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46-537: Established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts , it is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,000. The institution is organized into six departments, the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research, and a marine policy center. Its shore-based facilities are located in the village of Woods Hole , Massachusetts , United States and

92-481: A strait named Woods Hole , which separates Cape Cod from the Elizabeth Islands (specifically, Uncatena Island and Nonamesset Island ) and which boats, yachts, and small ferries can use to travel between Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay . The strait is known for its extremely strong current, approaching four knots . It is one of four straits allowing maritime passage between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound;

138-403: A "tow fish" and pulled by a tow cable. Up until the mid-1980s, commercial side scan images were produced on paper records. The early paper records were produced with a sweeping plotter that burned the image into a scrolling paper record. Later plotters allowed for the simultaneous plotting of position and ship motion information onto the paper record. In the late 1980s, commercial systems using

184-630: A conical-beam 12 kHz side-scan sonar to find the sunken Vineyard Lightship in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. A team led by Martin Klein at Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (later E.G. & G., Inc.) developed the first successful towed, dual-channel commercial side-scan sonar system from 1963 to 1966. Martin Klein is generally considered to be the "father" of commercial side-scan sonar. In 1967, Edgerton used Klein's sonar to help Alexander McKee find Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose . That same year Klein used

230-549: A fixed schedule posted on the side of the bridge. Nobska Light , a lighthouse at Nobska Point , is operated by the United States Coast Guard , and the accompanying house is the home of the commander of the Coast Guard base at Little Harbor. The local landmark The Knob is a rocky outcropping that overlooks Buzzards Bay and Quisset Harbor. It is a part of the privately owned Salt Pond bird sanctuaries. According to

276-409: A glimpse of the shallow structure of the seabed. Side-scan sonar is also used for fisheries research, dredging operations and environmental studies. It also has military applications including mine detection. Side-scan uses a sonar device that emits conical or fan-shaped pulses down toward the seafloor across a wide angle perpendicular to the path of the sensor through the water, which may be towed from

322-532: A joint French-American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution identified the location of the wreck of RMS  Titanic , which sank off the coast of Newfoundland 15 April 1912. On 3 April 2011, within a week of resuming of the search operation for Air France Flight 447 , a team led by WHOI, operating full ocean depth autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) owned by

368-748: A joint program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). WHOI is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . WHOI also offers public outreach programs and informal education through its Exhibit Center and summer tours. The institution has a volunteer program and a membership program, WHOI Associate. WHOI shares a library, the MBLWHOI Library, with the Marine Biological Laboratory . The MBLWHOI Library holds print and electronic collections in

414-534: A liquid solution of sodium hydroxide into the ocean 10 miles south of Martha's Vineyard in an attempt to remove 20 metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution develops technology for the United States Navy, including ocean battlespace sensors, unmanned undersea vehicles, and acoustic navigation and communication systems for operations in the Arctic. The institution

460-634: A lost Russian submarine, at the Westinghouse facility in Annapolis up through the 1990s. This group also produced the first and only working Angle Look Sonar that could trace objects while looking under the vehicle. The first commercial side-scan system was the Kelvin Hughes "Transit Sonar", a converted echo-sounder with a single-channel, pole-mounted, fan-beam transducer introduced around 1960. In 1963 Dr. Harold Edgerton, Edward Curley, and John Yules used

506-586: A mile and a half away on the Quissett Campus. The bulk of the institution's funding comes from grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation and other government agencies, augmented by foundations and private donations. WHOI scientists, engineers, and students collaborate to develop theories, test ideas, build seagoing instruments, and collect data in diverse marine environments. Ships operated by WHOI carry research scientists throughout

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552-584: A partner in J. P. Morgan and Company ; Joseph Lee, a partner in Lee, Higginson & Co. ; and Franklin A. Park, an executive of Singer Sewing Machine . Other notable businessmen established homes on Gansett Point, Nobska Point, and at Quissett Harbor, further from the village center. Irving Langmuir , the scientist, also lived in Woods Hole and died there on August 16, 1957. Before 1898, the Woods Hole Yacht Club

598-554: A permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A $ 2.5 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation supported the summer work of a dozen scientists, construction of a laboratory building and commissioning of a research vessel, the 142-foot (43 m) ketch Atlantis , whose profile still forms

644-404: A single conical-beam transducer . Next, units were made with two transducers to cover both sides. The transducers were either contained in one hull-mounted package or with two packages on either side of the vessel. Next the transducers evolved to fan-shaped beams to produce a better "sonogram" or sonar image. In order to get closer to the bottom in deep water the side-scan transducers were placed in

690-554: A surface vessel or submarine (called a “towfish”), or mounted on the ship's hull . The intensity of the acoustic reflections from the seafloor of this fan-shaped beam is recorded in a series of cross-track slices. When stitched together along the direction of motion, these slices form an image of the sea bottom within the swath (coverage width) of the beam. The sound frequencies used in side-scan sonar usually range from 100 to 500 kHz ; higher frequencies yield better resolution but less range. The earliest side-scan sonars used

736-620: A visual representation of the underwater environment. One of the inventors of side-scan sonar was German scientist, Dr. Julius Hagemann , who was brought to the US after World War II and worked at the US Navy Mine Defense Laboratory, Panama City, FL from 1947 until his death in 1964. His work is documented in US Patent 4,197,591 which was first disclosed in Aug 1958, but remained classified by

782-401: Is a category of sonar system that is used to efficiently create an image of large areas of the sea floor. Side scan sonar is used to image large areas of the seafloor quickly. Applications include surveys for marine archaeology , shipwreck hunting, search and recovery (SAR) , and environmental monitoring . In conjunction with seafloor samples, it is able to provide an understanding of

828-580: Is also working on Project Sundance for the Office of Naval Research. The B. H. Ketchum award, established in 1983, is presented for innovative coastal/nearshore research and is named in honor of oceanographer Bostwick H. "Buck" Ketchum. The award is administered by the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute and Rinehart Coastal Research Center. Recipients : The Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography

874-650: The United States Census Bureau , the Woods Hole CDP has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10.1 km ), of which 2.1 square miles (5.5 km ) is land and 1.8 square miles (4.6 km ) (45.24%) is water. The annual Falmouth Road Race brings thousands of runners to Woods Hole in August each year. The route of the 7-mile (11 km) race starts outside the front door of the Captain Kidd tavern and follows

920-570: The United States Navy . Some of the targets included the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The attacks had been underway since at least April 2017. In August 2024, institution researchers are scheduled, pending approval from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , to conduct a $ 10 million ocean alkalinity enhancement experiment partially funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that will release 6,000 gallons of

966-701: The Woods Hole Science Aquarium , a USGS coastal and marine geology center, and the home campus of the Sea Education Association . Woods Hole is also the site of United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (formerly USCG Group Woods Hole), the Nobska Light lighthouse, and the terminus of the Steamship Authority ferry route between Cape Cod and the island of Martha's Vineyard. Historically, Woods Hole included one of

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1012-498: The census of 2000, there were 925 people, 459 households, and 212 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 165.3/km (427.9/mi ). There were 942 housing units at an average density of 168.4/km (435.8/mi ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.70% White , 1.62% African American , 0.54% Native American , 1.84% Asian , 0.22% from other races , and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97% of

1058-569: The Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, and the coast of South Carolina . After the firm went bankrupt in 1889, Long Neck – the peninsula on which their factory was located – was renamed Penzance Point and was developed with shingle-style summer homes for bankers and lawyers from New York and Boston. Notable property owners on Penzance Point at the beginning of the twentieth century included Seward Prosser of New York's Bankers Trust Company; Francis Bartow,

1104-478: The Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography , and several others. Notable scientists include: WHOI operates several research vessels , owned by the United States Navy , the National Science Foundation , or the institution: WHOI formerly operated R/V Knorr , which was replaced by R/V Neil Armstrong in 2015. WHOI operates many small boats used in inland harbors, ponds, rivers, and coastal bays. All are owned by

1150-479: The US Navy until it was finally issued in 1980. Experimental side-scan sonar systems were made during the 1950s in laboratories including Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Hudson Laboratories and by Dr. Harold Edgerton at MIT. Military side-scan sonars were made in the 1950s by Westinghouse. Advanced systems were later developed and built for special military purposes, such as to find H-Bombs lost at sea or to find

1196-469: The Waitt Institute discovered, by means of sidescan sonar , a large portion of debris field from flight AF447. In March 2017 the institution effected an open-access policy to make its research publicly accessible online. In 2019, iDefense reported that China's hackers had launched cyberattacks on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for

1242-400: The average family size was 2.58. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there are 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

1288-525: The biological, biomedical, ecological, and oceanographic sciences. The library also conducts digitization and informatics projects. On October 1, 2020, Peter B. de Menocal became the institution's eleventh president and director. In 1927, a National Academy of Sciences committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing

1334-494: The differences in material and texture type of the seabed. Side-scan sonar imagery is also a commonly used tool to detect debris items and other obstructions on the seafloor that may be hazardous to shipping or to seafloor installations by the oil and gas industry. In addition, the status of pipelines and cables on the seafloor can be investigated using side-scan sonar. Side-scan data are frequently acquired along with bathymetric soundings and sub-bottom profiler data, thus providing

1380-511: The extreme southwestern corner of Cape Cod , near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands . The population was 781 at the 2010 census . It is the site of several marine science institutions, including Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , the Marine Biological Laboratory , the Woodwell Climate Research Center , NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (which started the Woods Hole scientific community in 1871),

1426-477: The few good harbors (along with Hyannis ) on the southern side of Cape Cod (i.e. Great Harbor, contained by Penzance Point). The community became a center for whaling, shipping, and fishing, prior to its dominance today by tourism and marine research. At the end of the nineteenth century, Woods Hole was the home of the Pacific Guano Company , which produced fertilizer from guano imported from islands in

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1472-653: The fictional character Matt Hooper. Hooper is described as a marine biologist , focusing on the study of sharks. Coincidentally, a great white shark was spotted some years later near Woods Hole in September 2004. Woods Hole is part of the Falmouth public school district, served by Mullen-Hall Elementary, Morse Pond Middle School, Lawrence Junior High School , and Falmouth High School . Woods Hole students also often attend Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School , Sturgis Charter Public School , and Falmouth Academy . As of

1518-554: The first commercial side-scan sonar training videos and the first Side Scan Sonar Training Manual and two oceanographers found the wreck of the RMS Titanic . For surveying large areas, the GLORIA sidescan sonar was developed by Marconi Underwater Systems and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (IOS) for NERC . GLORIA stands for Geological Long Range Inclined Asdic . It was used by

1564-490: The institution itself. WHOI also has developed numerous underwater autonomous and remotely operated vehicles for research: 41°31′28.26″N 70°40′15.50″W  /  41.5245167°N 70.6709722°W  / 41.5245167; -70.6709722 Woods Hole, Massachusetts Woods Hole is a census-designated place in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States. It lies at

1610-486: The institution's logo. WHOI grew substantially to support significant defense-related research during World War II, and later began a steady growth in staff, research fleet, and scientific stature. From 1950 to 1956, the director was Dr. Edward "Iceberg" Smith , an Arctic explorer, oceanographer and retired Coast Guard rear admiral . In 1977 the institution appointed oceanographer John Steele as director, and he served until his retirement in 1989. On 1 September 1985,

1656-425: The newer, cheaper computer systems developed digital scan-converters that could mimic more cheaply the analog scan converters used by the military systems to produce TV and computer displayed images of the scan, and store them on video tape. Currently data is stored on computer hard drives or solid-state media - the data is typically displayed in grayscale or color images, known as side scan sonograms, which provide

1702-497: The others are Canapitsit Channel , Quick's Hole and Robinson's Hole . Published yearly is the Eldridge Tide and Pilot Book , which has a detailed reference section showing the complex pattern of tides and currents. Ferries operated by The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority run regularly between Woods Hole and Martha's Vineyard. The present Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority

1748-406: The population. There were 459 households, out of which 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.94 and

1794-665: The shore of Vineyard Sound through Falmouth to Shipwrecked (historically, the British Beer Company, which closed due to COVID-19), another tavern, in Falmouth Heights. The Woods Hole School is the home of the Children's School of Science. Founded in 1913, this institution (locally known as "CSS" and "Science School") provides science classes for students between seven and 16 years old that focus on scientific investigation by observation. Students regularly visit ecosystems around

1840-592: The sonar to help archaeologist George Bass find a 2000-year-old ship off the coast of Turkey. In 1968 Klein founded Klein Associates (now KLEIN - A MIND Technology Business ) and continued to work on improvements including the first commercial high frequency (500 kHz) systems and the first dual-frequency side-scan sonars, and the first combined side-scan and sub-bottom profiling sonar. In 1985, Charles Mazel of Klein Associates (now Klein Marine Systems, Inc.) produced

1886-564: The village to study the organisms in their natural environments, such as the Sippewissett Salt Marsh . The Children's School of Science draws upon the talent brought to the village by the research institutions but also educates the children of both scientists and locals. Some mention of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is made in the 1975 blockbuster film Jaws as having been the center of research for

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1932-588: The world's oceans. The WHOI fleet includes two large research vessels ( Atlantis and Neil Armstrong ), the coastal craft Tioga , small research craft such as the dive-operation work boat Echo, the deep-diving human-occupied submersible Alvin , the tethered, remotely operated vehicle Jason/Medea , and autonomous underwater vehicles such as the REMUS and SeaBED . WHOI offers graduate and post-doctoral studies in marine science. There are several fellowship and training programs, and graduate degrees are awarded through

1978-492: Was $ 47,604, and the median income for a family was $ 57,969. Males had a median income of $ 31,964 versus $ 31,875 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 30,752. None of the families and 5.3% of the population were living below the poverty line , including no under 18 and 6.4% of those over 64. Sidescan sonar Side-scan sonar (also sometimes called side scan sonar , sidescan sonar , side imaging sonar , side-imaging sonar and bottom classification sonar )

2024-517: Was established in 1960 in honor of the first WHOI Director, biologist Henry Bryant Bigelow . Recipients : Source: Over the years, WHOI scientists have made seminal discoveries about the ocean that have contributed to improving US commerce, health, national security, and quality of life. They have received awards and recognition from scientific societies such as The Oceanography Society , the American Geophysical Union , Association for

2070-461: Was formed from the New Bedford, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Steamboat Company, which in turn was a consolidation of earlier companies dating to the early 19th century, just before the railroad arrived. Much of Woods Hole centers around the enclosed harbor of Eel Pond. The Eel Pond Bridge, a bascule drawbridge at the mouth of the harbor, allows boats to enter and exit the harbor according to

2116-607: Was formed. In 1899, the Woods Hole Golf course was started. Around 1919, it was expanded to 18 holes. In 1976, The Woods Hole Foundation was created. The eminent Hungarian born biochemist and Nobel prize laureate, Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt died in Woods Hole in 1986. Woods Hole is located at the southwestern tip of the town of Falmouth (and of Cape Cod) at 41°31′36″N 70°39′47″W  /  41.52667°N 70.66306°W  / 41.52667; -70.66306 (41.526730, -70.663184). The term "Woods Hole" refers to

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