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83-569: The Dino road cars came to be because of Enzo Ferrari 's need to homologate a V6 engine for Formula 2 racing cars. In 1965 the Commission Sportive Internationale de la FIA had drawn up new rules, to be enacted for the 1967 season. F2 engines were required to have no more than six cylinders, and to be derived from a production engine, from a road car homologated in the GT class and produced in at least 500 examples within 12 months. Since

166-460: A "bastard" when she saw him in a factory. After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, he is vice chairman of the company, and owns a 10% share of it. Piero told the Los Angeles Times that Michael Mann 's 2023 biographical film Ferrari was accurate, in particular in its depiction of his father's drive, saying, "My father was a person who

249-520: A business partner. In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his company to Fiat S.p.A. , with the caveat that he would remain 100% in control of the racing activities and that Fiat would pay a sizable subsidy until his death for use of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had previously offered Ford the opportunity to buy the firm in 1963 for US$ 18 million ($ 179,139,130 in 2023 dollars ) but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew once he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of

332-764: A coil-sprung independent rear suspension with 2 shock absorbers derived from the Fiat 130 . Rather than engine power and absolute speed, the most important consequence of the larger displacement was a marked increase in torque, available at lower engine speeds; the Dino 2400 had much better pickup, and it was found more usable, even in city traffic. Other modifications went on to improve the car's drivability and safety: larger diameter clutch , new dogleg ZF gearbox with revised gear ratios, wider section Pirelli Cinturato tyres, and upsized brake discs and callipers. Cosmetic changes were comparatively minor. Both models were now badged "Dino 2400". On

415-586: A decision subsequently retracted thanks to the intervention of Pirelli . Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to compete with Auto Union and Mercedes . Although the German manufacturers dominated the era, Ferrari's team achieved a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer on their home turf at the German Grand Prix. In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari

498-399: A distinction can be drawn between systems where the spring also acts as a locating link and those where the spring only acts as a spring member. The AC Cobra is an example of a transverse, multi-leaf steel spring suspension that uses the leaf spring as the upper suspension arm. Alternatively, the 1963 Corvette 's rear suspension is an example where the transverse leaf spring is used only as

581-407: A driver to go beyond reasonable limits... You can drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself up to do things that you don't feel are within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time without going over the limit." According to Mario Andretti , "[Ferrari] just demanded results. But he was a guy that also understood when the cars had shortcomings. He

664-447: A job as test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer in Milan which rebuilt used truck bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted to race car driver and made his competitive debut in the 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished fourth in the three-litre category at the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N. 15/20. On 23 November of

747-479: A lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961. Deeply unsatisfied with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian press, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna -based publisher Luciano Conti's decision to start a new publication, Autosprint . Ferrari himself regularly contributed to the magazine for a few years. Many of Ferrari's greatest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six in

830-459: A man tells a woman he loves her, he only means that he desires her and that the only perfect love in this world is that of a father for his son", a comment that came several years after the death of his first son. Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino" , who was born in 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health and died from muscular dystrophy in 1956. According to Time magazine, Ferrari and Laura's love for their son

913-504: A necklace with the prancing horse on it before takeoff. Baracca was shot down and killed by an Austrian aeroplane in 1918. In memory of his death, Ferrari used the prancing horse to create the emblem that would become the world-famous Ferrari shield. Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo racing car, the shield was first seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947. Alfa Romeo agreed to partner with Ferrari's racing team until 1933, when financial constraints forced them to withdraw their support –

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996-571: A new grille with two horizontal chrome bars, five-bolt instead of knock-off wheels , as well as a new bumpers with rubber strips. Inside only the coupé received an entirely redesigned dashboard and new cloth seats, with optional leather seat upholstery; front seat headrests were standard on the coupé and optional on the spider. Spider and coupé bodies were produced respectively by Pininfarina and Bertone. 2.0-litre and early 2.4-litre cars were assembled by Fiat in Rivalta di Torino . Starting from December 1969

1079-525: A plastic rim, and the interior switchgear was derived from cheaper Fiat models. After a few months this issue was addressed, and Spiders produced after February 1967 had a wood-rimmed steering wheel as well as a wood trim on the dashboard like the sister Coupé car had since the beginning. Option lists for both models were limited to radio, metallic paint, leather upholstery, and for the Spider a vinyl-covered hardtop with roll-bar style stainless steel trim. The car

1162-505: A result of a widespread Italian flu outbreak. Ferrari became seriously sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was consequently discharged from the Italian service. "Second place is the first loser". (Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".) After the collapse of his family's carpentry business, Ferrari searched for a job in the car industry. He unsuccessfully volunteered his services to Fiat in Turin, eventually settling for

1245-439: A ride spring. In both examples, the leaf spring is centrally mounted, preventing displacement of the wheel on one side from affecting the wheel on the other side. In 1981, General Motors pioneered the use of a FRP plastic transverse leaf spring on the third-generation Corvette . As in the examples above, the spring used a single, central mount which isolated the left and right movements. The FRP spring reduced weight and eliminated

1328-563: A row in 1960–1965) and in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s, with the successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), and Phil Hill (1961). Enzo Ferrari's strong personality and controversial management style became notorious in 1962. Following a rather weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sales manager Girolamo Gardini, together with manager Romolo Tavoni , chief engineer Carlo Chiti , sports car development chief Giotto Bizzarrini and other key figures in

1411-476: A second son, Piero , with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. As divorce was illegal in Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death in 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known only to a few of his father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question that at some point in the late 1950s, Laura Ferrari discovered her husband's second life", and openly derided him as

1494-409: A small manufacturer, like Ferrari was in the mid 60s, did not possess the production capacity to reach such quotas, an agreement was signed with Fiat and made public on 1 March 1965: Fiat would produce the 500 engines needed for the homologation, to be installed in a GT car which remained to be specified. Dino was the nickname of Enzo's son Alfredo Ferrari , who had died in 1956 and was credited with

1577-475: A transmission of Fiat's own design. This was changed on the 2400 to a ZF -sourced S5-18/3 dog-leg gearbox , the same found on the Fiat 130 as well as on other manufacturers' cars. The Fiat Dino was never raced officially, and only seldom by privateer drivers. The one notable participation was at the 1968 24 Hours of Le Mans , where a two-litre Spider was entered by the French Fiat-Abarth importer in

1660-575: A violent end over end flip on the misty back straight after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost . Pironi was leading the driver's championship at the time; he would lose the lead and the championship by five points as he sat out the remaining five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end of the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux in contention for

1743-413: Is a type of vehicle suspension design typically used in independent suspensions, using three or more lateral arms, and one or more longitudinal arms. A wider definition considers any independent suspensions having three control links or more multi-link suspensions. These arms do not have to be of equal length, and may be angled away from their "obvious" direction. It was first introduced in the late 1960s on

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1826-417: Is allowed to pivot inside of the mounts which allows the displacement of the spring on one side to affect the other side. This mechanical communication between the left and right sides of the suspension results in an effect similar to that of an anti-roll bar . Chevrolet Corvettes, starting with the 4th generation in 1984 have combined the dual pivot mounts with FRP leaf springs . The transverse leaf spring

1909-492: Is any automobile suspension system that allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically (i.e. reacting to a bump on the road) independently of the others. This is contrasted with a beam axle or deDion axle system in which the wheels are linked. "Independent" refers to the motion or path of movement of the wheels or suspension. It is common for the left and right sides of the suspension to be connected with anti-roll bars or other such mechanisms. The anti-roll bar ties

1992-442: Is the only component that separates the driver and/or passenger from the ground. The suspension in a vehicle helps absorb harshness in the road. There are many systems and designs that do this, such as independent suspension. This system provides many advantages over other suspension systems. For example, in solid axle suspension systems, when one wheel hits a bump, it affects both wheels. This will compromise traction, smoothness of

2075-414: Is the only team to remain continuously present since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Grand Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951 . Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a baby when his team finally defeated the mighty Alfetta 159 . The first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari , a task that was repeated one year later. In 1953 Ferrari made his only attempt at

2158-478: Is what kept them together. Although Dino never raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for pleasure. He also designed engine parts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her death in 1978. John Nikas, writer and expert on the history of cars who founded the British Sports Car Hall of Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino." Enzo had

2241-512: The 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second after an intense battle with René Arnoux . According to technical director Mauro Forghieri , "When we returned to Maranello , Ferrari was ecstatic. I have never seen him so happy for a second place." In the early 1970s, Ferrari, aided by fellow Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini , demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Club d'Italia upgrade

2324-402: The 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula One 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in five races, folded at the end of the year. In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview that he and the remainder of Ferrari's senior figures did not leave on their initiative, but were ousted following a disagreement with Ferrari over the role of his wife in

2407-575: The Automotive Hall of Fame (2000). Ferrari died on 14 August 1988 in Maranello at the age of 90, of leukemia . Because he was a private person, and because he feared popular protests due to the fact that Ferrari's team had been beaten by McLaren in every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo expressed the wish for his death to be reported in the media only on 16 August, the day after his burial (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August. He witnessed

2490-552: The Coppa Acerbo in Pescara . Deeply shocked by the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by his admission, continued to race half-heartedly. At the same time, he developed a taste for the organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth of his son Alfredo (Dino) in 1932, Ferrari decided to retire and form a team of superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari . This team

2573-610: The Indianapolis 500 , but the car driven by Ascari crashed on lap 41 of the race. In order to finance his racing endeavors in Formula One as well as in other events such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans , the company started selling sports cars. Ferrari's decision to continue racing in the Mille Miglia brought the company new victories and greatly increased public recognition. However, increasing speeds, poor roads, and nonexistent crowd protection eventually spelled disaster for both

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2656-535: The Modena Autodrome , the reasoning being that the race track was obsolete and inadequate to test modern racing cars. The proposal was initially discussed with interest, but eventually stalled due to lack of political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent to his factory and build the Fiorano Circuit , a 3 km track still in use to test Ferrari racing and road cars. After Jody Scheckter won

2739-455: The differential unit does not form part of the unsprung elements of the suspension system. Instead, it is either bolted directly to the vehicle's chassis or more commonly to a subframe . The relative movement between the wheels and the differential is achieved through the use of swinging driveshafts connected via universal joints (U joints) , analogous to the constant-velocity (CV) joints used in front-wheel-drive vehicles. Suspension

2822-440: The 1940 Mille Miglia , which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni. With the outbreak of World War II , Ferrari's factory was forced to undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied bombing of the factory, Ferrari relocated from Modena to Maranello . At the end of the war, Ferrari decided to start making cars bearing his name, and founded Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947. Enzo decided to battle

2905-689: The 1950s. He was usually seen at the Grands Prix at Monza , near Milan, and Imola , not far from the Ferrari factory, where the circuit was named after the late Dino. His last known trip abroad was in 1982, when he went to Paris to broker a compromise between the warring FISA and FOCA parties . He never flew in an aeroplane and never set foot in a lift . Ferrari met his future wife, Laura Domenica Garello ( c.  1900–1978 ) in Turin. They lived together for two years, and married on 28 April 1923. According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Man and

2988-467: The 2.0-litre Fiat Dino became the first car to have electronic ignition as standard. The Dinoplex C electronic capacitive discharge ignition was developed by Magneti Marelli expressly for the high-revving Dino V6 engine. Performance was impressive, with a 0–60 mph time of less than 8 seconds. Early Dino's were later on equipped with the Dinoplex C ignition. Its primary function was to prevent fouling of

3071-529: The Dino 206 GT—claimed 180 hp (130 kW) despite both engines being made by Fiat workers in Turin on the same production line, without any discrimination as to their destination. Jean-Pierre Gabriel in "Les Ferraris de Turin" notes that, "La declaration de Ferrari ne reposait sur aucun fondament technique"—Ferrari's statement had no technical basis. In 1969, both Ferrari and Fiat introduced new 2.4-litre Dino models. The Fiat Dino 2400 premiered in October 1969 at

3154-487: The Dino 2400 were shared with sports cars like the De Tomaso Pantera and Lamborghini Miura. Steering was of the worm and roller type by French manufacturer Gemmer. Front suspension was of the double wishbone type. The upper wishbone consisted of a stamped steel control arm , the lower one of a stamped steel link and an adjustable forward radius rod . Coaxial coil springs and hydraulic dampers were attached to

3237-994: The English privateer Francis Drake , due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability and determination in achieving significant sports results with his small company. In his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch"). Enzo Ferrari was born on 18 February 1898 in Modena , Italy, while his birth certificate states 20 February. His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he had an older brother Alfredo Junior (Dino). The family lived in via Paolo Ferrari n°85, next to

3320-726: The Fiat Dino was assembled in Maranello on Ferrari's production line, alongside the 246 GT. Between 1966 and 1969 there were 3,670 2.0-litre coupés and 1,163 2.0-litre spiders made; with only 420 built, the 2400 Spider is the rarest of the Fiat's Dinos. Of the total 7,803 Fiat Dino produced, 74% were the popular coupés and only 26% were spiders. The Fiat Dino coupe used an all- steel unibody construction. The Spider had an aluminum trunk lid. The dual-circuit braking system with vacuum servo operated on four wheel disc brakes . The upgraded Girling brakes of

3403-594: The Giulianova station in 1914. He had ambitions of becoming an operetta tenor, sports journalist, or racing driver. When he was 10 he witnessed Felice Nazzaro 's win at the 1908 Circuito di Bologna , an event which inspired him to become a racing driver. During World War I , he served in the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment of the Italian Army . His father Alfredo, and his older brother, Alfredo Jr., died in 1916 as

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3486-512: The Machine , Ferrari married to keep up appearances for the sake of his career, as divorce was frowned upon in the predominantly Catholic Italy, and sought sexual conquests not so much for pleasure but for the gratification of his ego. According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing manager Romolo Tavoni that "a man should always have two wives", and at one point in 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that when

3569-602: The Mercedes-Benz C111 prototype and put into production later on their W201 and W124 series. This is the most common, widely used front suspension system in cars today. It is a very simple and effective design that uses a strut-type spring and shock absorber that work as a team that will pivot on a single ball joint. This system was popularized in British Fords in the 1950s, then adopted by BMW (1962) and Porsche (1963). Later, this space-efficient system became widespread with

3652-462: The Spider by Pininfarina , and the Coupé by Bertone —where it had been sketched out by Giorgetto Giugiaro in 1963 and finished after his departure to Ghia by his replacement, Marcello Gandini . Curiously the Spider type approval identified it as a 2+1 seater. The Spider had poorer interior trim than the Coupé, below par for its class: the dashboard was covered in vinyl, the metal-spoke steering wheel had

3735-561: The Turin Motor show; besides the larger engine, another notable improvements was independent rear suspension . The V6 now put out 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp), and used a cast iron instead of the previous light alloy engine block ; the same engine was installed on the Dino 246 GT , Ferrari's evolution of the 206. Whereas the original Dino was equipped with a rigid axle suspended by leaf springs and 4 shock absorbers , 2.4-litre cars used

3818-412: The ability of each wheel to address the road undisturbed by activities of the other wheel on the vehicle. Independent suspension requires additional engineering effort and expense in development versus a beam or live axle arrangement. A very complex IRS solution can also result in higher manufacturing costs. The key reason for lower unsprung weight relative to a live axle design is that, for driven wheels,

3901-481: The championship until the very last race. Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would not see championship glory again before Ferrari's death in 1988. The final race win Ferrari saw before his death was when Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at the final round of the 1987 season in Australia . Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was known to pit drivers against each other in

3984-617: The company left Ferrari to found the rival car manufacturer and racing team Automobili Turismo e Sport (ATS). Based in Bologna, and financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi , ATS managed to lure away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers like Mauro Forghieri , Sergio Scaglietti and Giampaolo Dallara , and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti , Lorenzo Bandini , Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to drive his Formula One cars. The "great walkout" came at an especially difficult time for Ferrari. At

4067-451: The company racing department. Ferrari became a joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of the company. In 1988 Fiat's holding rose to 90%. Following the agreement with Fiat, Ferrari stepped down as managing director of the road car division in 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Sporting Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed

4150-556: The company. He said: "Our mistake was to go to a lawyer and write him a letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. We knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have been able to deal with it in a different way. When he called the meeting to fire us, he had already nominated our successors." By the end of the 1960s, increasing financial difficulties and the problem of racing in many categories and having to meet new safety and clean air emissions requirement for road car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for

4233-460: The concept for Ferrari's Formula 2 V6 racing engine, believed to be designed by Vittorio Jano with a peculiar 65° angle between the cylinder banks . In his memory, V6-engined Ferrari sports prototype racing cars had been named Dino since the late 1950s. The conversion of this racing engine for road use and series production was entrusted to the engineer Aurelio Lampredi , who had previously designed several 4-cylinder Ferrari engines. Interviewed in

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4316-431: The coupé the previous silver honeycomb grille with the round Fiat logo on its centre had been replaced by a new black grille and a bonnet badge. A host of details were changed from chrome to matte black, namely part of the wheels, the vents on the front wings and the cabin ventilation outlets—the latter moved from next to the side windows to the rear window. At the rear there were different tail lights. The spider also sported

4399-459: The dominating Alfa Romeos and race with his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place in Turin in 1948 and the first win came later in the year in Lago di Garda. The first major victory came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans , with a Ferrari 166 MM driven by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson. In 1950 Ferrari enrolled in the newly born Drivers World Championship and

4482-521: The early 1980s, Lampredi noted that "things didn't work out exactly as Ferrari had foreseen": Enzo Ferrari had counted on building the engines at Maranello , but Fiat's management insisted on taking control of production, to avoid any breaks in the engine supply. The resulting Fiat-built V6 ended up being installed in two very different vehicles: the Fiat Dino, a front-engined grand tourer assembled in Turin by Fiat, and in Ferrari's first series-produced mid-engined sports car, built in Maranello and sold under

4565-540: The god Saturn , who consumed his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race car driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a single occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because of mechanical failure." In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life for his team, insisting that praise should be shared equally between car and driver for any race won. However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the car

4648-685: The growing popularity of front-wheel drive vehicles. One problem with this system is that once the spring or the top plate becomes worn, the driver of a car with this system may hear a loud "clonk" noise at full lock (i.e. steering wheel turned to the extreme left or extreme right positions), as the strut's spring jumps back into place. This noise is often confused with CV-joint knock. Several independent suspension designs have featured transverse leaf springs. Most applications used multi-leaf steel springs, although more recent designs have used fiber reinforced plastic (FRP, typically fibers are fiberglass) springs. In addition to spring type (multi-leaf steel, FRP),

4731-403: The hope of improving their performance. Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and fostering an atmosphere of intense competition for the position of number one driver. "He thought that psychological pressure would produce better results for the drivers", said Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks . "He would expect

4814-506: The independent rear suspension consisted on each side of a long oblique stamped steel link (incorporating the spring seat) and a transverse link, attached to the same crossmember which supported the differential; there were coil springs, single hydraulic dampers and an anti-roll bar. A peculiarity of Dino V6 engines was a 65° angle between the cylinder banks , instead of the usual 60°. The valvetrain consisted of 12 poppet valves timed by two chain-driven overhead camshafts . Compression ratio

4897-405: The inner leaf friction as compared to the multi-leaf metal spring which was standard on the car. Rather than centrally mounting the transverse leaf spring and thus isolating the left and right sides of the springs, some manufacturers, starting with Fiat used two widely spaced spring mounts. This was first used on the front of the 1955 Fiat 600 and later at the rear on the Fiat 128 . The spring

4980-576: The launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his death, which was dedicated as a symbol of his achievements. In 2002 Ferrari began production of the Ferrari Enzo , named after its founder. The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks after Ferrari's death, and the result was a 1–2 finish for Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian and Milan native Michele Alboreto ; it

5063-656: The left and right suspension spring rates together but does not tie their motion together. Most modern vehicles have independent front suspension ( IFS ). Many vehicles also have an independent rear suspension ( IRS ). IRS, as the name implies, has the rear wheels independently sprung. A fully independent suspension has an independent suspension on all wheels. Some early independent systems used swing axles , but modern systems use Chapman or MacPherson struts , trailing arms , multilink , or wishbones . Independent suspension typically offers better ride quality and handling characteristics, due to lower unsprung weight and

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5146-469: The mechanical workshop founded by Alfredo, who worked for the nearby railways. This site is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum. Alfredo Senior was the son of a grocer from Carpi , and began a workshop fabricating metal parts at the family home. Enzo grew up with little formal education. Unlike his brother, he preferred working in his father's workshop and participated in the construction of the canopy at

5229-691: The newly created Dino marque. Even on the cylinder block casting, the name FIAT was visible which was not in line with the newly created DINO make. The Fiat Dino was introduced as a 2-seater Spider at the Turin Motor Show in October 1966; a 2+2 Coupé version, built on a 270 mm (10.6 in) longer wheelbase , bowed a few months later at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1967. The two bodies showed very different lines, as they had been designed and were manufactured for Fiat by two different coachbuilders:

5312-416: The presidency of Ferrari in 1992, a post he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up in 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 and 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press for replacing World Champion Lauda with newcomer Gilles Villeneuve . Ferrari claimed that Villeneuve's aggressive driving style reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari . These feelings were reinforced after

5395-425: The race and Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia , near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso de Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were children. In response, Enzo Ferrari and Englebert , the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in

5478-488: The respect that you had for him." Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari racing cars: Alberto Ascari , Eugenio Castellotti , Alfonso de Portago , Luigi Musso , Peter Collins , Wolfgang von Trips , Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti . Although such a high death toll was not unusual in motor racing in those days, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being like

5561-443: The ride, and could also cause a dangerous wheel shimmy when moving at high speeds. With independent suspension systems, the bump primarily affects only the contacted wheel. This offers many advantages such as greater ride comfort, better traction, and safer, more stable vehicles on the road. In automobiles, a double wishbone suspension is an independent suspension design using two (occasionally parallel) wishbone-shaped arms to locate

5644-562: The same year, he took part in the Targa Florio but had to retire after his car's fuel tank developed a leak. Due to the large number of retirements, he finished 9th. In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing department of Alfa Romeo as a driver. Ferrari won his first Grand Prix in 1923 in Ravenna on the Savio Circuit. 1924 was his best season, with three wins, including Ravenna , Polesine and

5727-425: The sparkplugs in town use. The 2.4-litre V6 had bore and stroke respectively of 92.5 mm (3.6 in) and 60 mm (2.4 in), for a total displacement of 2,418 cc. The redesigned engine block was cast iron. Both series cars used an all- synchromesh 5-speed manual transmission , with an hydraulic single-plate dry clutch (up-sized on the 2400), and a limited slip differential . Two-litre Dinos used

5810-806: The sports prototype class. Driven by Marcel Martin, Jean-André Mesange and Hubert Roche, it finished the race 18th overall. The 1967 Fiat Dino Parigi was presented at the 1967 Paris Motor Show and named after this venue, applying the Kammback designs and a shooting brake body style. A year later, at the 1968 Geneva Motor Show Pininfarina showcased the Fiat Dino Ginevra , a specially bodied berlinetta based on Dino Spider mechanicals. Both concepts were designed by Paolo Martin . Enzo Ferrari Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( Italian: [ˈɛntso anˈsɛlmo ferˈraːri] ; 18 February 1898  – 14 August 1988)

5893-593: The title in 1979, the team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign. In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's fortunes by switching to turbo engines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed great promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an accident during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder, in May. In August, at Hockenheim , teammate Didier Pironi had his career cut short in

5976-410: The upper wishbone; an anti-roll bar was fitted. On 2.0-litre cars, the rear suspension consisted of a rigid axle on semi-elliptic springs (single-leaf on the spider, two-leaf on the coupé) and twin hydraulic dampers on each side. It was located by a longitudinal reaction strut on each side, linked to the axle at the front and to the aft leaf spring attachment point at the rear. On 2.4-litre cars,

6059-456: The urging of Chiti, the company was developing a new 250 -based model. Even if the car would be finished, it was unclear if it could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be successful. The mid-engined Dino racers laid the foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P . John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle with Jim Clark and Graham Hill . The Dino road cars sold well, and other models like

6142-465: The wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The shock absorber and coil spring mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as camber angle , caster angle , toe pattern , roll center height, scrub radius , scuff and more. A multi-link suspension

6225-521: Was 9:1 on both engines. Fuel was delivered via three twin-choke downdraught Weber Carburetors , normally 40 DCN 14 on 2.0 cars and 40 DCNF 12 on 2.4 cars. The 2.0-litre V6 had bore and stroke respectively of 86 mm (3.4 in) and 57 mm (2.2 in), for a total displacement of 1,986.6 cc. The engine block was alloy, with inserted special cast iron wet cylinder liners ; cylinder heads were aluminium as well, with cast iron valve seats and hemispherical combustion chambers . In 1968

6308-669: Was always looking ahead, moving forward, never going back." Ferrari was made a Cavaliere del Lavoro in 1952, to add to his honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s. He also received several honorary degrees, including the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Award in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994) and

6391-612: Was an Italian motor racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari automobile marque. Under his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships and eight constructors' world championships in Formula 1 during his lifetime. He was widely known as il Commendatore or il Drake , a nickname given by British opponents in reference to

6474-604: Was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) and acted as a racing division for Alfa Romeo. The team was very successful, thanks to excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to the talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving having participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins. During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on his team's cars. The emblem had been created and sported by Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca . During World War I, Baracca's mother gave her son

6557-488: Was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing team, named " Alfa Corse ". Alfa Romeo decided to regain full control of its racing division, retaining Ferrari as Sporting Director. After a disagreement with Alfa's managing director Ugo Gobbato , Ferrari left in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying parts to other racing teams. Although a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars for

6640-457: Was offered with an all-aluminium DOHC 2.0 L V6, coupled to a 5-speed manual transmission . The same 2.0-litre engine was used in mid-engined, Ferrari-built Dino 206 GT , which was introduced in pre-production form at the 1967 Turin Motor Show and went on sale in 1968. Fiat quoted 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) for the Fiat Dino, while in 1967 Ferrari—presenting the first prototype of

6723-440: Was one that could always appreciate the effort that a driver made, when you were just busting your butt, flat out, flinging the car, and all that. He knew and saw that. He was all-in. Had no other interest in life outside of motor racing and all of the intricacies of it. Somewhat misunderstood in many ways because he was so demanding, so tough on everyone, but at the end of the day he was correct. Always correct. And that’s why you had

6806-650: Was the only race that McLaren did not win that season. Since Ferrari's death, the Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won the Constructors' Championship every year from 1999 to 2004 , and in both 2007 and 2008 . Michael Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari every year from 2000 to 2004 , and Kimi Räikkönen won the title with the team in 2007 . Independent rear suspension Independent suspension

6889-542: Was the reason for any success". Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both of whom he had a strong personal relationship with, he chose not to get too close to his drivers, out of fear of emotionally hurting himself. Later in life, he relented his position and grew very close to Clay Regazzoni and especially Gilles Villeneuve . Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life and rarely granted interviews. He seldom left Modena and Maranello and never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy after

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