47-749: [REDACTED] Look up fora in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. FORA or Fora may refer to: Groups and organizations [ edit ] Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (Spanish: Federación Obrera Regional Argentina ) Fora (Ukrainian: Фора ), Ukrainian national retailer and supermarket Fora.ie , an Irish online newspaper Fora.tv , an American production company Fort Ord Reuse Authority , Fort Ord, Monterrey Bay, California, United States Places [ edit ] Fora Islet , Savage Islands, Madeira, Portugal; an Atlantic island Piz Fora (Italian: Fora Peak ), Bernina Range, Alps;
94-411: A butterfly All pages with titles beginning with FORA All pages with titles beginning with Fora All pages with titles containing fora Foras (disambiguation) Forum (disambiguation) , for the singular of 'fora' Fiora (disambiguation) Flora (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
141-401: A census. Similarly, most of the workers in this period were immigrants; 84% according to the same census. In 1876, the country's first trade union was founded, and in 1887, the first national labor organization. Both the industrialization of the country and its labor movement were centered on the capital Buenos Aires and by 1896, there were more thirty trade unions in the city alone. From 1896,
188-568: A clash with police left two dead and twenty-four wounded. At a bakers' strike in Rosario, one worker was shot by police. At the FOA's fifth congress in 1905, it renamed itself FORA, the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation, to express its anti-nationalism . It also passed a resolution declaring "[t]hat it advises and recommends the widest possible study and propaganda to all its adherents with
235-461: A component of the country's high unemployment problem, and in the 1990s the government struggled to introduce labour laws which, among other things, would reduce the ability to bargain collectively above the enterprise level, and increase labour market flexibility . These changes were strongly opposed by the unions, including two general strikes in 1996. By 1998 measures agreed to by both sides had been passed, with industry-wide bargaining intact, and
282-752: A mountain on the Italy-Switzerland border Föra Church , Öland, Sweden; in the Baltic Fora, Hama , Syria Other uses [ edit ] Michael Fora (born 1995), Swiss ice hockey player Chery Fora , a car Fargo Fora , a light commercial van See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "fora" , "f-ora" , "fo-ra" , "for-a" , or "f-o-r-a" on Misplaced Pages. [REDACTED] Search for "foras" , "forae" , or "foraes" on Misplaced Pages. Gherardo di Giovanni del Fora (1445–1497), Italian painter Cepora fora ( C. fora ),
329-529: A resolution to bar any individuals holding posts in political parties from doing so in the union federation as well, it now collaborated with socialist party politicians. The founding of the Bolshevist Red International of Labor Unions (RILU) in 1920 caused serious discussions within both FORA organizations. Five out of fifteen committee members quit their positions after the FORA IX refused to join
376-568: A rival union federation in 1903. A cycle of class struggles from 1902 to 1908 followed the formation of the FOA. This wave of strikes was not so much a result of the labor movement's ideology as of increased immigration and rising costs of living. A 1902 strike by the stevedores in Rosario turned into a general strike. In November of the same year, the Buenos Aires dock workers gained the nine-hour-day. The most important strike of this year, that of
423-418: A stronger position. The organization's founding principles reflected this. The principles proclaimed working class solidarity to be the only means of liberating workers, with the general strike their ultimate weapon in their fight against capital. Accordingly, the principles rejected party politics as a means of abolishing capitalism. However, they also accepted collective bargaining and arbitration, but not by
470-465: A weapon in the class struggle. During his 1885–1889 visit to Argentina, Errico Malatesta , an anarchist of international renown, bridged the divide and encouraged anarchist involvement in the labor movement. His departure strengthened the anti-organizers, but this trend was reversed in the mid-1890s. Pietro Gori , an Italian anarchist who immigrated to Argentina in 1898, and Antonio Pellicer Paraire , who arrived from Spain in 1898, were two key figures on
517-414: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Argentine Regional Workers%27 Federation The Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (Spanish: Federación Obrera Regional Argentina ; abbreviated FORA ), founded in 1901 (123 years ago) ( 1901 ) , was Argentina's first national labor confederation . It split into two wings in 1915,
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#1732852410526564-572: The Great Depression and the subsequent rural exodus had brought many politically unexperimented workers to Buenos Aires , the spontaneous import substitution industrialization enabled, starting in 1935, coupled to the strengthening of trade unions, enabled wages' increase. Henceforth, a 48 hours general strike was launched in January 1936 by workers' in construction, during which 3 workers and 3 policemen were killed. As secretary of labor under
611-460: The "dominant tendency in the labour movement was [...] represented by the anarchists of various persuasions", while Ruth Thompson holds that "a closer examination of Argentine trade unions around the turn of the century suggests that the importance of anarchism has been exaggerated", and Roberto P. Korzeniewicz contends "that anarchism was not as prevalent within the labour movement in Argentina around
658-785: The 1917 October Revolution in Russia and the founding of the Profintern , the Argentine Syndicates' Union (USA) was created in March 1922. Although more radical than FORA IX, the USA did not join the Profintern and remained independent from any international affiliation. Meanwhile, the FORA V was in steady decline, and was dissolved shortly before the installation of José Félix Uriburu 's dictatorship, which opened up
705-408: The 1920s. With its cautious and pragmatic approach, the FORA IX grew rapidly. Though figures are generally unreliable, it claimed a membership of 100,000 to 120,000 by 1919. In a time of economic recession and falling wages, as the result of World War I, it was more intent on defending past achievements, rather than starting risky struggles. During a railway strike in 1917, the FORA V decided to go on
752-502: The 1950s and 1960s. With the election of Augusto Vandor to the CGT leadership in 1962, unions became more conciliatory and integrated into the system. From exile, Perón fought against this tendency (which become known as Vandorism ), attempting to keep open the possibility of his eventual return. He therefore began to encourage more radical tendencies within the Peronist movement. Hence during
799-507: The 1960s and early 1970s, Peronism was split between a wing associated with the union movement on the one hand, and on the other hand a more radical wing inspired by third worldism and Guevarism and led by the Peronist Youth (Juventud Peronista). Upon the General's return to Argentina, this split became violent, as symbolized above all by the massacre at Ezeiza the day of his arrival back in
846-564: The FOA's existence, disagreements between socialists and anarchists continued. The founding congress had decided that La Organización was to serve as the Federation's official organ, but then the newspaper's socialist editors refused to allow this. In September, the twelve socialist-oriented unions in charge of the newspaper declared that they regretted having agreed to the Federation taking over their publication. The coming-together of anarchists with socialists and moderates ended after one year. At
893-542: The FOA's second congress, a dispute over the admission of delegates who were not members of the unions they represented escalated into chaotic and angry shouting and the moderates left. The socialists' departure left the anarchists in full control of the Federation. They decided to end cooperation with the Socialist Party and to employ boycotts in labor disputes. The moderates formed the General Workers' Union (UGT) as
940-451: The FORA V also joined. Having the support of socialists, communists, and syndicalists, the USA was more radical than the FORA IX and therefore joined neither the social democratic International Federation of Trade Unions nor the RILU. Meanwhile, the anarchist FORA V was in steady decline. It was dissolved shortly before the installation of José Félix Uriburu 's military dictatorship. This FORA
987-490: The RILU at its January 1921 conference, and the FORA V was split between a pro and an anti-Bolshevik wing before the latter faction was expelled from the union in 1921. In 1921 workers with FORA were killed in the La Forestral massacre . Following lengthy negotiations between the FORA IX and a number of hitherto independent trade unions, the Argentine Syndicates' Union (USA) was founded in March 1922. The pro-Bolshevists from
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#17328524105261034-475: The Tragic Week and the failed railworkers' strike in 1917, the FORA V experienced a short revival in strength during this year. In August 1910, the FORA IX was able to defeat a proposal for a new labor law, which would have undermined the improvements in working conditions the labor movement had achieved over the past years, with a huge demonstration in Buenos Aires. Although the organization had previously passed
1081-463: The congress a great success and was confident it would lead to the founding of a "purely worker and anti-statist" international . The FORA's ninth congress, in April 1915, reversed the avowal to anarcho-communism of the fifth. It did not "pronounce itself officially favorable to, nor advise the adoption of, philosophical systems or determined ideologies", effectively renouncing anarchist communism. The move
1128-475: The country. Over the course of the next few months, Perón sided with the unions rather than with the youth, whose armed groups were increasingly targeted by the regime that they themselves supported. After Perón's death and with the accession of his wife Isabel Perón to the presidency, this persecution only increased, and Argentine society headed towards open civil war in which a union-backed power directed in part by José López Rega faced increased militancy on
1175-539: The death of another 39 men. The FORA V had called a general strike after the events on January 7, the FORA IX followed on January 9. On January 11, the FORA IX reached an agreement with the Nueva Pompeya industrialists, who were pressured by the Interior Ministry. In turn, the government agreed to release all prisoners taken during the strikes. As a reaction to the workers' actions, business and military leaders formed
1222-724: The formal economy are unionized. The Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA) was created in 1901. It split in 1915 between the FORA IX (of the Ninth Congress) and the FORA V (of the 5th Congress), the latter supporting an anarcho-syndicalist stance. In January 1919, the FORA notably called for demonstrations after police repression, during the Tragic Week , while it latter organized protests in Patagonia , which led to harsh repression by Hipólito Yrigoyen 's administration (the disturbances were known as Patagonia rebelde ). Following
1269-462: The fruit handlers, was about to involve the whole membership of the FOA at the height of the harvest, but the government passed the Residence Law —which allowed the expulsion of subversive foreigners—to break it. In 1903 and 1904, Argentina saw no less than twelve general strikes and many more at individual plants, with the FOA being involved in many of them. At the 1903 FOA May Day demonstration,
1316-411: The government, for settling labor disputes and pushing for labor legislation. The unionists decided that May 1 would be observed as a day of protest. The congress elected a ten-headed administrative committee composed of six anarchists, two socialists, one member who only declared himself an anarchist in 1902, and another delegate who did not commit to a particular ideology. During the first year of
1363-430: The labor movement started developing a clear working class program and the first sympathy strikes began taking place. In the 1880s and 1890s, the anarchist movement in Argentina was divided on the question of participation in the labor movement. The anti-organizers claimed that such participation would cause anarchists to lose their revolutionary edge and become embroiled in reformism. The pro-organizers viewed unions as
1410-470: The larger of which merged into the Argentine Syndicates' Union [ es ] (USA) in 1922, while the smaller slowly disappeared in the 1930s. From the second half of the 19th century up to around 1920, Argentina experienced rapid economic growth and industrial expansion, becoming a world economic power. Foreign capital was the driving force for this development, with 92% of the workshops and factories in 1887 being owned by non-Argentines, according to
1457-430: The military regime that came to power in 1943, Colonel Juan Perón courted the unions and working class and by doing so established a power base that threatened the government. As a result, Perón was demoted and imprisoned, but the unions showed their strength in a multitudinous demonstration on October 17, 1945, that effectively propelled Perón towards the presidency . As president, Perón consolidated both his power over
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1504-458: The object of teaching the workers the economic and philosophical principles of anarchist communism" becoming the programmatic basis of the union for the following years and reflecting the radicalization of the preceding. Anarchist communism became the sole doctrine in the FORA, causing statist socialists to leave the union. The FORA continued to grow quite rapidly, reaching a peak at 30,000 members in 1906. In 1909, however, its moderate wing left
1551-456: The offensive by calling for a general strike, but it was quickly defeated as very few unions participated. On January 7, 1919, a strike by an anarchist union with tenuous links to the FORA V in Nueva Pompeya led to a shootout between workers and police, troops, and firemen, killing five. Two days later, the police ambushed the 200,000 workers on their way to La Chacarita Cemetery leading to
1598-784: The organization to found the Argentine Regional Workers' Confederation (CORA) with syndicalists from the UGT. At the First International Syndicalist Congress in London in 1913, both the FORA and the CORA were represented. Because the FORA could not afford the long trip and because of a lack of time, it did not send a delegate of its own, but gave its mandate to the Italian Alceste De Ambris . The FORA considered
1645-602: The part of the Montoneros and others. With the onset of the military regime that overthrew Isabel Perón in 1976, trade unions were themselves also violently suppressed. However, they again demonstrated their strength with general strikes and demonstrations during the lead-up to the restoration of civilian government in 1983. Argentine workers' right to strike is protected by law, but unauthorized demonstrations have involved direct conflict with police in recent years. Argentina's relatively inflexible labour market has been cited as
1692-481: The pro-organization side. In a series of articles in 1900 in La Protesta Humana , a newspaper launched in 1897 that bolstered the pro-union anarchists' cause, Pellicer Paraire argued for a dual organizational structure for anarchists, composed of a labor federation and a specifically anarchist political organization. The extent of anarchism's influence in the labor movement is disputed: Ronaldo Munck claims that
1739-427: The removal of the temporary contract system which had allowed for workers with no social benefits. Additional labour reforms were passed in 2004. The union movement was weakened under the neoliberal conditions imposed first by the military junta and later reinforced by Carlos Menem and his minister of finance, Domingo Cavallo . Arguably, the protagonism of popular struggle has now passed to other movements, such as
1786-458: The title FORA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FORA&oldid=1254902542 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Articles containing Italian-language text Short description
1833-570: The turn of the century as studies of the period have generally maintained", although he concedes that "anarchism achieved greater labour support during the early 1900s". In any case, there was considerable anarchist union activity in the 1890s. Most of the European immigration to South America as a whole came from Spain and Italy, the two European countries in which anarchism was most influential. These immigrants included anarchists forced to flee their native countries for political reasons. The working class
1880-465: The two rival tendencies remained. The syndicalist current, however, became discredit, supporting alliance with the government in order to reach social advances, while the socialist current proposed open opposition tied to political support to the Socialist party. The syndicalist current was in particular affected by its agreements with the pro- fascist governor of Buenos Aires , Manuel Fresco . Although
1927-484: The union movement (edging out and suppressing for instance unionists from anarchist tradition) and his power over the country by establishing a corporatist alliance with organized labor. When in his turn Perón was overthrown and forced into exile (in 1955), the CGT leadership was purged , but even so the union movement remained the basis for semi-coordinated resistance to the series of governments that succeeded Peronism during
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1974-407: The unions that joined the FOA came from construction or professions mainly practiced in small artisans' workshops such as bakers or furniture makers. Modern industrial workers were absent, while some came from the transport sector and ports. During the congress, socialists and pro-organization anarchists, particularly Gori and Pellicer Paraire, repeatedly disagreed on several issues, with the latter in
2021-497: The vigilante Argentine Patriotic League . Unimpeded by the government, it attacked labor organizations and militants. In all, between 100 and 700 people died during what became known as the Tragic Week or la Semana Trágica in Spanish. The outrage over this event caused another peak in strike activity in 1919 with 397 strikes involving over 300,000 workers in Buenos Aires alone. While the FORA IX claimed to have learned its lesson from
2068-814: The years of the Infamous Decade . At the time of the 1930 coup, three trade unions existed in Argentina: the Confederación Obrera Argentina (COA, founded in 1926 and linked to the Socialist Party , the Unión Sindical Argentina (USA, anarcho-syndicalist ) and the FORA V , dissolved by Uriburu. On 20 September 1930, the COA and the USA merged in the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), although
2115-460: Was complemented by the unification of the CORA and the FORA. However, not all agreed on this new set of principles. A minority left the FORA and founded the FORA V, as it stuck to the resolution from the fifth congress. The majority FORA became known as the FORA IX, as it was founded at the ninth congress. The FORA V, whose membership peaked at 10,000, was strongest in the interior of the country, where it retained considerable economic power well into
2162-483: Was hardly integrated into the political system at the time, with 70% of the adult males in Buenos Aires disenfranchised as foreigners in 1912. On May 25 and 26 and June 2, 1901, fifty delegates, both anarchists and socialists, representing between twenty-seven and thirty-five unions met at a congress in the capital to form the Argentine Workers' Federation (FOA), with no more than 10,000 members initially. Most of
2209-620: Was subsequently formed again and exists to this day as a member of the International Workers' Association (the anarcho-syndicalist international). Trade unions in Argentina Trade unions in Argentina have traditionally played a strong role in the politics of the nation. The largest trade union association, the Confederación General del Trabajo has been a force since the 1930s, and approximately 40% of workers in
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