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138-533: Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation: [roˈsaɾjo] ) is the largest city in the central Argentine province of Santa Fe . The city, located 300 km (186 mi) northwest of Buenos Aires on the west bank of the Paraná River , is the third-most populous city in the country after Buenos Aires and Cordoba. With a growing and important metropolitan area , Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,750,000 as of 2020. One of its main attractions includes

276-497: A base at Campo Santo, in Salta, where he improved the hospital and created a military tribunal. He later moved to Jujuy, knowing that he did not have the resources to launch an attack on Upper Peru. The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag created in Rosario, but Belgrano was initially unaware of that. He had the flag blessed by the priest Juan Ignacio de Gorriti at Salta, on

414-448: A base in Potosí with an army of 2,500 men, to prepare an attack on Upper Peru. Goyeneche moved to Oruro and resigned, being replaced by Joaquín de la Pezuela . Belgrano administrated the zone and tried to revert the bad impression left by the previous campaign of Juan José Castelli . Belgrano initiated good relations with the natives as well. Belgrano's plan was to attack the royalists from

552-514: A brief interview with the British officer Robert Craufurd , who proposed British support for an independentist movement. Belgrano turned down the offer, suspecting that Britain might withdraw their support if their attentions were distracted by events which could occur in Europe, and in such case the revolutionaries would be helpless against a Spanish counterattack. Manuel Belgrano was the main proponent of

690-508: A clear advantage to the Paraguayan governor Velazco against Belgrano: the Paraná River, nearly 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) wide, was an effective natural barrier , and once it was crossed the patriotic army would have to move a long distance across a land without supplies. Swamps, hills, rivers, and lakes would force the army to march slowly, making a possible retreat very difficult. The Parana

828-483: A colony. It was felt that Buenos Aires might not be able to maintain them. Belgrano tried to promote the diversification of agriculture via the production of linen and hemp, following experiences with his friend Martín de Altolaguirre. He proposed to keep reserves of wheat to help have control over its price. He also tried to make leather recognised as a product of the country, in order to promote its commercial potential. None of these proposals were accepted. He designed

966-613: A display. The assembly is installed in the Room "Oscar Claudio Caprile", located in the heart of the magnificent building that is shaped like a comet. Provinces of Argentina During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countryside became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos . The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and

1104-494: A distinctive part of Rosario's skyline. Construction will begin at the end of 2010 and is expected to be completed by 2014. Located in Urquiza Park, Rosario's Municipal Astronomical Complex is one of the principal astronomical centers of the region. The planetarium has a core team, together with its secondary elements, providing an artificial image of the sky through projections made on a fixed hemispherical dome that functions as

1242-771: A greater autonomy for his country from the Spanish colonial regime . At first he unsuccessfully promoted the aspirations of Carlota Joaquina to become a regent ruler for the Viceroyalty during the period when the French imprisoned the Spanish King Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War (1807–1814). Belgrano favoured the May Revolution , which removed the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power on 25 May 1810. He

1380-453: A legislative branch, consisting of a Deliberative Council (seat: Palacio Vassallo ). The mayor is elected for a four-year term, and the Council renews half of its 21 members every two years. Since 1997, a municipal program of decentralization of legislative activities was carried out, materialized in 6 Municipal Centres of District (Centre, North, South, West, Northwest and Southwest). The city

1518-465: A legislative project to move the National Congress to Rosario, to decentralize the national government. Since the return to democracy in 1983, the mayors of Rosario were Horacio Usandizaga , Héctor Cavallero (standing in for Usandizaga, then re-elected), Hermes Binner (re-elected once), Miguel Lifschitz (re-elected once), and, since December 2011 to December 2019, Mónica Fein . Currently,

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1656-511: A merchant navy. The newspaper specialised in the "Philosophy of History, Geography and Statistics". Many revolutionary principles were presented as essays. Belgrano had symptoms of syphilis , which he had caught during his time in Europe. This sickness forced him to take long leaves from his work in the consulate, and to suggest his cousin Juan José Castelli , who had similar ideas, as a possible replacement during his leaves. Rejection by

1794-471: A militia to counter a possible British attack, but he did not take interest in it. His first participation in a military conflict took place when the British, under William Carr Beresford , arrived with 1,600 men and captured Buenos Aires, as part of the first British invasion of the River Plate . Belgrano moved to the fortress as soon as he heard the warning, and gathered as many men as possible to join him in

1932-588: A mission to Europe to negotiate support for the independence of the United Provinces. By 1814 the Spanish King Ferdinand VII had returned to the throne and started the Absolutist Restoration , which had grave consequences for the governments in the Americas. Belgrano and Bernardino Rivadavia were sent to Europe to seek support for the United Provinces from both Spain and Britain. They sought to promote

2070-455: A ship arrived with the news of the defeat of Seville and the disbanding of the Junta of Seville. Without either a recognised Spanish king or the Junta that had appointed Cisneros, many people thought that the viceroy no longer had any authority. Cisneros tried to conceal the news by gathering all the newspapers brought by the ship, but Belgrano and Castelli managed to get one. Cisneros then explained

2208-399: A special patrol force of unarmed officers called Guardia Urbana Municipal ("Municipal Urban Guard"), which was later used as a model for Buenos Aires and other cities. The municipality of Rosario comprises 178.69 square kilometres (69.0 sq mi), of which 117.2 km (45 sq mi) are urbanized, in 6,306 housing blocks. Of this area, 9.3 km (3.6 sq mi), 5.3%

2346-512: A stop on the way from the city of Santa Fe to Buenos Aires. In 1823, it was elevated to the category of "village" ( Ilustre y Fiel Villa del Rosario ). Charles Darwin travelled through the area in 1832 and described Rosario as "a large town" with about 2,000 residents. In 1841, a decree of the caudillo and Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas , banned navigation of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers to non-Argentine vessels, and thus shut off

2484-560: A strategic disadvantage against the royalist armies coming from Upper Peru , Belgrano ordered the Jujuy Exodus , which evacuated the entire population of Jujuy Province to San Miguel de Tucumán . His counter-offensive at the Battle of Tucumán resulted in a key strategic victory, and it was soon followed by a complete victory over the royalist army of Pío Tristán at the Battle of Salta . However, his deeper incursions into Upper Peru ended with

2622-563: A supreme court, a governor , an autonomous police force , and a congress ; in eight provinces, the legislature is bicameral , comprising an upper chamber (the Senate) and a lower chamber (the House of Deputies), while in the remaining fifteen provinces and in Buenos Aires City, it is unicameral . In case of sedition, insurrection, territorial invasion, or any other emerging threats against

2760-507: A system to give prizes to achievements that would boost the local economy, diversify the agriculture, or deforest the pampas. The system did not work as expected, and as nobody met the requirements no such prize was ever given. He helped to create the first newspaper of the city, the Telégrafo Mercantil , directed by Francisco Cabello y Mesa . He worked with Manuel José de Lavardén, and edited nearly two hundred issues. The newspaper

2898-512: A type of mission founded by Franciscans . These missions were ultimately attacked and destroyed by hostile tribes of the Chaco region. Romero de Piñeda established the first permanent settlement, an estancia — intended as farmland, not as a town. In 1719, the Jesuits bought another part and established Estancia San Miguel . The area was still so scarcely populated that it had no central authority; it

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3036-736: A well-known representacion to the Crown of 1793. A short time before his return to Buenos Aires on 3 June 1794, Belgrano was elected by Don Diego de Gardoqui as "perpetual secretary" of the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires , a new local institution which dealt with commercial and industrial issues in the name of the crown. This date would be later known in Argentina as Economist Day. He would remain in this office until 1810, and would deal with commercial disputes and promote agriculture, industry, and commerce. Not having enough freedom to make big changes in

3174-536: A work himself, because he held a political office and because his past opposition to Cisneros may have risked its rejection. Belgrano resigned from his work in the Consulate in April 1810 and moved to the countryside. A short time later he received a letter from his friends requesting him to return to Buenos Aires and join the revolutionary movements. The Peninsular War was not developing favourably for Spain, and by May 1810

3312-560: Is devoted to green spaces (parks, boulevards, plazas), which gives over 10 m of green space per inhabitant. Electric power is supplied to the whole urban area and running water reaches 97% of the population (about 350,000 homes). Natural gas is provided to 227,152 homes. With the recovery of the national economy since 2002, the city experienced a real-estate boom. In the period 2003–2006, the construction sector added 2 million m, investing about $ 900 million. Despite this increased supply, both price and rent have increased sharply compared to

3450-455: Is divided into six large administrative districts (Center, North, Northwest, West, Southwest, and South), with Municipal District Centers that provide services to the population. For years, local people and institutions have been pushing the provincial government to grant Rosario the status of Autonomous City . Some, with the sponsorship of the governors of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Córdoba as well as other important politicians, have put forward

3588-463: Is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and not accumulative. The foreign residents enjoy this right, with the correlative obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in this district, in the terms established by the law ." Manuel Belgrano Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano ( Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnwel βelˈɣɾano] ),

3726-578: Is located in Rosario within La Siberia site. The center focuses mainly on research and development of the three following areas: biotechnology, software development, and telecommunications. It currently employs 3,500 people, and it is expected to grow 100% by 2015 to become one of the largest in Latin America. Rosario has many cultural activities in many artistic disciplines with national and international reach. The city has produced important personalities in

3864-588: Is supplied with the best price to be able to earn the best profit". Those proposals were rejected by the committee members; his only supporters were Juan José Castelli , Juan Larrea , and Domingo Matheu . However, Belgrano had some successes, such as creating the Nautical School, the Commerce School, and the Geometry and Drawing Academy. He created the Commerce School to influence future merchants to work towards

4002-456: Is the " Virgin of the Rosary ", whose feast day is 7 October. Even though the city did not have a clear foundation date or any official acknowledgement thereof, most commentators state that Rosario was founded on 7 October 1793 with a local population of 457 inhabitants. Nonetheless, the town was officially declared a city on 3 August 1852, at the time it was known as Pago de los Arroyos ("land of

4140-537: The Banda Oriental . The British Army was defeated by a force under the direction of Santiago de Liniers , and Spanish authority was restored. It was expected that the British would return, and the whole city started to prepare for that possibility. Belgrano returned to Buenos Aires after the reconquest, and put himself under the command of Liniers. He was appointed sergeant of the Patricians Regiment, under

4278-621: The Carlotist political movement in the Rio de la Plata, a response to recent developments in Europe, where Spain was at war with France . Through the abdications of Bayonne , the Spanish king Ferdinand VII was deposed and imprisoned and the Frenchman Joseph Bonaparte was appointed King of Spain by the French victors. This led to a partial power vacuum in the viceroyalty, as the legitimacy of

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4416-503: The Congress of Tucumán , which declared Argentine independence (1816). He promoted the Inca plan to create a constitutional monarchy with an Inca descendant as head of state. This proposal had the support of San Martín, Martín Miguel de Güemes , and many provincial delegates, but was strongly rejected by the delegates from Buenos Aires . The Congress of Tucumán approved the use of his flag as

4554-475: The Junta of Seville , lacked such legitimacy. Liniers refused this proposal as well, and handed command to Cisneros without resistance. Belgrano later convinced the new viceroy to allow him to edit a new newspaper, the "Correo de Comercio". This allowed him to gather with other revolutionary leaders with the excuse of discussing the development of the newspaper. He also supported Cisneros when he allowed foreign trade at

4692-495: The Maximas del Gobierno agricultor , which had wide readership in Argentina before the revolution in 1810. This publication, along with Belgrano's other works, showed his preference for a combination of the ideas of the physiocrats and the neomercantilist thought by Antonio Genovesi . For him, this was the right economic model that could support Argentina's independence. He was driven by his vision of imperial partnership and drafted

4830-456: The Port of Rosario to foreign trade . On 25 December 1851, a small group of locals and the military guard of the city declared their support for the rival caudillo Justo José de Urquiza . As a reward for their participation in the Battle of Caseros , triumphant Urquiza wrote to the governor of Santa Fe on 9 June 1852 asking for Rosario to be granted city status. Governor Domingo Crespo justified

4968-627: The Spanish Enlightenment was slightly different from the French one as it still respected religion and the monarchy. Thus, despite the new influences, Belgrano remained a strong Catholic and monarchist . Belgrano also studied living languages , political economy , and public rights . The authors that most influenced him were Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes , Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Adam Smith , and François Quesnay . Belgrano translated Quesnay's book Maximes générales de gouvernement economique d'un royaume agricole ( General Maxims of

5106-533: The Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990. Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city , Buenos Aires . Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities , except for Buenos Aires Province , which is divided into partidos and localidades . Buenos Aires City itself is divided into communes ( comuna ) and non-official neighbourhoods ( barrios ). Provinces hold all

5244-561: The governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes ; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943. La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa , Neuquén , Río Negro , Chubut and Santa Cruz , in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became

5382-585: The military dictatorship made hundreds of dissident citizens " disappear " in what is known as the Dirty War . In 1983, Argentina returned to democratic rule, but in 1989, hyperinflation caused the economic collapse of the country. In Rosario there were riots and looting episodes. Under the Menem administration , the situation worsened as the industrial sector of the city was dismantled by foreign competition, and agricultural exports stagnated. In 1995, unemployment in

5520-844: The national flag . After this, Belgrano again took command of the Army of the North, but his mission was limited to protecting San Miguel de Tucumán from royalist advances while San Martín prepared the Army of the Andes for an alternative offensive across the Andes . When José Gervasio Artigas and Estanislao López seemed poised to invade Buenos Aires, he moved his army southwards, but his troops mutinied in January 1820. Belgrano died of dropsy on 20 June 1820. His last words reportedly were: "¡Ay, Patria mía!" (Oh, my homeland!). Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano

5658-479: The neoclassical , Art Nouveau , and Art Deco architecture that has been preserved in hundreds of residences, houses and public buildings. The city is also famous for being the birthplace of the legendary Argentine footballer Lionel Messi . Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a major railroad terminal and

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5796-743: The streams "), a reference to the several small rivers that traverse the southern region of Santa Fe, like the Ludueña Stream , the Saladillo Stream and others, emptying into the Paraná River . In 1689, captain Luís Romero de Piñeda received part of the lands of the Pago de los Arroyos by royal decree, as payment for services to the Spanish Crown. Before that, the area was originally inhabited by various indigenous tribes, some of which lived in reducciones ,

5934-443: The 1990s, Rosario became a major city of the illegal drug trade in Argentina, headed by a drug dealing family called "Los Monos" ("The Monkeys"). Early during 2018, it was estimated by national news sources that a turf war between local drug gangs ("Los Funes" and "Los Camino") was costing an average of one life every twenty five hours. Rosario is ruled by an executive branch represented by a mayor (seat: Palacio de los Leones ), and

6072-736: The 20th century, some provinces have had governments that were traditionally controlled by a single family (i.e. the Saadi family in Catamarca, or the Sapag family in Neuquén); in one case, it is still the same situation as of 2009: the province of San Luis was ruled almost without a break by the Rodríguez Saá family since December 1983. Article 61 of the Constitution of the city of Buenos Aires states that " Suffrage

6210-499: The Assembly of Year XIII soon after taking power, which was intended to declare independence and enact a national constitution but failed to do so because of political disputes between the members. It did not take measures regarding the national flag but allowed Belgrano to use the blue and white flag as the flag of the Army of the North. By September, he provided assistance to the troops commanded by José Miguel Díaz Vélez . This infantry

6348-457: The Blandengues regiments of San Nicolás and Santa Fe joined them en route, and later the Junta sent reinforcements of another two hundred soldiers. The army was welcomed by most of the population along the way, receiving donations and new recruits. Ultimately the army was composed of nearly 950 men, consisting of infantry and cavalry divided in four divisions with one piece of artillery each. By

6486-399: The British crown. Belgrano thought that the members of the consulate should leave the city and join the viceroy, but the others did not agree. They acceded to the British request; Belgrano refused to do so. He said that he wanted "either our old master, or no master at all". To avoid being forced to pledge allegiance, he escaped from Buenos Aires and sought asylum at the chapel of Mercedes, in

6624-464: The Economical Government in an Agricultural Kingdom ) to Spanish. His main interest in the works of such authors were ideas that referred to the public good and popular prosperity. Like many South American students, he became interested in physiocracy , which stated that new wealth came from nature, that agriculture was an economic activity that generated more income than one needed, and that

6762-636: The European developments to the public. Belgrano and the members of the Carlotist party, despite having given up their original idea, plotted to remove the viceroy and replace him with a junta . Under the advice of Cornelio Saavedra , they waited for the news of the defeat in Spain to take action. Belgrano and Saavedra, representing the military and the intellectuals, got an interview with Cisneros to request an open cabildo , but without getting an answer. Cisneros called

6900-493: The French-owned railway company Ferrocarril Rosario y Puerto Belgrano opened a line between Rosario and Puerto Belgrano , Argentina's main naval base. By 1926, Rosario had 407,000 inhabitants, 47% of them foreign, many coming from Europe in the wake of World War I. In 1969 workers and students took to the streets and organized strikes in what has been dubbed the " Rosariazo " against the dictatorship. A few years later, in 1976,

7038-543: The Houses' immediate reassembly. Once the intervention is declared the compromised district's government is immediately dissolved—in whole or in part depending on Congressional decision—and the President appoints a representative or intervenor, who will serve for a short time until the emergency is solved. Since 1983 four provinces were intervened, namely Catamarca, Corrientes (twice), Santiago del Estero (twice), and Tucumán. During

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7176-415: The Junta he gave them full civil and political rights, granted lands, authorised commerce with the United Provinces, and lifted their restriction on taking public or religious office. However, the Junta requested later that he should seek authorization for such changes in the future. From that point the army moved to Candelaria , which was used as a stronghold for the attack into Paraguay. The terrain gave

7314-531: The Junta in Paraguay or promote a new government that would stay on friendly terms with Buenos Aires. Belgrano was unaware that on 24 July a general assembly in Paraguay discussed the Junta of Buenos Aires, and decided to reject it and pledge allegiance to the Regency Council of Spain. Belgrano headed north with nearly two hundred men, expecting to gather more people by the end of the Paraná River . Soldiers from

7452-484: The Junta was disbanded on 25 May and replaced by the Primera Junta . Belgrano was included in this junta, among many other local politicians. In his autobiography Belgrano declared that he did not have any previous knowledge of being included in the junta, and that his appointment took him by surprise. Nevertheless, he accepted the role. He was part of the political line of Mariano Moreno ; they were expecting to use

7590-471: The Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria , across the Paraná Delta . The city plays a critical role in agricultural commerce, and thus finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy. Along with Paraná , Rosario is one of the few Argentine cities that cannot point to a particular individual as its founder. The city's patron

7728-568: The Propylaeum there is the Honor Room for the Flags of America (where the flags of all American nations are displayed). The complex faces Belgrano Avenue, and is delimited by Córdoba and Santa Fe Streets, the latter of which slopes down towards the river at this point. The Propylaeum can be accessed from the pedestrian passage called Pasaje Juramento ("Oath Passage"), which starts at Buenos Aires St. between

7866-695: The Tower (Torre) or mast, 70 metres (230 ft) high, which commemorates the Revolution of May 1810 and houses Manuel Belgrano's crypt in its base; the Civic Courtyard (Patio Cívico), which symbolizes the effort of the organization of the state (the Courtyard is used for massive open-air shows), and the Triumphal Propylaeum (Propileo Triunfal), representing the nation as organized after the 1853 Constitution. Under

8004-504: The area reached 21.1% and a large part of Rosario's population fell below the poverty line . Since the recovery of the national economy that followed the 2001 collapse , Rosario's economic situation has improved. The boom in agricultural exports has caused a large increase in consumer spending and investment. The Socialist Party has won mayoral races in the city in every election since Councilman Héctor Cavallero 's 1989 election. Cavallero's successor, Hermes Binner (elected in 1995),

8142-434: The battle-weary Army of the North with his own soldiers. Hastened by Belgrano's illness , San Martín travelled to the rendezvous as quickly as possible; they met at the Yatasto relay , in Salta. Belgrano gave San Martin full freedom to implement changes and took command of the First Regiment. The Second Triumvirate, and later the Supreme Director Gervasio Posadas, requested Belgrano to return to Buenos Aires and be judged for

8280-407: The best interests of the nation, and the nautical and drawing ones to provide the youth with prestigious and lucrative careers. The schools were situated next to the Consulate so that Belgrano could easily supervise their development. The schools were in place for three years before they were closed by a ruling of Manuel Godoy , from the Spanish monarchy, who considered them an unnecessary luxury for

8418-402: The cabildo in case the peninsulars attempted a disruption, which would be indicated by a signal from Belgrano. He supported the stance of his cousin Castelli, who made a speech explaining the concept of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people , and that Spanish America was subject to the King of Spain but not to Spain itself. At the time of voting, Castelli's proposal was coupled with

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8556-471: The city of Jujuy: the entire population of the city would have to retreat with the army and not leave behind anything that might be of value to the royalists (such as animals, crops, or housing). By September a proper formation of columns provided them with a victory against a royalist task force of 500 men during the Battle of Las Piedras . The First Triumvirate commanded Belgrano to retreat to Cordoba without fighting, but he thought that doing so would mean

8694-401: The city of Rosario is the Municipal Bank of Rosario . Its central offices are located in the financial district, on San Martín St. , and there are several additional offices throughout the city. It is focused on small and medium enterprises and other organizations, especially through micro credits , and may be considered an " ethical bank ." The Municipal Bank was founded in 1896 to support

8832-406: The city proper and its metropolitan area. Rosario is the centre of a metropolitan region whose economy is based on services and industry, generating the second-largest urban gross regional product of Argentina, after Greater Buenos Aires. The principal manufacturing sector is the agro industry, whose industries are placed in the northern and southern areas of Greater Rosario ; the investments over

8970-443: The command of Cornelio Saavedra , and started to study military strategy. After some conflicts with other officials, he resigned as sergeant and served again under the command of Liniers. A new British attack took place in July 1807. During the battle he served as field assistant to a division commanded by Balbiani. Belgrano resumed his work in the consulate and discontinued his military studies. Due to his knowledge of French he had

9108-430: The committee members delayed the approval of Castelli until 1796. Belgrano was appointed as captain of the urban militias in 1797 by viceroy Pedro Melo de Portugal , who was instructed by Spain to prepare defences against a possible British or Portuguese attack. Belgrano by then worked in the consulate, and was no longer interested in pursuing a military career. Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte requested that he create

9246-422: The creation of the Operations plan , a secret document written by Moreno that set harsh ways for the junta to achieve its goals, while others consider the whole document a literary forgery done by royalists to discredit the junta. A few others suspect that some paragraphs or the whole document may have been the result of collaborative writing between Moreno, Belgrano, and Hipólito Vieytes . Three months after

9384-470: The creation of the Primera Junta, Manuel Belgrano was appointed Chief Commander of an army sent to gather support at Corrientes , Santa Fe , Paraguay, and the Banda Oriental . A few days later his goal was made more specific: he must aim for Paraguay. The Junta had been informed that the patriotic party was strong, and a small army would suffice to take control. Trusting this information, Belgrano went to Paraguay with two possible goals: get acknowledgment for

9522-433: The crowning of Francisco de Paula , son of Charles IV of Spain , as regent of the United Provinces, but in the end he refused to act against the interests of the King of Spain. The diplomatic mission failed, but Belgrano learned of changes in ideology that had taken place in Europe since his previous visit. With the influence of the French Revolution , there had been a great consensus for making republican governments. After

9660-430: The defeat in Tacuarí, the government of Buenos Aires (which by then was the First Triumvirate ) issued a series of conflicting orders. First they requested he should fight the royalists in the Banda Oriental , then to return to the city and be judged for the defeats. However, no charges were formulated against him. He was appointed as the head of the Regiment of Patricians, replacing the banished Cornelio Saavedra , but

9798-481: The defeats at Vilcapugio and Ayohuma, but San Martín refused to send him because of his poor health. San Martín finally agreed to send Belgrano to Córdoba by March 1814. He temporarily settled in Luján to await outcome of the trial, and during this time he wrote his autobiography . Soon afterwards, all charges against Belgrano were dismissed, as no definite accusation was formulated against him. The new government, trusting in Belgrano's diplomatic abilities, sent him on

9936-571: The defeats of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma , leading the Second Triumvirate to order his replacement as Commander of the Army of the North by the newly arrived José de San Martín . By then, the Asamblea del Año XIII had approved the use of Belgrano's flag as the national war flag . Belgrano then went on a diplomatic mission to Europe along with Bernardino Rivadavia to seek support for the revolutionary government. He returned in time to take part in

10074-623: The economic system, he made big efforts to improve education. Influenced by Campomanes, he believed that the true wealth of countries was human ingenuity, and that the best way to promote industrialisation was through education. Belgrano maintained frequent discussions with the committee members of the consulate, who were all merchants with strong interests involved in the monopolic commerce with Cadiz . He made many proposals, influenced by free trade ideas. By this time, Belgrano thought that "The merchant must have freedom to buy where he can be best accommodated, and it's natural that he does where he

10212-458: The end of October the army stopped at Curuzú Cuatiá , where Belgrano solved an old border conflict between Corrientes and Yapeyu . He set which territories would belong to Curuzu Cuatiá and Mandisoví, and organised their urban layout around the chapel and school. By November the army arrived at the coast of Paraná near Apipé island , and there Belgrano took measures to benefit the natives that were living in missions. With his authority as speaker of

10350-418: The fields of music, painting, philosophy, politics, poetry, literature, medicine, and law. Among the city's important theaters are El Círculo , Sala Lavardén , Broadway, Astengo Auditorium, and La Comedia. A cultural complex known as Puerto de la Música , designed by the modernist architect Oscar Niemeyer (of Brasilia fame), is to be built along the banks of the Paraná River. If completed, it will be one of

10488-419: The fight, but his officials convinced him to retreat. The army left for Tacuarí, being closely watched by the combined armies of Yegros and Cabañas. Those two armies had nearly three thousand soldiers, while Belgrano had barely four hundred. They were attacked from many sides during the Battle of Tacuarí , on 9 March. Greatly outnumbered and losing an unequal fight, Belgrano refused to surrender. He reorganised

10626-430: The fighting. However, as most of them lacked any formal training, his men marched in disorder and Belgrano ordered them to disband after a single British cannon shot scattered his panicked men. Belgrano would write later in his autobiography that he regretted not having by then even the most basic knowledge of militia work. After the British captured the city, all Spanish authorities were requested to pledge allegiance to

10764-461: The financial needs of the citizens and small businesses in the highly productive region of southern Santa Fe Province, centered in Rosario. At the time, the city had around 92,000 inhabitants and was already the most important port on the Paraná River. The idea of creating a municipal financial institution was expressed in 1893 by Mayor Floduardo Grandoli, citing the proliferation of "centers of usury " that exploited those in need of credit, especially

10902-435: The first battle with the new approved banner, was a decisive victory, ending with the capitulation of Pío Tristán and all of his army. These victories ensured Argentine authority in the northwest and stopped the royalist advance into the central territory. Although there were a number of colonialist 'invasions' from Upper Peru until 1821, Belgrano's campaign is widely considered the decisive one. By June 1813 Belgrano set up

11040-638: The first ride meeting was held. The Hippodrome was located in the heart of the Parque de la Independencia and occupied a prominent place in the city's social scene. In 1919, construction began of the Popular Opinion. La Tribuna rose Partners in 1928. Moreover, it had started the construction of a new box office. In 1941, the Tribune Paddock (formerly Partners Tribune) was demolished. The final podium of professional construidaes, begun in 1972. Independence Hippodrome

11178-461: The first time on an island in the river on February 27, 1812. The complex has a total area of about 10,000 m (107,600 sq ft) and was constructed using stone primarily sourced in the Andes. The structure was designed by the architects Ángel Guido and Alejandro Bustillo , and the monument was adorned with works by sculptors Lola Mora , Eduardo Barnes , Alfredo Bigatti , and José Fioravanti . The Memorial (Monumento) has three parts:

11316-454: The front and the sides, with the aid of the armies of Cárdenas and Zelaya. Both armies were near 3,500 men. However, the royalists obtained an important advantage by defeating Cárdenas and getting possession of his papers, which gave them insight into the patriotic plans. Belgrano was taken by surprise at Vilcapugio on 1 October, and initially gained the upper hand against the royalist troops, who started to flee. However, when Pezuela saw that

11454-406: The full power of an absolutist monarchy . By 1810 the project was forgotten. A new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros , arrived from Europe to replace Liniers. Belgrano had failed to convince Liniers of the benefits of the Carlotist plan, so he aimed instead to convince him of refusing to give up the viceroyalty, as Liniers had been confirmed as viceroy by a Spanish king. Cisneros, appointed by

11592-567: The government to make big changes in the social order. One of his first rulings was the making of a Maths Academy, located in the building of the consulate and with the purpose of instructing the military. Belgrano was appointed its protector. He supported the banishment of Cisneros and the members of the Real Audience , and the execution of Liniers and other counter-revolutionaries defeated in Córdoba. Some historians suggest that he would have promoted

11730-515: The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment while at university in Spain around the time of the 1789 French Revolution . In 1794 he returned to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , where he became a notable member of the criollo population of Buenos Aires; he tried to promote some of the new political and economic ideals, but found severe resistance from local peninsulares . This rejection led him to work towards

11868-793: The largest centers for musical performance in Latin America. In 2012, after years without progress, it was put on indefinite hold due to financial constraints. January 1995 saw the launch of the Rosario District Fishing Championship, held in the Parana River. Three years later, in 1998, a 10-year-old Lionel Messi was crowned Junior Champion. The city has several museums , including Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum , Firma y Odilo Estévez Municipal Decorative Art Museum , Dr. Julio Marc Provincial Historical Museum , City Museum , and Museum of Contemporary Art of Rosario (MACRo). The Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum

12006-409: The last 15 years of the 19th century, the city more than doubled its population, in part due to immigration . By 1887 it had about 50,000 inhabitants, of whom 40% were European immigrants , who brought new ideas from Europe and began to turn Rosario into a politically progressive city (contrasting with the more conservative , aristocratic Santa Fe). During the second half of the 19th century, there

12144-413: The last decade have transformed Rosario into a major role of processing oil of the world Many other sectors contribute to the diversified industrial offerings of the city. Rosario and its metropolitan area produce 20% of the cars, 4% of the domestic refrigerators, 80% of the machinery for the food industry and 100% of the auto bodies for long-distance buses made in Argentina. Other important sectors include

12282-452: The laws of the nation on any province or the federal capital, the Congress has the authority to declare a federal intervention on the compromised district, even in the absence of a formal request by the affected part. When Congress is in recess and thus unable to intervene, the President is entitled to decree such intervention, but this executive order is subject to Congressional override upon

12420-666: The local cathedral, while Carlos José and José Gregorio joined the army. Manuel Belgrano was meant to follow his father's work, but when he developed other interests, it was his brother Francisco José María de Indias who continued the family business. Belgrano completed his first studies at the San Carlos school, where he learned Latin , philosophy, logic , physics , metaphysics , and literature; he graduated in 1786. Domingo had sufficient success as merchant to send his two sons Francisco and Manuel to study in Europe. He expected them to study commerce, but Manuel decided to study law. Belgrano

12558-544: The loss of the northern provinces. Thus, instead of continuing to Cordoba, he was convinced by the people of San Miguel de Tucumán to make a stand there. His forces had increased by then to nearly 1,800 soldiers, still much less than the 3,000 at Tristan's command. Even so, he obtained a victory in the Battle of Tucumán . By that time, the First Triumvirate was replaced by the Second Triumvirate , which provided greater support for Belgrano. The Second Triumvirate called

12696-457: The mayor is Pablo Javkin, whose term lasts from December 2019 to 2023. From Cavallero on (1989), the mayor has been a member of the Socialist Party , since December 2019, Rosario's mayor is from a different political party, ending more than 30 years of socialism. The city does not have a police force of its own (it is served by the provincial police), but in 2004 it pioneered the creation of

12834-470: The military leaders and requested their support, but they refused, under the grounds that his viceroyalty lacked legitimacy. Castelli and other patriots insisted in their request, and Cisneros finally accepted. A massive demonstration the following day ensured that Cisneros would keep his word. The open cabildo was held on 22 May, with all political leaders present, and armed men filling the Plaza and ready to invade

12972-516: The municipal building (Palacio de los Leones) and the Cathedral, in front of Plaza 25 de Mayo (May 25 Square). Statues flank the passage by famous sculptor Lola Mora. The Memorial and the National Flag Park located in front of it are the seat of the main celebrations of Flag Day on June 20. The 50th anniversary of the inauguration of the complex, in 2007, was marked by a special celebration and by

13110-555: The new king was rejected by all parties. The purpose of the Carlotist movement was to replace the authority of the deposed king with that of Carlota Joaquina , sister of Ferdinand, who was then living in Rio de Janeiro . The project was supported as a means to achieve more autonomy, and perhaps independence, for Spanish colonies in the New World. Belgrano kept a fluent mail communication with Carlota, and convinced many independentists to join him in

13248-457: The newly created Argentine flag on the shores of the Paraná, for the first time. Because of this, Rosario is known as the "Cradle of the Argentine Flag". The National Flag Memorial marks the occasion. The province of Santa Fe suffered greatly from the civil war that afflicted Argentina after 1820. Demographic growth was relatively slow. During this period, Rosario was a small settlement and

13386-422: The officials were Manuel Dorrego , Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid , Cornelio Zelaya, José María Paz , Diego Balcarce, and Eustaquio Díaz Vélez . The cities were much more hostile to the Army than those that Belgrano encountered on his way into Paraguay. Salta was menaced by the royalist general José Manuel de Goyeneche ; Belgrano had orders to take command and retreat without fighting, but he disobeyed. He prepared

13524-417: The one of Cornelio Saavedra, with Belgrano among its supporters. This joint proposal for the removal of Cisneros and the creation of a government junta prevailed over the others. However, the cabildo attempted to keep Cisneros in power in spite of this result, by creating a junta with Cisneros as its president. This was rejected by the revolutionary leaders and the population. A great state of turmoil ended when

13662-590: The ongoing French Revolution . The principles of equality and freedom , the universal scope of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , and criticism of the divine right of kings were constant topics of debate. Among the supporters of these ideas it was thought that Spain should be remade under similar principles, and critics of such thought were rejected as tyrants or proponents of outdated ideas. However,

13800-592: The open hostility with which he was met, he would leave the province. Cabañas accepted, on the grounds that the remaining group must leave the province within a day. The campaign to Paraguay was a complete military defeat for Belgrano. However, the aftermath of the conflict led the Paraguayans to replace Belazco with a local junta, and declare independence from Spain. Under the rule of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia , Paraguay broke ties with Buenos Aires as well, and stayed isolated for several years afterwards. After

13938-450: The patriotic armies were not following, he reorganised his forces, returned to the battle, and won. There were barely 400 survivors. Belgrano said: "Soldiers: we have lost the battle after so much fighting. Victory has betrayed us by going to the enemy ranks during our triumph. It does not matter! The flag of the nation still swings in our hands!". After gathering his army at Macha , where he received reinforcements from Cochabamba , Belgrano

14076-603: The petrochemical sector, with three plants located in the suburbs of San Lorenzo and Port San Martin; the chemistry sector, with plants for sulphuric acid, fertilizers, resins and other products; the cellulose industry; the meat industry ; ironworks; auto parts; the plants and equipment for bottled oil; agricultural machinery; and the materials and equipment for the construction industry. Worldwide international companies settled in Rosario include, among others, General Motors , Cargill , Unilever , John Deere , Petrobrás , ICI , Dow , Tenneco and Mahle . The main financial bank at

14214-521: The poor (something not addressed by the profile of the Provincial Bank of Santa Fe , which granted loans only to demonstrably solvent persons). Acting on this, the municipal Counseling Commission passed a bill (on 1 February 1895) dictating an "Organic Charter of the Municipal Bank of Loans and Savings Accounts;" the bank opened exactly one year later. The seat of the bank was moved in 1905. Its name

14352-523: The port (previously only Spanish ships were allowed), but this ruling was strongly rejected by Spanish merchants. The lawyer Mariano Moreno wrote The Representation of the Hacendados , an economic essay that convinced Cisneros to maintain the free foreign trade. Some historians, such as Miguel Ángel Scenna, suggest that the essay was actually Belgrano's work, or a work by Moreno from a draft written by Belgrano. Belgrano may not have been able to present such

14490-465: The power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government ; they must be representative commonwealths and must not contradict the Constitution . Beyond this, they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources. Thus, each province has its own set of provincial laws and justice system,

14628-471: The present and future of Argentina. Among the people invited to give these talks were economists Domingo Cavallo and Alfonso Prat Gay , renowned scholars Beatriz Sarlo and Silvia Bleichmar , journalists Alejandro Rozitchner and Jorge Asís , filmmaker Fernando Solanas and former presidents of Chile ( Ricardo Lagos ), Argentina ( Eduardo Duhalde ), and Uruguay ( Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera ). The Independence Hippodrome opened on December 8 of 1901, when

14766-438: The project, such as Castelli, Vieytes, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, and Juan José Paso. The project, however, found strong resistance. As Carlota was married to John VI , a prince of Portugal, many people though that Carlotism was a trick to conceal Portuguese expansionism. Carlota herself had different political ideas than those of her supporters: Belgrano and the others shared the ideas of enlightenment, but Carlota aspired to keep

14904-404: The remaining 235 men and ordered his secretary to burn all his documents and personal papers to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Belgrano arranged for the troops and artillery to fire for many minutes, which made the Paraguayan soldiers disperse. When the barrage stopped, Belgrano requested an armistice, telling Cabañas that he had arrived to Paraguay to aid and not to conquer; considering

15042-400: The request at the provincial legislative body, marking the geographically strategic position of the town for national and international trade, and on 5 August, Rosario was formally declared a city. Urquiza opened up the river for free international trade. The city's economy and population expanded at an accelerated rate. By 1880, Rosario had become the first export outlet of Argentina . During

15180-461: The second anniversary of the May Revolution. When he found out the flag was not approved, he put it away. When asked, he would say that he was keeping it for a great victory. Three months later royalist general Pío Tristán advanced in the north with more than three thousand men, prepared to invade the United Provinces. Once again outnumbered by larger armies, Belgrano organised a great exodus of

15318-508: The shipping center for north-eastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep (34 ft) port . The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically. Exports include wheat , flour , hay , linseed and other vegetable oils , corn , sugar , lumber , meat , hides , and wool . Manufactured goods include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs. The Rosario-Victoria Bridge , opened in 2004, spans

15456-416: The state should not interfere at all with it. By that time, South America had plenty of natural resources and a very strict state interventionism in the economy. Belgrano developed the idea that the principles of physiocracy and those stated by Adam Smith could be applied together in the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In the development of this approach he was influenced by Fernando Galliani, who promoted

15594-510: The study of particular cases over theoric generalisations, and Antonio Genovesi , who thought that the absolute freedom promoted by physiocrats should be tempered by a moderate intervention by the state, such as the provision of free education for some. During his time in Europe, Belgrano became president of an Academy within the University of Salamanca devoted to Roman legislation, forensic practice and political economy. In 1794, he translated

15732-400: The thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires Province accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and its capital city was made a federal territory in 1880. A law from 1862 designated as national territories those territories under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of

15870-467: The tournaments and some special courses such as race trot. The Assistant Track 2 has 1,450 m (4,757 ft) of land used to jog and tame. The National Flag Memorial in Rosario is a monumental complex built near the banks of the Paraná River. It was commissioned in 1944 and inaugurated on June 20, 1957 – the anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano , creator of the Argentine flag, who raised it for

16008-594: The troops did not accept him and started the Braids Mutiny. After that, the Triumvirate requested that he fortify Rosario against possible royalist attacks from the Banda Oriental. Belgrano created two batteries, "Independencia" ("Independence") and "Libertad" ("Freedom"). After realising that both patriots and royalists were fighting under the same colours, he created the cockade of Argentina , of light blue and white,

16146-455: The unveiling of a new lighting system. El Puerto de la Música will be a theater with a total capacity of 30,000 people located by the Paraná River. Architect Oscar Niemeyer came up with the concept by expanding the show from inside the theater to a much larger outside audience. The concrete curvilinear shape building with an area of 215,278 sq ft (20,000.0 m) is the first design of Oscar Niemeyer in Argentina. The project will be

16284-646: The use of which was approved by the Triumvirate. The reasons for the colours are usually considered to be either loyalty to the House of Bourbon or his esteem of the Virgin Mary . Belgrano created a flag with the same colours, which was hoisted at Rosario near the Paraná River on 27 February 1812. On that same day he was appointed to replace Pueyrredon in the Army of the North, so he travelled to Yatasto. He found demoralised officials, nearly 1,500 soldiers (a quarter of them hospitalised), minimal artillery, and no money. Some of

16422-549: The values during the 1990s. According to experts, this growth was propelled by the increased purchasing power of farmers around Rosario, helped by competitive exports, and the overall preference for safer investment options. Rosario has several public health centers: five municipal hospitals (including a children's hospital and an emergency hospital/ trauma center ) and a municipal outpatient-only center, plus two large provincial hospitals ( Hospital Provincial and Hospital Centenario ), and their associated primary care centers in

16560-515: The vicinity of Rosario , to fortify it against a possible royalist attack from the Eastern Band of the Uruguay River . While there, he developed the design of the flag of Argentina . The First Triumvirate did not approve the flag, but because of slow communications, Belgrano would only learn of that many weeks later, while reinforcing the Army of the North at Jujuy . There, knowing he was at

16698-487: Was Belgrano – literally "Fairwheat", a name that denoted good cereal production. He changed his name "Domenico" to the Spanish "Domingo" as well. He was an Italian merchant authorized by the King of Spain to move to the Americas, and had contacts in Spain, Rio de Janeiro, and Britain. He promoted the establishment of the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires , which his son Manuel would lead a few years later. Manuel Belgrano's mother

16836-610: Was María Josefa González Islas y Casero, born in Santiago del Estero , Argentina. The family was the second richest in Buenos Aires, after the Escaladas. Domingo Belgrano Pérez managed a family business , and arranged for his four daughters to marry merchants who would become his trusted agents in the Banda Oriental , Misiones Province , and Spain. The eight living male sons followed different paths: Domingo José Estanislao became canon at

16974-534: Was a movement promoting that the city of Rosario become the capital of the republic. Ovidio Lagos , founder of the oldest Argentine newspaper, La Capital , was one of the strongest proponents of this idea ( one of the main avenues in Rosario now carries his name). Rosario was indeed declared the federal capital on three occasions, but each time the law was vetoed by the Executive Branch (once by Bartolomé Mitre and twice by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ). In 1911,

17112-492: Was added, dictating that this minimum share is unchangeable, to prevent hypothetical attempts at privatization . The Rosario Board of Trade mainly deals in cereals and oilseeds. The banking sector includes the state-owned Municipal Bank of Rosario , with branches and offices throughout the city, and the central branch of the New Bank of Santa Fe . The largest technological center in Argentina – Polo Tecnológico Rosario (PTR) –

17250-611: Was an Argentine public servant, economist, lawyer, politician, journalist, and military leader. He took part in the Argentine Wars of Independence and designed what became the flag of Argentina . Argentines regard him as one of the main Founding Fathers of the country. Belgrano was born in Buenos Aires , the fourth child of Italian businessman Domingo Belgrano y Peri and of María Josefa González Casero. He came into contact with

17388-549: Was baptized at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral the following day. As he was born in the Americas he was considered a criollo , a social class below the Peninsulars . His father, Domingo (whose original Italian name was Domenico Belgrano Peri) came from the town of Imperia , Liguria , Italy. Domingo's maternal last name was Peri, which he translated to the Spanish form Pérez; his paternal last name

17526-511: Was born in Buenos Aires on 3 June 1770, at his father's house. It was located near the Santo Domingo convent , at Santo Domingo street, between the streets Martín de Tours and Santísima Trinidad (the modern names of those streets are "Belgrano", "Defensa", and "Bolívar" respectively). Though the city was still rather small, the Belgranos lived in one of its wealthiest neighborhoods. Manuel Belgrano

17664-463: Was changed to its present form on 14 May 1940 by a municipal bill. Its location was moved again, for the last time so far, in 1986. Following some political controversy, the bank in 2006 was capitalized by the municipality to comply with new regulations dictated by the Central Bank , and transformed into a joint stock company , with only 1% of the stock belonging to the municipal state. A special clause

17802-579: Was closed in 1802 because of conflicts with the authorities of the viceroyalty, who did not like the criticisms made in it or the jokes and parodies. He also worked at the Semanario de Agricultura, Comercio e Industria , directed by Hipólito Vieytes . He used this newspaper to explain his economic ideas: manufacturing and exporting finished goods, importing raw materials to manufacture, avoiding importing luxury goods or raw materials that could be produced or extracted locally, importing only vital products, and owning

17940-569: Was crossed with several boats on 19 December, and a task force of 54 Paraguayan soldiers was forced to flee during the Battle of Campichuelo . Belgrano saw Velazco's army from the Mbaé hill, and despite being greatly outnumbered, he ordered an attack, trusting in the moral strength of his soldiers. When the Battle of Paraguarí started, the patriots briefly held the upper hand, but eventually Velazco, with superior numbers, prevailed. Even with 10 deaths and 120 soldiers taken prisoner, Belgrano wanted to continue

18078-492: Was elected Governor of Santa Fe in 2007 and became the runner-up in the 2011 presidential election on the FAP ticket. Mayor Miguel Lifschitz 's administration, elected in 2007, took advantage of the economic boom to invest heavily in public works as well as in public health (which takes up about a quarter of the whole budget ). Mayor Mónica Fein became, in 2011, the first Socialist woman elected mayor in Argentine history. After

18216-473: Was elected as a voting member of the Primera Junta that took power after the ouster. As a delegate for the Junta, he led the ill-fated Paraguay campaign of 1810-1811. Belgrano's troops were beaten by Bernardo de Velasco at the battles of Paraguarí and Tacuarí . Though his army was defeated, the military campaign initiated the chain of events that led to the independence of Paraguay in May 1811. He retreated to

18354-506: Was fighting a 600-strong royalist cavalry. Through Belgrano's reinforcements, they eventually won the battle and captured the city of Tucumán. After the defeat in Tucumán, Tristán garrisoned at the city of Salta with 2,500 men. Belgrano, with reinforcements from the government, intended to gather 4,000 men and march to Upper Peru, up to the border of the Viceroyalty of Lima. The Battle of Salta ,

18492-437: Was ready for another engagement with Pezuela, whose troops were not in a better situation. On 14 November, Belgrano was again vanquished by the royalists at Ayohuma , and was forced to withdraw the remains of his army towards Potosí and from there to Jujuy. The Second Triumvirate reacted by sending José de San Martín to take the command of the Army of the North, with Belgrano as his second in command. San Martín would reinforce

18630-493: Was rebuilt after a fire in 2003 and re-opened at a new location in 2006. Rosario also has a public astronomy complex, located in Urquiza Park , which consists of an observatory (inaugurated in 1970) and a planetarium (1984). The Fundación Italia is a cultural institution created in 1985 as a "cultural bond with Italy". It has organized a Neapolitan music concert, performances of Madame Butterfly and numerous talks about

18768-469: Was ruled from the provincial capital ( Santa Fe ), and in turn from Buenos Aires. In 1724, another colonial settlement was initiated by Santiago de Montenegro, who set up a mill, drew plans for the future town, built a chapel , and was appointed mayor in 1751. The area of control of this local government extended northward from today's Rosario; only in 1784 was it divided into two smaller jurisdictions. On February 27, 1812, General Manuel Belgrano raised

18906-435: Was so successful and attained such prestige that Pope Pius VI allowed him to study forbidden literature , even books deemed as heretical , excepting only the astrological and obscene books. In this way he came into contact with authors like Montesquieu , Rousseau , and Filangieri , who were forbidden in Spain. Belgrano studied near the intellectual elite of Spain, and by that time there were heated discussions about

19044-610: Was the initiator in Argentina night time racing, with lighting facilities for this purpose. There's also the Jockey Club de Rosario . The racecourse features three tracks that are used for entertainment, vacation, and skills. The Main Track has 1,794 metres (5,886 ft) of sand. This track is open on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for tests, with Sunday competitions. The Assistant Track 1 has 1,650 m (5,413 ft) with sand, used on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays inclusive for

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