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25-487: The term "facies" was introduced by the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the foundations of modern stratigraphy , which replaced the earlier notions of Neptunism . Walther's law of facies, or simply Walther's law, named after the geologist Johannes Walther , states that the vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment. Conversely, it states that when

50-557: A facies series . Amanz Gressly Amanz Gressly (17 July 1814 – 13 April 1865) was a Swiss geologist and paleontologist . He introduced the use of the term facies in geology , and is considered one of the founders of modern stratigraphy and paleoecology . He initially studied medicine at Strasbourg , but his interest subsequently switched to geology, and from 1836 onward, he worked as an assistant to Louis Agassiz . In 1838 he published Observations géologiques sur le Jura Soleurois (Geological observations involving

75-476: A depositional environment "migrates" laterally, sediments of one depositional environment come to lie on top of another. In Russia the law is known as Golovkinsky-Walther's law, honoring also Nikolai A. Golovkinsky . A classic example of this law is the vertical stratigraphic succession that typifies marine transgressions and regressions . Ideally, a sedimentary facies is a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation , reflecting

100-435: A group of "facies descriptors" which must be distinct, reproducible and exhaustive. A reliable facies description of an outcrop in the field would include: composition, texture, sedimentary structure(s), bedding geometry, nature of bedding contact, fossil content and colour. The sequence of minerals that develop during progressive metamorphism (that is, metamorphism at progressively higher temperatures and/or pressures) define

125-528: A particular process or environment. Sedimentary facies are either descriptive or interpretative. Sedimentary facies are bodies of sediment that are recognizably distinct from adjacent sediments that resulted from different depositional environments. Generally, geologists distinguish facies by the aspect of the rock or sediment being studied. Facies based on petrological characters (such as grain size and mineralogy ) are called lithofacies , whereas facies based on fossil content are called biofacies . A facies

150-408: Is Honningsvåg Valan Airport (HVG) , which offers several flights to and from Tromsø Langnes International Airport (TOS) . Road distance to North Cape from different towns with airports: It is possible to visit North Cape during winter, but there is often heavy snow and wind and the last stretch of road is only open for convoys at certain times. The road to North Cape is kept open during winter and

175-654: Is a 2,533 kilometres (1,574 mi) classic ski route, which stretches from Lindesnes , the most southerly tip of Norway to Nordkapp in the far north. The record of cycling this distance is 4 days, 22 hours, and 18 minutes which was performed by a group of five men from Rye in Oslo, in July 2003. Footage from the North Cape is featured frequently in films and television, most notably in the 2014 action comedy film Børning , which revolves around an illegal street race from south of Oslo to

200-464: Is a bicycle race that finishes at the North Cape. The total distance is around 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi). The first stage of the 2014 Arctic Race of Norway was held on North Cape on 14 August 2014. The bicycle race started in Hammerfest , finishing on North Cape and was won by Norwegian, Lars Petter Nordhaug for Visma–Lease a Bike in a time of 4 hours 51 minutes 3 seconds. Norge På Langs

225-646: Is accessible to regular vehicles and drivers who can cope with the snow and wind conditions that may occur in winter. Before this, E69 was the only winter-closed E-route in Europe. The North Cape was named by the Englishman Steven Borough , captain of the Edward Bonaventure , which sailed past in 1553 in search of the Northeast Passage . The North Cape became a popular tourist destination during

250-623: Is in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway . The European route E69 motorway (highway) has its northern terminus at North Cape, which makes it the northernmost point in Europe that can be accessed by car and makes the E69 the northernmost public road in Europe. The plateau is a popular tourist attraction . The cape includes a 307-metre-high cliff (1,007 ft) with a large flat plateau on top, where visitors, weather permitting, can watch

275-638: Is usually further subdivided. The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment and from the original composition. Sedimentary facies reflect their depositional environment, each facies being a distinct kind of sediment for that area or environment. Since its inception in 1838, the facies concept has been extended to related geological concepts. For example, characteristic associations of organic microfossils, and particulate organic material, in rocks or sediments, are called palynofacies . Discrete seismic units are similarly referred to as seismic facies. Sedimentary facies are described in

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300-756: The Battle of the North Cape was fought in the Arctic Ocean off this cape, where the German battleship Scharnhorst was eventually sunk by gunfire from the British battleship HMS Duke of York and torpedoes from the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Stord , and other ships of the British Navy . A road to the North Cape was first built in 1956. As of Q3 2022, the justice system has decided that money will not be charged for parking [on

325-580: The Solothurn Jura ), in which he introduced the "concept of facies" to describe the environments and conditions of the origin of sedimentary rocks based on their petrographic attributes and fossil affiliations. From 1853 he served as a geologist during the construction of rail tunnels through the Jura Mountains. In 1859 he was sent by Eduard Desor to Cette on the Gulf of Lyon in order to investigate

350-492: The midnight sun and views of the Barents Sea to the north. North Cape Hall, a visitor centre , was built in 1988 on the plateau. It includes a café, restaurant, post office, souvenir shop, a small museum, and video cinema. The steep cliff of the North Cape is located at 71°10′21″N 25°47′04″E  /  71.17250°N 25.78444°E  / 71.17250; 25.78444 , about 2,102.3 km (1,306.3 mi) from

375-487: The 8,000 daily visitors and distant location places great demands on the operations, maintenance, and security of the facilities and natural features of the large site. Visitors arriving by foot, bicycle, or other non-motorized vehicles are nowadays offered free entrance. The 2009 Trans Europe Foot Race started in Bari, Italy and finished at North Cape. The total distance was 4,485 kilometres (2,787 mi). The NorthCape4000

400-573: The Atlantic Ocean, meets the Barents Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean. The midnight sun can be seen from 14 May to 31 July. The sun reaches its lowest point between 12:14 am and 12:24 am (00:14 and 00:24) during those days. The North Cape is reached by European route E69 highway through the North Cape Tunnel , an undersea tunnel connecting the island of Magerøya to the mainland. The EuroVelo bicycle routes EV1, EV7 and EV11 connect

425-454: The North Cape to Sagres , Portugal, Malta and Athens , respectively. Several cruise ships visit North Cape every year. Honningsvåg is one of the main stops of the Hurtigruten coastal ships. Regular buses run from the nearby town of Honningsvåg to the North Cape (33 km (21 mi)), and coaches meet the many cruise ships that call at the port of Honningsvåg. The nearest airport

450-563: The North Pole. Nordkapp is often inaccurately referred to as the northernmost point of Europe. However, the neighbouring Knivskjellodden Cape actually extends 1,450 m (4,760 ft) further north. Furthermore, both of these points are situated on an island ( Magerøya ), albeit one connected by road to the mainland. The northernmost point of mainland Europe is located at Cape Nordkinn ( Kinnarodden ) which lies about 5.7 km (3.5 mi) further south and about 70 km (43 mi) to

475-531: The common cloud base ), which obscures the view. There is no discount for this situation, but the full price ticket is valid for multiple entries within 24 hours. In 2000, and again in 2011, the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment responded to pressure from interest groups and asked Nordkapps VEL, the company that maintains the site, to reduce the admission fee to the plateau. Nordkapps VEL responded that

500-612: The east. That point is located near the village of Mehamn on the Nordkinn Peninsula . The northernmost point of Europe including islands, is hundreds of kilometers further north, either in Russia's Franz Josef Land or Norway's Svalbard archipelago, depending on whether Franz Josef Land is considered to be in Europe or in Asia. The North Cape is the point where the Norwegian Sea , part of

525-431: The last decades of the nineteenth century, especially after King Oscar II 's visit in 1873. Regular coastal steamer routes from Germany to Northern Norway established in this period facilitated these visits, and Thomas Cook & Son began arranging tours to the destination as early as 1875. Tourists who climbed the cape would often do so using a path equipped with wired ropes from Hornviken . They would often celebrate

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550-572: The mode of life of marine organisms, and in 1861, with Carl Vogt and others, he embarked on a scientific expedition that took him to the North Cape , Jan Mayen and Iceland . The dinosaur genera Gresslyosaurus and Amanzia were named after him. Near the end of his life, Gressly suffered a mental decline and was committed to an asylum near Bern . He died from a stroke in 1865. Gressly's colleague Oswald Heer wrote that shortly before his death Gressly started to suffer from hallucinations that he

575-405: The parking lot] at North Cape; the government has won the case in the appellate court also; the defendant has appealed to the supreme court, as of Q3 2022. (The courtcase started in 2021. ) As of 2022, admission to North Cape visitor centre cost 310  kr per adult [16 years and older] - and 90 for child between 7-years old and 15-years old. Often there is fog (since the plateau is above

600-441: The visit with the writing of postcards, so-called "Cape cards", gazing at the midnight sun. A granite column was erected commemorating the visit of King Oscar II of Norway and Sweden in 1873 and the visit of German Kaiser Wilhelm II (in 1891) was also marked with a memorial. In 1891–92, an octagonal wooden building was erected on top of the cape, later named "Stoppenbrinck's" (or "Stoppenbrink's") "Champagne Pavilion". In 1943,

625-652: Was transforming into the Gresslyosaurus . Since 2004 the Swiss Paleontological Society has awarded the Amanz-Gressly-Auszeichnung for outstanding achievements in the field of paleontology. North Cape (Norway) North Cape ( Norwegian : Nordkapp ; Northern Sami : Davvenjárga ) is a cape on the northern coast of the island of Magerøya in Northern Norway . The cape

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