweden, was concluded. On 17 September that year, the conflict was settled by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn , but it was another 54 years before the Finnish Estates were called to assemble again. Not until June 1863, after

729-407: Was mainly used at formal occasions along with a long list of additional royal titles. The last Swedish monarch to use the title was Queen Ulrika Eleonora , who abdicated in 1720. In 1802, King Gustav IV Adolf gave the title to his new-born son, Prince Carl Gustaf, who died three years later. During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four estates of occupied Finland were assembled at

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