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81-448: Originally established as Königliche Seedampf-Maschinistenschule ( Royal School for Naval Steam Machinists ) the university was founded in 1886. Until 1975 the FUAS mainly educated marine engineers and officers. The expansion of the study program over the past 30 years has added all major engineering and information technology disciplines and a school for business administration . Today,

162-424: A microarchitecture , which might be described in e.g. VHDL or Verilog . CPU design is divided into design of the following components: datapaths (such as ALUs and pipelines ), control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, memory components such as register files , caches , clock circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library which

243-404: A "sacrificial anode" in the corrosion reaction. This causes the metal to corrode instead of the ship's hull. Another way to prevent corrosion is by sending a controlled amount of low DC current through the ship's hull, thereby changing the hull's electrical charge and delaying the onset of electro-chemical corrosion. Similar problems are encountered in coastal and offshore structures. Anti-fouling

324-685: A Job Outlook, 2019-29 of -9% (Decline), then a 10% decline for 2021-2031 and now an 11% decline for 2022-2032 for those who program computers (i.e. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers. Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster than other engineering fields. Computer engineering is generally practiced within larger product development firms, and such practice may not be subject to licensing. However, independent consultants who advertise computer engineering, just like any form of engineering, may be subject to state laws which restrict professional engineer practice to only those who have received

405-539: A Marine engineer, a Master's degree, such as a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.), or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) may be required. Some marine engineers join the profession laterally, entering from other disciplines, like Mechanical Engineering , Civil Engineering , Electrical Engineering , Geomatics Engineering and Environmental Engineering , or from science-based fields, such as Geology , Geophysics , Physics , Geomatics , Earth Science , and Mathematics . To qualify as

486-415: A bachelor's degree in computer engineering, electrical engineering or computer science. Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as calculus , linear algebra and differential equations , along with computer science . Degrees in electronic or electric engineering also suffice due to the similarity of the two fields. Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems,

567-467: A cost-effective manner remains largely unresolved. A marine engineer may also deal with the planning, creation, expansion, and modification of port and harbor designs. Harbors can be natural or artificial and protect anchored ships from wind, waves, and currents. Ports can be defined as a city, town, or place where ships are moored, loaded, or unloaded. Ports typically reside within a harbor and are made up of one or more individual terminals that handle

648-423: A distinctive field from marine engineering, which is concerned with the design and application of shipboard systems specifically. However, on account of its similar nomenclature and multiple overlapping core disciplines (e.g. hydrodynamics , hydromechanics , and materials science ), "ocean engineering" sometimes operates under the umbrella term of "marine engineering", especially in industry and academia outside of

729-536: A diverse engineering background, marine engineers work in a variety of industry jobs across every field of math, science, technology, and engineering. A few companies such as Oceaneering International and Van Oord specialize in marine engineering, while other companies consult marine engineers for specific projects. Such consulting commonly occurs in the oil industry, with companies such as ExxonMobil and BP hiring marine engineers to manage aspects of their offshore drilling projects. Marine engineering lends itself to

810-573: A graduate-level thesis. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology offers master's and PhD degrees specifically in ocean engineering. Additionally, MIT co-hosts a joint program with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for students studying ocean engineering and other ocean-related topics at the graduate level. Journals about ocean engineering include Ocean Engineering , the IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering and

891-405: A human aboard. UUVs often perform work in locations which would be otherwise impossible or difficult to access by humans due to a number of environmental factors (e.g. depth, remoteness, and/or temperature). UUVs can be remotely operated by humans, like in the case of remotely operated vehicles , semi-autonomous , or autonomous . The development of oceanographic sciences , subsea engineering and

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972-401: A liquid allowing it to vaporize into a gas. Cavitation can take place in pumps, which can cause damage to the impeller that moves the fluids through the system. Cavitation is also seen in propulsion. Low pressure pockets form on the surface of the propeller blades as its revolutions per minute increase (IIMS, 2015). Cavitation on the propeller causes a small but violent implosion which could warp

1053-484: A marine engineer, all of which includes earning a university or college degree, such as a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.), Bachelor of Technology Management and Marine Engineering (B.TecMan & MarEng), or a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Marine Engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as

1134-432: A marine engineer, those changing professions are required to earn a graduate Marine Engineering degree, such as an M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc., or M.A.Sc., after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program. The fundamental subjects of marine engineering study usually include: In the engineering of seagoing vessels, naval architecture is concerned with the overall design of the ship and its propulsion through

1215-650: A mixture of civil engineering and other disciplines to create coastal solutions for areas along or near the ocean. In protecting coastlines from wave forces, erosion , and sea level rise , marine engineers must consider whether they will use a "gray" infrastructure solution - such as a breakwater, culvert, or sea wall made from rocks and concrete - or a "green" infrastructure solution that incorporates aquatic plants, mangroves, and/or marsh ecosystems. It has been found that gray infrastructure costs more to build and maintain, but it may provide better protection against ocean forces in high-energy wave environments. A green solution

1296-525: A number of military applications – mostly related to the Navy . The United States Navy 's Seabees , Civil Engineer Corps , and Engineering Duty Officers often perform work related to marine engineering. Military contractors (especially those in naval shipyards) and the Army Corps of Engineers play a role in certain marine engineering projects as well. In 2012, the average annual earnings for marine engineers in

1377-497: A number of marine engineering challenges. Platforms must be able to withstand ocean currents , wave forces, and saltwater corrosion while remaining structurally integral and fully anchored into the seabed . Additionally, drilling components must be engineered to handle these same challenges with a high factor of safety to prevent oil leaks and spills from contaminating the ocean. Offshore wind farms encounter many similar marine engineering challenges to oil platforms. They provide

1458-425: A part of this specialty. This specialty focuses on compilers and operating systems design and development. Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality. Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation algorithm development and new operating system development. Computational science and engineering

1539-452: A particular cargo including passengers, bulk cargo , or containerized cargo . Marine engineers plan and design various types of marine terminals and structures found in ports, and they must understand the loads imposed on these structures over the course of their lifetime. Marine salvage techniques are continuously modified and improved to recover shipwrecks. Marine engineers use their skills to assist at some stages of this process. With

1620-446: A pivotal role in shaping our future, as technology continues to evolve rapidly, leading to a growing demand for skilled computer engineers. Engineering contributes to improving society by creating devices and structures impacting various aspects of our lives, from technology to infrastructure. Engineers also address challenges such as environmental protection and sustainable development , while developing medical treatments. As of 2016,

1701-423: A source of renewable energy with a higher yield than wind farms on land, while encountering less resistance from the general public ( see NIMBY ). Marine engineers continue to investigate the possibility of ocean wave energy as a viable source of power for distributed or grid applications. Many designs have been proposed and numerous prototypes have been built, but the problem of harnessing wave energy in

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1782-541: A strong background in computer programming is necessary. According to BLS, " a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum ". Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree. It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in technology . Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones. For example, as

1863-781: Is a relatively new discipline. According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, " computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, VLSI circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more ". In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and information access . Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, adaptive resource management in various systems, and improving

1944-404: Is concerned with stability . What makes the naval architect's job unique is that a ship operates in two fluids simultaneously: water and air. Even after a ship has been designed and put to sea, marine engineers face the challenge of balancing cargo, as stacking containers vertically increases the mass of the ship and shifts the center of gravity higher. The weight of fuel also presents a problem, as

2025-519: Is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate. " Today, computer hardware is somewhat equal to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories, the most significant being embedded system design . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), " computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among

2106-584: Is generally less expensive and more well-integrated with local vegetation, but may be susceptible to erosion or damage if executed improperly. In many cases engineers will select a hybrid approach that combines elements of both gray and green solutions. The design of underwater life-support systems such as underwater habitats presents a unique set of challenges requiring a detailed knowledge of pressure vessels, diving physiology , and thermodynamics. Marine engineers may design or make frequent use of unmanned underwater vehicles , which operate underwater without

2187-425: Is one of the top ranks onboard and is equal to the rank of a ship's captain. Marine engineering is the highly preferred course to join merchant Navy as an officer as it provides ample opportunities in terms of both onboard and onshore jobs. Marine engineering applies a number of engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , electronic engineering , and computer Engineering , to

2268-1185: Is possible, mainly using blue lasers . These have a high bandwidth compared with acoustic systems, but the range is usually only a few tens of metres, and ideally at night. As well as acoustic communications and navigation, sensors have been developed to measure ocean parameters such as temperature, salinity , oxygen levels and other properties including nitrate levels, levels of trace chemicals and environmental DNA . The industry trend has been towards smaller, more accurate and more affordable systems so that they can be purchased and used by university departments and small companies as well as large corporations, research organisations and governments. The sensors and instruments are fitted to autonomous and remotely-operated systems as well as ships, and are enabling these systems to take on tasks that hitherto required an expensive human-crewed platform. Manufacture of marine sensors and instruments mainly takes place in Asia, Europe and North America. Products are advertised in specialist journals, and through Trade Shows such as Oceanology International and Ocean Business which help raise awareness of

2349-657: Is referred to as Electrical and Computer engineering OR Computer Science and Engineering at some universities Computer engineers require training in electrical engineering , electronic engineering , physics , computer science , hardware-software integration, software design , and software engineering . It uses the techniques and principles of electrical engineering and computer science, and can encompass areas such as electromagnetism , artificial intelligence (AI) , robotics , computer networks , computer architecture and operating systems . Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing , from

2430-401: Is the engineering of boats, ships, submarines, and any other marine vessel . Here it is also taken to include the engineering of other ocean systems and structures – referred to in certain academic and professional circles as "ocean engineering". After completing this degree one can join a ship as an officer in engine department and eventually rise to the rank of a chief engineer . This rank

2511-479: Is the process of building structures in or adjacent to large bodies of water, usually the sea. These structures can be built for a variety of purposes, including transportation, energy production, and recreation. Marine construction can involve the use of a variety of building materials, predominantly steel and concrete . Some examples of marine structures include ships, offshore platforms, moorings, pipelines, cables, wharves, bridges, tunnels, breakwaters and docks. In

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2592-473: Is the process of eliminating obstructive organisms from essential components of seawater systems. Depending on the nature and location of marine growth, this process is performed in a number of different ways: The burning of marine fuels releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Ships burn marine diesel in addition to heavy fuel oil . Heavy fuel oil, being the heaviest of refined oils , releases sulfur dioxide when burned. Sulfur dioxide emissions have

2673-415: Is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks. These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors. Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. Embedded systems are found in many devices from a small FM radio to

2754-473: Is through digital platforms, enabling learning, exploration, and potential income generation at minimal cost and in regional languages, none of which would be possible without engineers. Computer engineering is important in the changes involved in industry 4.0, with engineers responsible for designing and optimizing the technology that surrounds our lives, from big data to AI . Their work not only facilitates global connections and knowledge access, but also plays

2835-701: Is used to implement the logic. Computer engineers work in coding, applied cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as digital images and music , fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of tampering by, for example, digital watermarking . Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. High-speed network design , interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system , and storage and transmission schemes are all

2916-753: Is valued by employers alongside the bachelor's degree. A number of institutions - including MIT , UC Berkeley , the U.S. Naval Academy , and Texas A&M University - offer a four-year Bachelor of Science degree specifically in ocean engineering. Accredited programs consist of basic undergraduate math and science subjects such as calculus , statistics , chemistry , and physics ; fundamental engineering subjects such as statics , dynamics , electrical engineering , and thermodynamics ; and more specialized subjects such as ocean structural analysis , hydromechanics , and coastal management . Graduate students in ocean engineering take classes on more advanced, in-depth subjects while conducting research to complete

2997-573: The Savannah marked the first sea voyage from America to Europe. Around 50 years later the steam powered paddle wheels had a peak with the creation of the Great Eastern , which was as big as one of the cargo ships of today, 700 feet in length, weighing 22,000 tons. Paddle steamers would become the front runners of the steamship industry for the next thirty years till the next type of propulsion came around. There are several educational paths to becoming

3078-448: The BLS , Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2019 to 2029 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 2% and a total of 71,100 jobs. (" Slower than average " in their own words when compared to other occupations)". This is a decrease from the 2014 to 2024 BLS computer hardware engineering estimate of 3% and a total of 77,700 jobs; " and

3159-538: The Europa-Universität Flensburg . The infrastructure includes the Auditorium Maximum (called Audimax ) lecture hall, the central library, a wide park area, student residences, a kindergarten , a sports and fitness center and the canteen ( Mensa ), also several small cafeterias and a student's pub. In early 2010, the construction for a water sports center and a campus chapel were completed, in 2011

3240-799: The Internet of things . This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems. Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated ( VLSI ) circuits and microsystems. An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture. Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human–computer interaction, including speech recognition and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as recognition of human facial features . This area integrates

3321-781: The Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering . Conferences in the field of marine engineering include the IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society's OCEANS Conference and Exposition and the European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC). Computer Engineering This is an accepted version of this page Computer engineering ( CoE or CpE ) is a branch of electrical engineering that integrates several fields of electrical engineering , electronics engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software . Computer engineering

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3402-536: The U.S. The same combination has been applied to the rest of this article. Oceanography is a scientific field concerned with the acquisition and analysis of data to characterize the ocean. Although separate disciplines, marine engineering and oceanography are closely intertwined: marine engineers often use data gathered by oceanographers to inform their design and research, and oceanographers use tools designed by marine engineers (more specifically, oceanographic engineers) to advance their understanding and exploration of

3483-928: The University of Surrey . Oversea partners are the University of North Carolina , the North-West University in Vanderbijlpark , South Africa and the Polytechnic of Namibia in Windhoek . 1. Wissenschaftsrat (2023) Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung des Hochschulsystems des Landes Schleswig-Holstein einschließlich Universitätsmedizin. Köln: Wissenschaftsrat. https://doi.org/10.57674/hjf5-5z79 , available at: https://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/download/2023/1544-23.html 54°46′29.5″N 9°27′2″E  /  54.774861°N 9.45056°E  / 54.774861; 9.45056 Nautical engineering Marine engineering

3564-420: The quantum behaviour of small particles such as superposition , interference and entanglement , with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much more efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like Quantum cryptography , physical simulations and quantum algorithms . An accessible avenue for obtaining information and opportunities in technology, especially for young students,

3645-623: The "Maritime Center" was completed. The main railway station is less than 2km from the campus, and the beach at Solitüde is about 8km. Several bi-national study programs are established together with the nearby University of Sønderborg , Denmark and other European partner universities within the ERASMUS programme . Partner Universities in the UK are e.g. the John Moores University in Liverpool and

3726-534: The FUAS has a strong emphasis on nautical engineering , communication technology , biotechnology and renewable energy engineering . This focus is supported by the state of Schleswig-Holstein which is one of the leading European regions in applying renewable energy and environmental technologies , covering about one third of its electricity consumption mainly by wind energy and biogas . There are four faculties ( Fachbereiche ) offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs: The FHF shares its green campus with

3807-425: The U.S. were $ 96,140 with average hourly earnings of $ 46.22. As a field, marine engineering is predicted to grow approximately 12% from 2016 to 2026. Currently, there are about 8,200 naval architects and marine engineers employed, however, this number is expected to increase to 9,200 by 2026 (BLS, 2017). This is due at least in part to the critical role of the shipping industry on the global market supply chain; 80% of

3888-672: The United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland , Ohio . As of 2015 , there were 250 ABET -accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S. In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies as part of the EQANIE network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, software , firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around

3969-430: The ability to detect, track and destroy submarines ( anti-submarine warfare ) required the parallel development of a host of marine scientific instrumentation and sensors . Visible light is not transferred far underwater, so the medium for transmission of data is primarily acoustic . High-frequency sound is used to measure the depth of the ocean, determine the nature of the seafloor, and detect submerged objects. The higher

4050-415: The appropriate License. The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) first offered a Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination for computer engineering in 2003. There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering. Processor design process involves choosing an instruction set and a certain execution paradigm (e.g. VLIW or RISC ) and results in

4131-450: The arctic (especially scientific equipment such as meteorological instrumentation and oceanographic buoys ), marine engineers must overcome an array of design challenges. Equipment must be able to operate at extreme temperatures for prolonged periods of time, often with little to no maintenance. This creates the need for exceptionally temperature-resistant materials and durable precision electronic components. Coastal engineering applies

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4212-512: The average rate of increase for all fields. However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries. Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India. In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words), then

4293-534: The beginning of the Industrial Revolution (early 1700s). In 1807, Robert Fulton successfully used a steam engine to propel a vessel through the water. Fulton's ship used the engine to power a small wooden paddle wheel as its marine propulsion system. The integration of a steam engine into a watercraft to create a marine steam engine was the start of the marine engineering profession. Only twelve years after Fulton's Clermont had her first voyage,

4374-473: The bottom of the ship in what is known as the bilge. Bilge water is pumped overboard, but must pass a pollution threshold test of 15 ppm (parts per million) of oil to be discharged. Water is tested and either discharged if clean or recirculated to a holding tank to be separated before being tested again. The tank it is sent back to, the oily water separator, utilizes gravity to separate the fluids due to their viscosity. Ships over 400 gross tons are required to carry

4455-944: The design of individual microcontrollers , microprocessors , personal computers , and supercomputers , to circuit design . This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture. Robotics are one of the applications of computer engineering. Computer engineering usually deals with areas including writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers , designing VLSI chips , analog sensors , mixed signal circuit boards , Thermodynamics and operating systems . Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors , communications , and sensors . In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior years because

4536-452: The development of new theories, algorithms , and other tools that add performance to computer systems. Computer architecture includes CPU design , cache hierarchy layout, memory organization , and load balancing . In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing visual sensing technology to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment. The gathered three-dimensional information

4617-474: The development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and ocean systems. It includes but is not limited to Power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, as well as coastal and offshore structures. Archimedes is traditionally regarded as the first marine engineer, having developed a number of marine engineering systems in antiquity. Modern marine engineering dates back to

4698-417: The equipment to separate oil from bilge water. Further, as enforced by MARPOL, all ships over 400 gross tons and all oil tankers over 150 gross tons are required to log all oil transfers in an oil record book (EPA, 2011). Cavitation is the process of forming an air bubble in a liquid due to the vaporization of that liquid cause by an area of low pressure. This area of low pressure lowers the boiling point of

4779-457: The faster than average growing occupations " The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year. This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers. And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above

4860-540: The first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957, planar process by Jean Hoerni , the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) demonstrated by a team at Bell Labs in 1960 and the single-chip microprocessor ( Intel 4004 ) by Federico Faggin , Marcian Hoff , Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. The first computer engineering degree program in

4941-584: The frequency, the higher the definition of the data that is returned. Sound Navigation and Ranging or SONAR was developed during the First World War to detect submarines , and has been greatly refined through to the present day. Submarines similarly use sonar equipment to detect and target other submarines and surface ships, and to detect submerged obstacles such as seamounts that pose a navigational obstacle. Simple echo-sounders point straight down and can give an accurate reading of ocean depth (or look up at

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5022-406: The full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree . Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus. Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing

5103-490: The marine engineering curriculum. Civil engineering concepts play in an important role in many marine engineering projects such as the design and construction of ocean structures, ocean bridges and tunnels , and port/harbor design. Marine engineering often deals in the fields of electrical engineering and robotics , especially in applications related to employing deep-sea cables and UUVs. A series of transoceanic fiber optic cables are responsible for connecting much of

5184-568: The ocean. Marine engineering incorporates many aspects of mechanical engineering. One manifestation of this relationship lies in the design of shipboard propulsion systems. Mechanical engineers design the main propulsion plant, the powering and mechanization aspects of the ship functions such as steering, anchoring , cargo handling, heating, ventilation, air conditioning interior and exterior communication, and other related requirements. Electrical power generation and electrical power distribution systems are typically designed by their suppliers;

5265-422: The only design responsibility of the marine engineering is installation. Furthermore, an understanding of mechanical engineering topics such as fluid dynamics , fluid mechanics , linear wave theory , strength of materials , structural mechanics , and structural dynamics is essential to a marine engineer's repertoire of skills. These and other mechanical engineering subjects serve as an integral component of

5346-597: The original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s, a tribute was made to the late inventors; a replica of the ABC was made in 1997, where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $ 350,000 to build. The modern personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. These include the first working transistor by William Shockley , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, in 1955, silicon dioxide surface passivation by Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick,

5427-666: The pitch of the ship may cause the liquid to shift, resulting in an imbalance. In some vessels, this offset will be counteracted by storing water inside larger ballast tanks. Marine engineers are responsible for the task of balancing and tracking the fuel and ballast water of a ship. Floating offshore structures have similar constraints. The saltwater environment faced by seagoing vessels makes them highly susceptible to corrosion. In every project, marine engineers are concerned with surface protection and preventing galvanic corrosion . Corrosion can be inhibited through cathodic protection by introducing pieces of metal (e.g. zinc ) to serve as

5508-431: The potential to raise atmospheric and ocean acidity causing harm to marine life. However, heavy fuel oil may only be burned in international waters due to the pollution created. It is commercially advantageous due to the cost effectiveness compared to other marine fuels. It is prospected that heavy fuel oil will be phased out of commercial use by the year 2020 (Smith, 2018). Water, oil, and other substances collect at

5589-532: The products. In every coastal and offshore project, environmental sustainability is an important consideration for the preservation of ocean ecosystems and natural resources . Instances in which marine engineers benefit from knowledge of environmental engineering include creation of fisheries , clean-up of oil spills , and creation of coastal solutions . A number of systems designed fully or in part by marine engineers are used offshore - far away from coastlines. The design of offshore oil platforms involves

5670-505: The propeller blade. To remedy the issue, more blades allow the same amount of propulsion force but at a lower rate of revolutions. This is crucial for submarines as the propeller needs to keep the vessel relatively quiet to stay hidden. With more propeller blades, the vessel is able to achieve the same amount of propulsion force at lower shaft revolutions. The following categories provide a number of focus areas in which marine engineers direct their efforts. In designing systems that operate in

5751-459: The quality of service in mobile and ATM environments. Some other examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems. Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. Projects such as designing processors for multithreading and parallel processing are included in this field. Other examples of work in this field include

5832-741: The relative cost of fixing a bug increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, particularly before release. A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer. Institution: Educational Institution (such as colleges, universities) Institution: Private institution (such as computer engineering organizations and private companies) Institution: Public Institution (such as Country's Regulatory Board) Institution: Public or Private Institution There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software. According to

5913-425: The same way that civil engineers design to accommodate wind loads on building and bridges, marine engineers design to accommodate a ship or submarine struck by waves millions of times over the course of the vessel's life. These load conditions are also found in marine construction and coastal engineering Any seagoing vessel has the constant need for hydrostatic stability. A naval architect , like an airplane designer,

5994-481: The space shuttle. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include " automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space. " As of 2018 , computer embedded systems specializations include system-on-chip design, the architecture of edge computing and

6075-438: The underside of sea-ice). More advanced echo sounders use a fan-shaped beam or sound, or multiple beams to derive highly detailed images of the ocean floor. High power systems can penetrate the soil and seabed rocks to give information about the geology of the seafloor, and are widely used in geophysics for the discovery of hydrocarbons , or for engineering survey. For close-range underwater communications, optical transmission

6156-471: The use of autonomous algorithms and networking. Marine engineers aim to learn how advancements in autonomy and networking can be used to enhance existing UUV technologies and facilitate the development of more capable underwater vehicles. A knowledge of marine engineering proves useful in the field of petroleum engineering, as hydrodynamics and seabed integration serve as key elements in the design and maintenance of offshore oil platforms . Marine construction

6237-522: The water, while marine engineering ensures that the ship systems function as per the design. Although they have distinctive disciplines, naval architects and marine engineers often work side-by-side. Ocean engineering is concerned with other structures and systems in or adjacent to the ocean, including offshore platforms , coastal structures such as piers and harbors , and other ocean systems such as ocean wave energy conversion and underwater life-support systems . This in fact makes ocean engineering

6318-490: The world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers. Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least

6399-417: The world's communication via the internet , carrying as much as 99 percent of total global internet and signal traffic. These cables must be engineered to withstand deep-sea environments that are remote and often unforgiving, with extreme pressures and temperatures as well as potential interference by fishing , trawling , and sea life . The use of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) stands to benefit from

6480-460: The world's first electronic digital computer through physics , mathematics , and electrical engineering . John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer , also known as the ABC which took five years to complete. While

6561-522: The world's trade by volume is done overseas by close to 50,000 ships, all of which require marine engineers aboard and shoreside (ICS, 2017). Additionally, offshore energy continues to grow, and a greater need exists for coastal solutions due to sea level rise . Maritime universities are dedicated to teaching and training students in maritime professions. Marine engineers generally have a bachelor's degree in marine engineering, marine engineering technology, or marine systems engineering. Practical training

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