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84-614: These factional parties arose because of an economic downturn that began in Friesland in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of Frisian nobility, who were called haadlingen in East Friesland (headmen) and hoofdelingen in West Friesland. Hoofdelingen were Dutch nobility; they were wealthy landowners who possessed fortified stone houses and

168-532: A farm crisis during which some 20,000 Frisians emigrated to the United States . [REDACTED] Since the late Middle Ages, Friesland has been renowned for the exceptional height of its inhabitants. Even early Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri refers to the height of Frisians in his Divine Comedy when, in the canticle about Hell , he talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon

252-656: A flood in 1228. When, around 800, the Scandinavian Vikings first attacked Frisia , which was still under Carolingian rule, the Frisians were released from military service on foreign territory in order to be able to defend themselves against the heathen Vikings. With their victory in the Battle of Norditi in 884 they were able to drive the Vikings permanently out of East Frisia , although it remained under constant threat. Over

336-532: A full member of the independent Dutch Republic , a federation of provincies. In economic and therefore also political importance, Friesland was next in rank to the provinces of Holland and Zeeland . In 1798, three years after the Batavian Revolution , the provincial lordship of Frisia was abolished and its territory was divided between the Eems and Oude IJssel departments. This was short-lived, however, as Frisia

420-555: A merging of Frisii , Angles , Saxons and Jutes ) repopulated the coastal regions. These Frisians consisted of tribes with loose bonds, centred on war bands but without great power. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the ' ethelings ( nobiles in Latin documents; adel in Dutch and German) and frilings ( vrijen in Dutch and Freien in German), who together made up

504-540: A separate identity in Roman eyes until at least 296, when they were forcibly resettled as laeti (Roman-era serfs) and thereafter disappear from recorded history. Their tentative existence in the 4th century is confirmed by archaeological discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th-century Frisia , called terp Tritzum , showing that an unknown number of Frisii were resettled in Flanders and Kent , likely as laeti under

588-413: A surrounding farming estate ( stins and state). The hoofdelingen were farmers who worked for their wealth and status by acquiring farmland and consolidated their positions by holding important local administrative and judicial roles (such as that of grietman ). Frisian politics was largely decentralized at the time. Officially, Friesland had a communal government structure with a central board called

672-706: Is Arno Brok . The Provincial Council of Friesland has 43 seats. The Provincial Executive was a coalition of the Christian Democratic Appeal, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , the Labour Party and the Frisian National Party (FNP), until 2023 when new provincial elections saw a different composition in the provincial council. The four motorways in the province are A6 , A7 ( E22 ), A31 , and A32 . The main railway station of Friesland

756-566: Is Leeuwarden , which connects the railways Arnhem–Leeuwarden , Harlingen–Nieuweschans , and Leeuwarden–Stavoren which are all (partially) located in the province. Ameland Airport near Ballum and Drachten Airfield near Drachten are the two small general aviation airports in the province. The Royal Netherlands Air Force uses Vlieland Heliport and the Leeuwarden Air Base . Friesch Dagblad and Leeuwarder Courant are daily newspapers mainly written in Dutch. Omrop Fryslân

840-593: Is or was spoken in North Friesland , alongside the North Sea coast and on the islands of Schleswig-Holstein . The named Frisian languages are historically related to Old English , which points towards the fact that Angles and Saxons , eventually accompanied by Frisians, came from these areas. In Stellingwerf , in south-east Friesland, a dialect of Low Saxon is spoken, as is in the northeast in Kollumerpomp . In

924-650: Is situated at 53°8′N 5°49′E  /  53.133°N 5.817°E  / 53.133; 5.817 in the northwest of the Netherlands , west of the province of Groningen , northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel , north of Flevoland , northeast of the IJsselmeer and North Holland , and south of the North Sea . It is the largest province of the Netherlands if one includes areas of water; in terms of land area only, it

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1008-417: Is the native language of 54.3% of the inhabitants of the province of Friesland, followed by Dutch with 34.7%, and speakers of other regional languages, most of these restricted to Friesland, with 9.7%, and in the end other foreign languages with 1.4%. Frisian speakers are traditionally underrepresented in urban areas, and predominant in the countryside. West Frisian is also spoken in a small adjacent part of

1092-622: Is the public broadcaster with radio and TV programs mainly in Frisian. Duchy of Guelders The Duchy of Guelders ( Dutch : Gelre , French : Gueldre , German : Geldern ) is a historical duchy , previously county , of the Holy Roman Empire , located in the Low Countries . The duchy was named after the town of Geldern ( Gelder ) in present-day Germany . Though the present province of Gelderland (English also Guelders ) in

1176-832: Is the third-largest province. Most of Friesland is on the mainland, but it also includes a number of West Frisian Islands , including Vlieland , Terschelling , Ameland and Schiermonnikoog , which are connected to the mainland by ferry. The province's highest point is a dune at 45 metres (148 ft) above sea level, on the island of Vlieland. There are four national parks of the Netherlands located in Friesland: Schiermonnikoog , De Alde Feanen , Lauwersmeer (partially in Groningen), and Drents-Friese Wold (also partially situated in Drenthe). The ten urban areas in Friesland with

1260-559: The Maximilian I of Austria, and his general Albrecht III , Duke of Saxony. The Vetkoper party consisted of a large number of minor hoofdelingen , who were supported by common freehold farmers from the peat areas. The Vetkopers supported self government. A contemporary Frisian nobleman Jancko Douwama (1482–1533), wrote in his memoirs, titled the Boeck der Partijen ("Book of the Parties") about

1344-513: The Recht en Raad , which was populated by 30 rural grietmen and 11 city mayors. The real rule, however, was exercised at the local level, in the grietenij , the city, and even in the village. The grietman , which was officially a democratically elected official, were predominantly sourced from the hoofdelingen class. This was because the Hoofdelingen were able to offer military protection to

1428-491: The Afûk organization, which offers language courses and actively promotes Frisian in all sectors of society as well as the corporate domain which as a rule is dominated by Dutch and English. The province also promotes a wide range of art and entertainment in Frisian. The province is famous for its speed skaters , with mass participation in cross-country ice skating when weather conditions permit. When winters are cold enough to allow

1512-626: The Battle of Baesweiler ) and Reginald III (on 4 December), the ensuing Guelders War of Succession (1371 to 1379) saw William I of Jülich emerge victorious. William was confirmed in the inheritance of Guelders in 1379, and from 1393 onwards held both duchies in personal union (in Guelders as William I, and in Jülich as William III). In 1423 Guelders passed to the House of Egmond , which gained recognition of its title from Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg , but

1596-559: The Frisians , is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen , northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel , north of Flevoland , northeast of North Holland , and south of the Wadden Sea . As of January 2023, the province had a population of about 660,000, and a total area of 5,753 km (2,221 sq mi). The province is divided into 18 municipalities. The capital and seat of

1680-555: The Friso-Hollandic Wars , Frisia saw an economic downturn in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of untitled nobles called haadlingen ("headmen"), wealthy landowners possessing large tracts of land and fortified homes who took over the role of the judiciary as well as offering protection to their local inhabitants. Internal struggles between regional leaders resulted in bloody conflicts and

1764-747: The Guelders Wars and expanded his realm further north, to incorporate what is now the Province of Overijssel . He was not simply a man of war, but also a skilled diplomat, and was therefore able to keep his independence. He bequeathed the duchy to Duke William the Rich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (also known as Wilhelm of Cleves). Following in the footsteps of Charles of Egmond, Duke William formed an alliance with France, an alliance dubiously cemented via his political marriage to French King Francis I 's niece Jeanne d'Albret (who reportedly had to be whipped into submission to

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1848-413: The Netherlands occupies most of the area, the former duchy also comprised parts of the present Dutch province of Limburg as well as those territories in the present-day German state of North Rhine-Westphalia that were acquired by Prussia in 1713, which included the duchy's capital Geldern . Four parts of the duchy had their own centres, as they were separated by rivers: spatially separated from

1932-506: The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , the Labour Party , and the Frisian National Party forms the executive branch. The area of the province was once part of the ancient, larger region of Frisia , which gave the province its name. The land is mostly made up of grassland and it has numerous lakes . The official languages of Friesland are West Frisian and Dutch . In 1996, the Provincial Council of Friesland resolved that

2016-900: The Spanish Crown . When the Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt , the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration , while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands . At the Treaty of Utrecht , ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713,

2100-637: The Spanish Upper Quarter was again divided between Prussian Guelders ( Geldern , Viersen , Horst , Venray ), the United Provinces ( Venlo , Montfort , Echt ), Austria (this part continued as the duchy: Roermond , Niederkrüchten , Weert ), and the Duchy of Jülich ( Erkelenz ). In 1795 Guelders was finally conquered and incorporated by the French First Republic , and partitioned between

2184-468: The "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the laten or liten with the slaves , who were absorbed into the laten during the Early Middle Ages , as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner of serfs , but in later times might buy their freedom. Under the rule of King Aldgisl ,

2268-679: The 12th and 13th centuries, Guelders quickly expanded downstream along the sides of the Maas , Rhine , and IJssel rivers and even claimed the succession in the Duchy of Limburg , until it lost the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Berg and Brabant . Guelders was often at war with its neighbours, not only with Brabant, but also with the County of Holland and the Bishopric of Utrecht . However, its territory grew, not only because of its success in warfare, but also because it thrived in times of peace. For example,

2352-756: The Bold and fought for the House of Habsburg in battles against the armies of Charles VIII of France , until being captured in the Battle of Béthune (1487) during the War of the Public Weal (also known as the Mad War ). In 1492, the citizens of Guelders, who had become disenchanted with the rule of Maximilian, ransomed Charles and recognized him as their Duke. Charles, now backed by France , fought Maximilian's grandson Charles of Habsburg (who became Holy Roman Emperor, as Charles V, in 1519) in

2436-544: The Frisian kings for good. The Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers . They conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, when Charlemagne defeated Widukind . The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of grewan , a title that has been loosely related to count in its early sense of "governor" rather than " feudal overlord ". About 100,000 Dutch drowned in

2520-485: The Frisian speakers in East Friesland and North Friesland a continuous linguistic area existed between Amsterdam and the present day Danish-German border. The mutual intelligibility in reading between Dutch and Frisian is limited. A cloze test in 2005 revealed native Dutch speakers understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of a Dutch newspaper. In 2007, West Frisian

2604-462: The Frisian speaking districts. Bilingual (Dutch–Frisian) and trilingual (Dutch–English–Frisian) schools in the province of Friesland use West Frisian as a language of instruction in some lessons, besides Dutch in most other lessons and alongside them English. Literacy in Frisian however, is not often a core aim and that makes the number of Frisians speakers able to write in Frisian only 12%. The provincial government takes various initiatives to preserve

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2688-502: The Frisians came in conflict with the Frankish mayor of the palace Ebroin , over the old Roman border fortifications. Aldgisl could keep the Franks at a distance with his army. During the reign of Redbad , however, the tide turned in favour of the Franks; in 690, the Franks were victorious in the Battle of Dorestad . In 733, Charles Martel sent an army against the Frisians. The Frisian army

2772-552: The Lordship of Friesland. Henry IV circulated letters of bidding to the Schieringer hoofdelingen to implement harsh new taxes under an extremely short timeline, with severe consequences, in order to raise money. In a very short time, the occupation by the Duke and his Landsknecht military force became unacceptable to many Frisians and there were a significant number of revolts. Although

2856-535: The Lower Quarters (Gelderland): The county emerged about 1096, when the first documented reference to Gerard III of Wassenberg as "Count of Guelders" occurred. It was then located on the territory of Lower Lorraine , in the area of Geldern and Roermond , with its main stronghold at Montfort (built 1260). Count Gerard's son Gerard II in 1127 acquired the County of Zutphen in northern Hamaland by marriage. In

2940-453: The Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €26,700 or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year. Friesland is one of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands to have its national language that is recognized as such, West Frisian . Before the 18th century, varieties of Frisian were also spoken in the provinces of North Holland and Groningen , and together with

3024-641: The Schieringers and Vetkopers united with support of the Duke of Gelderland against Henry IV and the Saxon Landsknecht army, they were unable to regain their old freedoms. In an effort to prevent weapons from being used against them in the future, the Saxons attempted to forbid or severely limit the possession of weapons among the Frisian people. There was too much of a long-standing tradition of communal self-defence by

3108-448: The Schieringers. Albrecht, now known for his impressive military skills and with the support of his highly trained Landsknechte mercenaries, gathered his army near Laaxum in June 1498 to defeat the Schieringers once and for all. The Schieringer forces were made up of local Frisian militia headed by hoofdelingen , and they were no match for the well-equipped German army led by Albrecht. This

3192-572: The Vetkoper factions in Friesland led to more extensive and violent conflicts. These Landsknechte would offer their services in fixed groups for several weeks or months to anyone willing to pay their wages. Their wages could only be raised by imposing heavy taxes on the cities and grietenijen . Their presence resulted in further destabilization since the Landsknechte would turn rogue if their wages were not paid, leading them to pillage and set fire to

3276-465: The West Frisian language. All parents in Friesland receive, at their children's birth, information about language and multilingualism (e.g. 'taaltaske' ). To support the use of Frisian in public and at public events, the province also invests in the development of speech pathology materials and strives to create information technology devices for the West Frisian language. The Frisian government subsidizes

3360-618: The aforementioned Roman coercion. The lands of the Frisii were largely abandoned by c.  400 as a result of the conflicts of the Migration Period , climate deterioration, and the flooding caused by a rise in the sea level. The area lay empty for one or two centuries, when changing environmental and political conditions made the region habitable again. At that time, during the Migration Period, "new" Frisians (probably descended from

3444-773: The alignment of regions along two opposing parties: the Fetkeapers and Skieringers . On 21 March 1498, a small group of Skieringers from Westergo secretly met with Albert III, Duke of Saxony , the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands , in Medemblik requesting his help. Albrecht, who had gained a reputation as a formidable military commander, accepted and soon conquered all Friesland. Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499. In 1515, an army of haadlingen and peasants, with

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3528-421: The beneficiaries, we see many individuals who were notably affluent in 1511. It appears that these confiscations contributed to a discernible shift of wealth from Frisians to non-Frisians, and from the less wealthy to the affluent. Saxon subjugation ended Frisian municipal independence. Although still spoken at the time, the Frisian language did not have any official status. Frisian languages would disappear from

3612-437: The black Frisian horse originated here. Tourism is another important source of income: the principal tourist destinations include the lakes in the southwest of the province and the islands in the Wadden Sea to the north. There are 195 windmills in the province of Friesland, out of a total of about 1200 in the entire country. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 19.8 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of

3696-540: The blame on the authorities. After this he gathered angry peasants and some petty noblemen from Frisia and Gelderland and formed the Arumer Zwarte Hoop .The rebels received financial support from Charles II, Duke of Guelders , who claimed the Duchy of Guelders in opposition to the House of Habsburg. Charles also employed mercenaries under command of his military commander Maarten van Rossum in their support. However, when

3780-463: The centuries, whilst feudal lords reigned in the rest of Europe, no aristocratic structures emerged in Frisia. This ' Frisian freedom ' was represented abroad by redjeven who were elected from among the wealthier farmers or from elected representatives of the autonomous rural municipalities. Originally the redjeven were all judges, so-called Asega , who were appointed by the territorial lords. After significant territories were lost to Holland in

3864-399: The duchy; in 1543, by the terms of the Treaty of Venlo , Duke William conceded the Duchy of Guelders to the Emperor. Emperor Charles V united Guelders with the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 , and Guelders thus lost its independence. Charles abdicated in 1556 and decreed that the territories of the Burgundian Circle should be held by

3948-448: The départements of Roer and Meuse-Inférieure . The coat of arms of the region changed over time. William Thatcher, the lead character in the 2001 film A Knight's Tale played by Heath Ledger , claimed to be Sir Ulrich von Liechtenstein from Gelderland so as to appear to be of noble birth and thus qualify to participate in jousting. Set in the late 1460s, the main character in Rafael Sabatini's 1929 novel The Romantic Prince

4032-401: The former municipality of het Bildt the Hollandic dialect of Bildts is spoken. It contains a lot of Frisian influence. In most of the cities of Leeuwarden, Town Frisian is spoken. As with Bildts, these variants are Hollandic dialects with Frisian influence. The language policy in Friesland is preservation. West Frisian is a mandatory subject in Friesland in primary and secondary schools of

4116-407: The four major cities of Guelders during his rebellion, was unwilling to strike a compromise with his father when this was demanded by Philip's successor, Duke Charles the Bold . Charles had Duke Adolf captured and imprisoned in 1471 and reinstated Arnold on the throne of the Duchy of Guelders. Charles then bought the reversion (i.e., the right of succession to the throne) from Duke Arnold, who, against

4200-403: The freshwater canals to freeze hard, the province holds its traditional Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour), a 200-kilometre (120 mi) ice skating tour. A traditional sport is Frisian handball . Another Frisian practice is fierljeppen , a sport with some similarities to pole vaulting. A jump consists of an intense sprint to the pole ( polsstok ), jumping and grabbing it, then climbing to

4284-424: The help of mercenaries known as the Arumer Zwarte Hoop , started a fight for freedom from oppression by the Habsburg authorities. One of the leaders was Pier Gerlofs Donia , whose farm had been burned down and whose kinfolk had been killed by a marauding Landsknecht regiment . Since the regiment had been employed by the Habsburg authorities to suppress the civil war of the Fetkeapers and Skieringers , Donia put

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4368-438: The history and literature department at the Fryske Akademy since 2009. However, the English-language webpage of the Friesland Provincial Council refers to the province as "Fryslân". The Frisii were among the migrating Germanic tribes that, following the breakup of Celtic Europe in the 4th century BC, settled along the North Sea. They came to control the area from roughly present-day Bremen to Bruges , and conquered many of

4452-409: The intensification of conflicts towards the end of the 1400s. The availability of these mercenaries increased following the death of Charles the Bold in 1477, and the consequent unrest in various regions, such as the Burgundian Netherlands , the prince-bishopric of Utrecht , and the Duchy of Guelders , especially during times of war. The use of these highly trained mercenaries by both Schieringer and

4536-420: The larger part of the Veluwe and the city of Nijmegen were given as collateral to Guelders by their cash-strapped rulers. On separate occasions, in return for loans from the treasury of Guelders, the bishop of Utrecht granted the taxation and administration of the Veluwe, and William II – Count of both Holland and Zeeland , and who was elected anti-king of the Holy Roman Empire (1248–1256) – similarly granted

4620-423: The largest population are: The province is divided into 18 municipalities , each with local government (municipal council, mayor and aldermen). The province of Friesland, like the rest of the Netherlands, has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). In 2023, Friesland had a population of 659,551 and a population density of 197/km (510/sq mi). The years 1880–1900 show slower population growth due to

4704-422: The local grietenij militias. Significant local resistance remained and they were unable to achieve a complete disarmament of the local grietenij militias. The reign of the dukes of Saxony lasted from 1498 to 1515. On 19 May 1515 George , Duke of Saxony sold Groningen and Friesland to Emperor Charles V , for 100,000 Dutch florins. Like the rest of the Netherlands and an even larger part of Europe, Friesland

4788-423: The local inhabitants that lived under the influence of their stins . From the 1480s it was a common practice that the hoofdelingen nobility established a core militia composed of a few permanent men-at-arms and a few permanent mercenaries, along with an auxiliary force of several hundred inhabitants from the town, city, grietenij or collection of villages over which they held influence. The auxiliary force

4872-420: The marriage, and later bodily carried to the altar by the Constable of France , Anne de Montmorency ). This alliance emboldened William to challenge Emperor Charles V's claim to Guelders, but the French, mightily engaged on multiple fronts as they were in the long struggle to against the Habsburg "encirclement" of France , proved less reliable than the Duke's ambitions required, and he was unable to hold on to

4956-430: The official name of the province should follow the West Frisian spelling rather than the Dutch spelling, resulting in "Friesland" being replaced by "Fryslân". In 2004, the Dutch government confirmed this resolution, putting in place a three-year scheme to oversee the name change and associated cultural programme. The province of Friesland is occasionally referred to as "Frisia" by, amongst others, Hanno Brand, head of

5040-432: The official written record; the last official document recorded in Frisian was in 1573. Frisian was replaced by Dutch and would not return until about 1800. Friesland Friesland ( / ˈ f r iː z l ə n d / FREEZ -lənd , Dutch: [ˈfrislɑnt] ; official West Frisian : Fryslân [ˈfrislɔ̃ːn] ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia , named after

5124-456: The origins of the discord between the warring parties in Friesland and his definition of the terms Skieringers and Fetkeapers. According to Jancko the Fetkopers ( pronounced [ˈfɛtkoːpərs] ; "fat-buyers") were so called because they had much and could buy fat products. The poor adopted the name Skieringers ( pronounced [ˈskiːrɪŋərs] ; "speakers") because they had tried firstly discussion rather than violence. In

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5208-449: The other, would have matched his height". Religion in Friesland (2015) In 2015, 28.5% of the population belonged to the Protestant Church in the Netherlands , while 6.6% were Roman Catholic , 1.1% were Muslim and 6.5% belonged to other churches or faiths. Over half of the population (57.2%) identified as non-religious. Friesland is mainly an agricultural province. The black and white Frisian cattle , black and white Stabyhoun and

5292-425: The peasants' revolt, as Stadtholder to rule over the province in his stead. When Charles abdicated in 1556, Frisia was inherited by Philip II of Spain along with the rest of the Netherlands. In 1566, Frisia joined the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule. In 1577, George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg was appointed Stadtholder of Frisia and other provinces. A moderate, trusted by both sides, he tried to reconcile

5376-471: The province of Groningen . Up to the 18th century Frisian was spoken in the, at that time Prussian and Hanoverian, lordships of East Friesland ). Since then the East Frisian population switched to East Frisian ( Ostfriesisch ) , a Low German dialect. Only in some, formerly remoted, East Frisian villages ( Saterland ) a variety of historically East Frisian ( Seeltersk ) is still in use but by an older generation. A collection of dialects named North Frisian ,

5460-418: The provincial government is the city of Leeuwarden (West Frisian: Ljouwert , Liwwaddes: Liwwadde ), a city with 123,107 inhabitants. Other large municipalities in Friesland are Sneek (pop. 33,512), Heerenveen (pop. 50,257), and Smallingerland (includes town of Drachten , pop. 55,938). Since 2017, Arno Brok is the King's Commissioner in the province. A coalition of the Christian Democratic Appeal ,

5544-403: The rebels with the Crown. But in 1580, Rennenburg declared for Spain. The States of Frisia raised troops and took his strongholds of Leeuwarden, Harlingen and Stavoren. Rennenburg was deposed and Frisia became the fifth Lordship to join the rebels' Union of Utrecht . From 1580 onward, all stadtholders were members of the House of Orange-Nassau . With the Peace of Münster in 1648, Frisia became

5628-447: The same rights over Nijmegen; as neither ruler proved able to repay their debts, these lands became integral parts of Guelders. In 1339 the Emperor Louis IV of Wittelsbach elevated Count Reginald II of Guelders (also styled Rainald), of the House of Wassenberg, to the rank of Duke . After the Wassenberg line became extinct in 1371 following the deaths of Reginald II's childless sons Edward II (on 24 August, from wounds suffered in

5712-424: The same year at the head of a Flemish army besieging Tournai , after the States of Guelders had recognized him once more as Duke. Subsequently, Guelders was ruled by Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , husband of Charles the Bold's daughter and heir, Mary . The last independent Duke of Guelders was Adolf's son Charles of Egmond (1467–1538, r. 1492–1538), who was raised at the Burgundian court of Charles

5796-416: The second half of the fifteenth century the Fetkeaper town of Groningen , which had become the dominating force in Frisia, tried to interfere in Mid-Frisian affairs. The meddling met strong opposition in Skieringer held Westergo and ended in a call for foreign help. The use of trained foot-soldier mercenaries known as Landsknechte by both the Schieringer and Vetkoper parties played a significant role in

5880-550: The smaller offshore islands. What little is known of the Frisii is provided by a few Roman accounts, most of them military. Pliny the Elder said their lands were forest-covered with tall trees growing up to the edge of the lakes. They lived by agriculture and raising cattle. In his Germania , Tacitus described all the Germanic peoples of the region as having elected kings with limited powers and influential military leaders who led by example rather than by authority. The people lived in spread-out settlements. He specifically noted

5964-470: The surrounding areas. Albrecht III , the Duke of Saxony, used the Landsknechte to destabilize Friesland in a cunning manner. In 1496, he used these hired mercenaries to aid the Schieringers in driving out the Groninger and Vetkoper alliance from Westergo. Afterwards, he lent some Landsknechte mercenaries to the Vetkoper, Tjerk Walta , for two reasons: to relieve himself the burden of paying their wages and to cause further instability. This interference

6048-687: The tides turned against the rebels after the Donia's death in 1520, Charles withdrew his support, without which the rebels could no longer afford to pay their mercenary army. The revolt was put to an end in 1523 and Frisia was incorporated into the Habsburg Netherlands , bringing an end to the Frisian freedom. Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor, became the first lord of the Lordship of Frisia . He appointed Georg Schenck van Toutenburg , who had crushed

6132-403: The top while trying to control the pole's forward and lateral movements over a body of water and finishing with a graceful landing on a sand bed opposite to the starting point. Because of all the diverse skills required in fierljeppen, fierljeppers are considered to be very complete athletes with superbly developed strength and coordination. In the warmer months, many Frisians practice wadlopen ,

6216-615: The traditional art of wading across designated sections of the Wadden Sea at low tide. Friesland has lots of waterways and lake s there for Sailcontests with a Skutsje or frisian Tjalk is done during the summer on various lakes. There are currently two professional football clubs playing in Friesland: SC Cambuur from Leeuwarden (home stadium Cambuur Stadion ) active in de keuken kampioen divisie(2nd div.) and SC Heerenveen (home stadium Abe Lenstra Stadion ) active in de Eredivisie(1st div.). The King's Commissioner of Friesland

6300-494: The weakness of Germanic political hierarchies in reference to the Frisii, when he mentioned the names of two kings of the 1st century Frisii and added that they were kings "as far as the Germans are under kings". In the 1st century BC, the Frisii halted a Roman advance and thus managed to maintain their independence. Some or all of the Frisii may have joined into the Frankish and Saxon peoples in late Roman times, but they would retain

6384-508: The will of the towns and the law of the land, pledged his duchy to Charles for 300,000 Rhenish florins. The bargain was completed in 1472–73, and upon Arnold's death in 1473, Duke Charles added Guelders to the "Low Countries" portion of his Valois Duchy of Burgundy . Upon Charles' defeat and death at the Battle of Nancy in January 1477, Duke Adolf was released from prison by the Flemish , but died

6468-577: Was formed by huislieden (plural of huisman) , which means that they were common people who owned a house, be it as a freeholder or a tenant. Feuds between hoofdelingen eventually consolidated in aligning along two opposing parties: the Skieringers and the Fetkeapers. The Schieringer party was led by major hoofdelingen such as the traditional families Harinxma, Sjaerda, Martena, Camstra and Camminga. The Schieringers sought alliances with monarchs such as

6552-537: Was not necessarily due to the Frisian militia's lack of fighting spirit, but rather due to their lack of organized leadership, military training and armaments, resulting in a disorganized and poorly coordinated attack. As a result of the Battle at Laaxum on 10 June 1498, the Frisian Freedom came to an end. Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499. By 1500, his son Henry IV , Duke of Saxony, inherited

6636-495: Was pushed back to Eastergoa . The next year the Battle of the Boarn took place. Charles ferried an army across the Almere with a fleet that enabled him to sail up to De Boarn. The Frisians were defeated in the ensuing battle, and their last king Poppo was killed. The victors began plundering and burning heathen sanctuaries. Charles Martel returned with much loot, and broke the power of

6720-636: Was revived as a department in 1802. When the Netherlands were annexed by the First French Empire in 1810, the department was in French renamed Frise . After Napoleon was defeated in 1813 and a new constitution was introduced in 1814, Friesland became a province of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands , then of the unitary Kingdom of the Netherlands a year later. Friesland

6804-486: Was shattered, with the Groningers being forced to enter into a humiliating agreement. The most significant provision of this agreement was that they would pay the Landsknechte mercenaries 30,000 Rhine guilders and, in doing so, relinquish their rights to Westergo and Oostergo to Albrecht , the Duke of Saxony. However weakened, Gronigen femained free from Saxon defeat for the time being. Albrecht III next focussed on

6888-474: Was successful to the point where the Schieringer hoofdelingen felt so trapped that they had no choice but to request the Duke's protection on 21 March 1498. Of course the hired Landsknechte of Tjerk Walta did not want to fight their own, those who were under the command of Albrecht III , so they simply returned to Saxon service under the Duke. By the end of April 1498, the Groninger-Vetkoper alliance

6972-483: Was unable to escape the political strife and internecine conflict that had so plagued the preceding House of Jülich-Hengebach, and more especially, the pressure brought to bear by the expansionist rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy . The first Egmond Duke, Arnold , suffered the rebellion of his son Adolf and was imprisoned by the latter in 1465. Adolf, who had enjoyed the support of Burgundian Duke Philip III ("the Good") and of

7056-596: Was under the rule of the House of Habsburg . However, Friesland remained in a civil war, for some time, at least up until 1523. In the years 1516 to 1517, a significant number of confiscations were recorded that involved the forced transfer of property from the Vetkoper-supporting families in Friesland to non-Frisian nobility. It seems that the Burgundian government used these confiscations to reward their own loyal Schieringer supporters with property in Friesland. Among

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