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77-585: ELI is part of the European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), where the official name and abbreviation came from: ELI ERIC. The organization consists of three complementary facilities, as well as collaborations with universities and research labs across the world. One of the facilities is ELI Beamlines , located outside of Prague in Dolní Břežany , Czech Republic ; another facility, ELI ALPS (Attosecond Laser Pulse Source),

154-525: A resonant tunneling diode (RTD) negative resistance oscillator to produce waves in the terahertz band. With this RTD, the researchers sent a signal at 542 GHz, resulting in a data transfer rate of 3 Gigabits per second. It doubled the record for data transmission rate set the previous November. The study suggested that Wi-Fi using the system would be limited to approximately 10 metres (33 ft), but could allow data transmission at up to 100 Gbit/s. In 2011, Japanese electronic parts maker Rohm and

231-750: A conventional image formed with a single-frequency source. Submillimeter waves are used in physics to study materials in high magnetic fields, since at high fields (over about 11  tesla ), the electron spin Larmor frequencies are in the submillimeter band. Many high-magnetic field laboratories perform these high-frequency EPR experiments, such as the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) in Florida. Terahertz radiation could let art historians see murals hidden beneath coats of plaster or paint in centuries-old buildings, without harming

308-549: A distance of 60 metres (200 ft) was achieved by stations VK3CV and VK3LN on 8 November 2020. Many possible uses of terahertz sensing and imaging are proposed in manufacturing , quality control , and process monitoring . These in general exploit the traits of plastics and cardboard being transparent to terahertz radiation, making it possible to inspect packaged goods. The first imaging system based on optoelectronic terahertz time-domain spectroscopy were developed in 1995 by researchers from AT&T Bell Laboratories and

385-509: A few THz at relatively low energies (without significant heating or ionisation) achieving either beneficial or harmful effects. Unlike X-rays , terahertz radiation is not ionizing radiation and its low photon energies in general do not damage living tissues and DNA . Some frequencies of terahertz radiation can penetrate several millimeters of tissue with low water content (e.g., fatty tissue) and reflect back. Terahertz radiation can also detect differences in water content and density of

462-469: A great deal of interest. Some frequencies of terahertz radiation can be used for 3D imaging of teeth and may be more accurate than conventional X-ray imaging in dentistry . Terahertz radiation can penetrate fabrics and plastics, so it can be used in surveillance , such as security screening, to uncover concealed weapons on a person, remotely. This is of particular interest because many materials of interest have unique spectral "fingerprints" in

539-576: A laser light off a brilliant electron beam from a conventional linear accelerator . Applications include frontier fundamental physics, new nuclear physics , astrophysics , nuclear materials and radioactive waste management. ELI NP is the largest investment ever made in scientific research in Romania , co-financed by the European Commission and the Romanian Government from Structural Funds via

616-489: A lawsuit against the department in Manhattan federal court that same month, challenging such use: "For thousands of years, humans have used clothing to protect their modesty and have quite reasonably held the expectation of privacy for anything inside of their clothing, since no human is able to see through them." He sought a court order to prohibit using the technology without reasonable suspicion or probable cause. By early 2017,

693-530: A national basis, under license conditions that are usually based on RR5.565 of the ITU Radio Regulations . Amateur radio operators utilizing submillimeter frequencies often attempt to set two-way communication distance records. In the United States , WA1ZMS and W4WWQ set a record of 1.42 kilometres (0.88 mi) on 403 GHz using CW (Morse code) on 21 December 2004. In Australia , at 30 THz

770-615: A non-economic basis. In order to promote innovation and knowledge and technology transfer, the ERIC should be allowed to carry out some limited economic activities if they are closely related to its principal task and they do not jeopardize its achievement. The members of an ERIC may be Member States, associated countries, third countries other than associated countries and intergovernmental organizations. Further Member or Associated states, third countries or intergovernmental organisations may become members or observers without voting rights. Aware of

847-427: A research team at Osaka University produced a chip capable of transmitting 1.5 Gbit /s using terahertz radiation. Potential uses exist in high-altitude telecommunications, above altitudes where water vapor causes signal absorption: aircraft to satellite , or satellite to satellite. A number of administrations permit amateur radio experimentation within the 275–3,000 GHz range or at even higher frequencies on

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924-502: A scientific infrastructure shared across national states with resources and technology. The ERIC consortium provides a network of relations between scientists from various countries, and between scientists and industries in the field of research. In this context, a high-level school funded directly by the European Commission has been set up to train new generations of European Researchers to lead Research Infrastructures and to create

1001-768: A single European scientific community. The Community legal framework for a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) entered into force on 28 August 2009, with the Council Regulation (EC) n. 723/2009. This specific legal form is designed to facilitate the joint establishment and operation of Research Infrastructures of European interest. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 Terahertz radiation Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation , terahertz waves , tremendously high frequency ( THF ), T-rays , T-waves , T-light , T-lux or THz  – consists of electromagnetic waves within

1078-547: A system that covers the entire range from 8 GHz to 1,000 GHz with solid state sources and detectors. Nowadays, most time-domain work is done via ultrafast lasers. In mid-2007, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory , along with collaborators in Turkey and Japan, announced the creation of a compact device that could lead to portable, battery-operated terahertz radiation sources. The device uses high-temperature superconducting crystals, grown at

1155-437: A tissue. Such methods could allow effective detection of epithelial cancer with an imaging system that is safe, non-invasive, and painless. In response to the demand for COVID-19 screening terahertz spectroscopy and imaging has been proposed as a rapid screening tool. The first images generated using terahertz radiation date from the 1960s; however, in 1995 images generated using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy generated

1232-502: A variety of powerful laser systems, allowing for in-depth studies of the dynamics involved in interactions between light and matter. These studies encompass both non-relativistic and relativistic speeds, allowing for the study of phenomena occurring on timescales as brief as a few femtoseconds . The facility opened in 2017. User experiments started in 2018. ELI NP (Nuclear Physics) is located in Măgurele , Romania . It will host two machines,

1309-419: A very high intensity laser, where beams from two 10 PW lasers are coherently added to get intensities of the order of 10 23 {\displaystyle 10^{23}} – 10 24 {\displaystyle 10^{24}} W/ c m 2 {\displaystyle cm^{2}} , and a very intense, brilliant gamma beam obtained by incoherent Compton back scattering of

1386-466: Is a full juridical person and a corporation under European Union law . With a membership of at least one European Union member state and two EU member or associated states, it has legal personality and full legal capacity recognized in all Member States. Currently there are 25 ERICs established. The primary objective of an ERIC is to establish and operate, through its Members, a research infrastructure  [ de ] of European importance on

1463-519: Is a strong absorber of terahertz radiation, so the range of terahertz radiation in air is limited to tens of meters, making it unsuitable for long-distance communications. However, at distances of ~10 meters the band may still allow many useful applications in imaging and construction of high bandwidth wireless networking systems, especially indoor systems. In addition, producing and detecting coherent terahertz radiation remains technically challenging, though inexpensive commercial sources now exist in

1540-551: Is between the radio frequency region and the laser optical region. Both the IEEE C95.1–2005 RF safety standard and the ANSI Z136.1–2007 Laser safety standard have limits into the terahertz region, but both safety limits are based on extrapolation. It is expected that effects on biological tissues are thermal in nature and, therefore, predictable by conventional thermal models . Research is underway to collect data to populate this region of

1617-613: Is designed to provide 100 TW-level pulses at a high repetition rate (50 Hz) at 820 nm, falling between L1-ALLEGRA and L3-HAPLS in terms of peak power. L2-DUHA is the newest of the ELI Beamlines laser systems and is currently in development with expected completion in the first half of 2024. L3 HAPLS – 1PW laser, 30 joule, 10 Hz – status: in operation - This laser system was developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, with ELI Beamlines cooperating on

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1694-453: Is emitted as part of the black-body radiation from anything with a temperature greater than about 2  kelvins . While this thermal emission is very weak, observations at these frequencies are important for characterizing cold 10–20  K cosmic dust in interstellar clouds in the Milky Way galaxy, and in distant starburst galaxies . Telescopes operating in this band include

1771-479: Is equal to the energy of a photon with a frequency of 6.2 THz) are mostly impractical. This leaves a gap between mature microwave technologies in the highest frequencies of the radio spectrum and the well-developed optical engineering of infrared detectors in their lowest frequencies. This radiation is mostly used in small-scale, specialized applications such as submillimetre astronomy . Research that attempts to resolve this issue has been conducted since

1848-473: Is independent of bandwidth. So the consumption factor theory of communication links indicates that, contrary to conventional engineering wisdom, for a fixed aperture it is more efficient in bits per second per watt to use higher frequencies in the millimeter wave and terahertz range. Small directive antennas a few centimeters in diameter can produce very narrow 'pencil' beams of THz radiation, and phased arrays of multiple antennas could concentrate virtually all

1925-542: Is located in Dolní Břežany near Prague , Czech Republic . ELI Beamlines operates high peak-power femtosecond laser systems with high-energy and high-repetition-rate capability, as well as secondary sources (X-rays and accelerated particles). The facility opened in 2015. User experiments started in 2018. There are four primary sources at ELI Beamlines, seven secondary sources and five scientific endstations and experimental platforms. L1 ALLEGRA – TW laser, 100 millijoule, 1 kHz – status: in operation - The L1 ALLEGRA laser

2002-695: Is located in Szeged , Hungary ; and the third facility is located in Măgurele , Romania (ELI Nuclear Physics, abbreviated as ELI NP ). From 2007 to 2010 ELI entered into a European-Commission -funded preparatory phase, comprising 40 laboratories from 13 countries. Gérard Mourou , the initiator of the ELI project, was the coordinator of the preparatory phase. At the meeting of the Steering Committee in October 2009 in Prague,

2079-406: Is scattered more at the edges and also different materials have different absorption coefficients, the images based on attenuation indicates edges and different materials inside of objects. This approach is similar to X-ray transmission imaging, where images are developed based on attenuation of the transmitted beam. In the second approach, terahertz images are developed based on the time delay of

2156-399: Is sometimes known as the submillimeter band , and its radiation as submillimeter waves , especially in astronomy . This band of electromagnetic radiation lies within the transition region between microwave and far infrared , and can be regarded as either. Compared to lower radio frequencies, terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by the gases of the atmosphere , and in air most of

2233-528: Is typically less than that of microwave radiation. Like infrared, terahertz radiation has limited penetration through fog and clouds and cannot penetrate liquid water or metal. Terahertz radiation can penetrate some distance through body tissue like x-rays, but unlike them is non-ionizing , so it is of interest as a replacement for medical X-rays. Due to its longer wavelength, images made using terahertz waves have lower resolution than X-rays and need to be enhanced (see figure at right). The earth's atmosphere

2310-531: The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). In a decision made during ELI ERIC's 8th General Assembly (GA) Meeting on 13 June 2023, Romania was accepted as a Founding Observer to ELI ERIC. The facility will be integrated into the ELI ERIC organization over the next three years. Romania's journey to join the ELI ERIC consortium has been controversial due to a protracted legal disagreement over

2387-512: The ITU -designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3  terahertz (THz), although the upper boundary is somewhat arbitrary and is considered by some sources as 30 THz. One terahertz is 10   Hz or 1,000 GHz. Wavelengths of radiation in the terahertz band correspondingly range from 1 mm to 0.1 mm = 100 μm. Because terahertz radiation begins at a wavelength of around 1 millimeter and proceeds into shorter wavelengths, it

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2464-1076: The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope , the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory and the Submillimeter Array at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, the BLAST balloon borne telescope, the Herschel Space Observatory , the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope at the Mount Graham International Observatory in Arizona, and at the recently built Atacama Large Millimeter Array . Due to Earth's atmospheric absorption spectrum,

2541-542: The Polytechnic University of Catalonia developed a method to create a graphene antenna : an antenna that would be shaped into graphene strips from 10 to 100 nanometers wide and one micrometer long. Such an antenna could be used to emit radio waves in the terahertz frequency range. In engineering, the terahertz gap is a frequency band in the THz region for which practical technologies for generating and detecting

2618-570: The University of Tsukuba in Japan. These crystals comprise stacks of Josephson junctions , which exhibit a property known as the Josephson effect : when external voltage is applied, alternating current flows across the junctions at a frequency proportional to the voltage. This alternating current induces an electromagnetic field . A small voltage (around two millivolts per junction) can induce frequencies in

2695-468: The 0.3–1.0 THz range (the lower part of the spectrum), including gyrotrons , backward wave oscillators , and resonant-tunneling diodes . Due to the small energy of THz photons, current THz devices require low temperature during operation to suppress environmental noise. Tremendous efforts thus have been put into THz research to improve the operation temperature, using different strategies such as optomechanical meta-devices. Terahertz radiation

2772-718: The ELI Preparatory Phase Consortium officially gave the mandate to the Czech Republic , Hungary and Romania to proceed towards the construction of ELI. On December 10, 2010, at the end of the preparatory phase, the project was fully handed over to the ELI Delivery Consortium, consisting of representatives from the three host countries. ERDF funding of the ELI-Beamlines facility in the Czech Republic

2849-562: The EuroGammaS contract's termination, the responsibility was passed to a US company, Lyncean Technologies, with a €42 million deal. The controversy continued as Lyncean declared bankruptcy, leaving the gamma beam project in limbo. Financial pressures also loom large, with the €300 million project heavily reliant on EU structural funds, necessitating its completion by 2023 to preserve funding. European Research Infrastructure Consortium A European Research Infrastructure Consortium ( ERIC )

2926-606: The European Commission to form the ELI-ERIC, excluding Romania. This exclusion was met with resistance from the management of ELI-NP, which criticized the decision as an attempt to "isolate" the Bucharest facility and called for the application's rejection. The ongoing litigation and political nuances created a divide. Romania felt blindsided by the decision to proceed without them, whereas the consortium claimed Romanian stakeholders were informed. Additionally, there were differing visions about

3003-457: The absorption increases exponentially with the frequency, again inspection of the thick packaged semiconductors may not be doable. Consequently, a tradeoff between the achievable resolution and the thickness of the penetration of the beam in the packaging material should be considered. Ongoing investigation has resulted in improved emitters (sources) and detectors , and research in this area has intensified. However, drawbacks remain that include

3080-485: The accelerating structures. To date 0.3 GeV/m accelerating and 1.3 GeV/m decelerating gradients have been achieved using a dielectric lined waveguide with sub-millimetre transverse aperture. An accelerating gradient larger than 1 GeV/m, can potentially be produced by the Cherenkov Smith-Purcell radiative mechanism in a dielectric capillary with a variable inner radius. When an electron bunch propagates through

3157-450: The artwork. In additional, THz imaging has been done with lens antennas to capture radio image of the object. New types of particle accelerators that could achieve multi Giga-electron volts per metre (GeV/m) accelerating gradients are of utmost importance to reduce the size and cost of future generations of high energy colliders as well as provide a widespread availability of compact accelerator technology to smaller laboratories around

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3234-414: The atmosphere, but the world telecommunications industry is funding much research into overcoming those limitations. One promising application area is the 6G cellphone and wireless standard, which will supersede the current 5G standard around 2030. For a given antenna aperture, the gain of directive antennas scales with the square of frequency, while for low power transmitters the power efficiency

3311-545: The capillary axis with a distinct frequency signature. In presence of a periodic boundary the Smith-Purcell radiation imposes frequency dispersion. A preliminary study with corrugated capillaries has shown some modification to the spectral content and amplitude of the generated wakefields, but the possibility of using Smith-Purcell effect in DWA is still under consideration. The high atmospheric absorption of terahertz waves limits

3388-487: The capillary, its self-field interacts with the dielectric material and produces wakefields that propagate inside the material at the Cherenkov angle. The wakefields are slowed down below the speed of light, as the relative dielectric permittivity of the material is larger than 1. The radiation is then reflected from the capillary's metallic boundary and diffracted back into the vacuum region, producing high accelerating fields on

3465-525: The constant enlargement of the community, the existing ERICs formed in 2017 the ERIC Forum in order to further strengthen the coordination among ERICs and interact effectively with the EC to achieve the full implementation of the ERIC regulation. ERIC is a meeting point for scientists and researchers across Europe. ERIC consortium is an interchange of knowledge and publications; a hub of the scientific results achieved;

3542-609: The construction of a gamma beam at the ELI-NP facility. Romania's national institute of physics, IFIN-HH, and the EuroGammaS consortium became embroiled in this dispute, which spiraled into a larger legal dispute involving contractual disagreements. The contention reached a climax when the Franco-Italian consortium EuroGammaS halted work on the gamma beam, alleging non-compliance of the building with equipment specifications. In response, IFIN-HH sought delay penalties and even hinted at canceling

3619-440: The department said it had no intention of ever using the sensors given to them by the federal government. In addition to its current use in submillimetre astronomy , terahertz radiation spectroscopy could provide new sources of information for chemistry and biochemistry . Recently developed methods of THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) and THz tomography have been shown to be able to image samples that are opaque in

3696-479: The development of new devices and techniques. Terahertz radiation falls in between infrared radiation and microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum , and it shares some properties with each of these. Terahertz radiation travels in a line of sight and is non-ionizing . Like microwaves, terahertz radiation can penetrate a wide variety of non-conducting materials ; clothing, paper, cardboard , wood, masonry , plastic and ceramics . The penetration depth

3773-499: The development of the PW pulse compressor, the short-pulse diagnostics, and the short-pulse part controls and timing. These are the highest peak-power pulsed laser diode arrays in the world. L4 ATON – 10PW laser, 2 kilojoule – status: in operation - This laser system is designed to generate an extremely high peak power of 10 PW (Petawatt) in pulses with duration of 150 fs, pulse energy 1.5 kJ and repetition rate 1 shot per minute. The laser

3850-574: The double strand that could significantly interfere with processes such as gene expression and DNA replication ". Experimental verification of this simulation was not done. Swanson's 2010 theoretical treatment of the Alexandrov study concludes that the DNA bubbles do not occur under reasonable physical assumptions or if the effects of temperature are taken into account. A bibliographical study published in 2003 reported that T-ray intensity drops to less than 1% in

3927-413: The energy is attenuated within a few meters, so it is not practical for long distance terrestrial radio communication . It can penetrate thin layers of materials but is blocked by thicker objects. THz beams transmitted through materials can be used for material characterization , layer inspection, relief measurement, and as a lower-energy alternative to X-rays for producing high resolution images of

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4004-409: The figure on the right. Obviously the resolution of X-ray is higher than terahertz image, but X-ray is ionizing and can be impose harmful effects on certain objects such as semiconductors and live tissues. To overcome low resolution of the terahertz systems near-field terahertz imaging systems are under development. In nearfield imaging the detector needs to be located very close to the surface of

4081-484: The generation of ultra-intense, ultrashort pulses of laser light and various electromagnetic particles. These ultrafast, high-repetition-rate bursts span a broad electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from terahertz frequencies ( 10 12 {\displaystyle 10^{12}} Hz) to X-ray wavelengths ( 10 18 {\displaystyle 10^{18}} to 10 19 {\displaystyle 10^{19}} Hz). The facility contains

4158-481: The interior of solid objects. Terahertz radiation occupies a middle ground where the ranges of microwaves and infrared light waves overlap, known as the " terahertz gap "; it is called a "gap" because the technology for its generation and manipulation is still in its infancy. The generation and modulation of electromagnetic waves in this frequency range ceases to be possible by the conventional electronic devices used to generate radio waves and microwaves, requiring

4235-465: The late 20th century. In 2024, an experiment has been published by German researchers where a TDLAS experiment at 4.75 THz has been performed in "infrared quality" with an uncooled pyroelectric receiver while the THz source has been a cw DFB-QC-Laser operated at 43.3 K and laser currents between 480 mA and 600 mA. Most vacuum electronic devices that are used for microwave generation can be modified to operate at terahertz frequencies, including

4312-443: The magnetron, gyrotron, synchrotron, and free-electron laser. Similarly, microwave detectors such as the tunnel diode have been re-engineered to detect at terahertz and infrared frequencies as well. However, many of these devices are in prototype form, are not compact, or exist at university or government research labs, without the benefit of cost savings due to mass production. Terahertz radiation has comparable frequencies to

4389-415: The motion of biomolecular systems in the course of their function (a frequency 1THz is equivalent to a timescale of 1 picosecond, therefore in particular the range of hundreds of GHz up to low numbers of THz is comparable to biomolecular relaxation timescales of a few ps to a few ns). Modulation of biological and also neurological function is therefore possible using radiation in the range hundreds of GHz up to

4466-930: The opacity of the atmosphere to submillimeter radiation restricts these observatories to very high altitude sites, or to space. As of 2012 , viable sources of terahertz radiation are the gyrotron , the backward wave oscillator ("BWO"), the molecule gas far-infrared laser , Schottky-diode multipliers, varactor ( varicap ) multipliers, quantum-cascade laser , the free-electron laser , synchrotron light sources, photomixing sources, single-cycle or pulsed sources used in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy such as photoconductive, surface field, photo-Dember and optical rectification emitters, and electronic oscillators based on resonant tunneling diodes have been shown to operate up to 1.98 THz. There have also been solid-state sources of millimeter and submillimeter waves for many years. AB Millimeter in Paris, for instance, produces

4543-405: The operational autonomy of each laser site within the ERIC. While the Czech Republic and Hungary advocated for an integrated international facility, Romania sought greater autonomy, aiming to leverage its funding surplus to aid local research projects. Romania has since secured a "founding observer" status in the consortium, which may eventually lead to full membership in the organization. Following

4620-414: The plane and thus imaging of the thick packaged objects may not be feasible. In another attempt to increase the resolution, laser beams with frequencies higher than terahertz are used to excite the p-n junctions in semiconductor objects, the excited junctions generate terahertz radiation as a result as long as their contacts are unbroken and in this way damaged devices can be detected. In this approach, since

4697-517: The power output on the receiving antenna, allowing communication at longer distances. In May 2012, a team of researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology published in Electronics Letters that it had set a new record for wireless data transmission by using T-rays and proposed they be used as bandwidth for data transmission in the future. The team's proof of concept device used

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4774-466: The radiation do not exist. It is defined as 0.1 to 10 THz ( wavelengths of 3 mm to 30 μm) although the upper boundary is somewhat arbitrary and is considered by some sources as 30 THz (a wavelength of 10 μm). Currently, at frequencies within this range, useful power generation and receiver technologies are inefficient and unfeasible. Mass production of devices in this range and operation at room temperature (at which energy kT

4851-455: The range of communication using existing transmitters and antennas to tens of meters. However, the huge unallocated bandwidth available in the band (ten times the bandwidth of the millimeter wave band, 100 times that of the SHF microwave band) makes it very attractive for future data transmission and networking use. There are tremendous difficulties to extending the range of THz communication through

4928-812: The received pulse. In this approach, thicker parts of the objects are well recognized as the thicker parts cause more time delay of the pulse. Energy of the laser spots are distributed by a Gaussian function . The geometry and behavior of Gaussian beam in the Fraunhofer region imply that the electromagnetic beams diverge more as the frequencies of the beams decrease and thus the resolution decreases. This implies that terahertz imaging systems have higher resolution than scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) but lower resolution than X-ray imaging systems. Although terahertz can be used for inspection of packaged objects, it suffers from low resolution for fine inspections. X-ray image and terahertz images of an electronic chip are brought in

5005-645: The spectrum and validate safety limits. A theoretical study published in 2010 and conducted by Alexandrov et al at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico created mathematical models predicting how terahertz radiation would interact with double-stranded DNA , showing that, even though involved forces seem to be tiny, nonlinear resonances (although much less likely to form than less-powerful common resonances) could allow terahertz waves to "unzip double-stranded DNA, creating bubbles in

5082-789: The substantial size of emitters, incompatible frequency ranges, and undesirable operating temperatures, as well as component, device, and detector requirements that are somewhere between solid state electronics and photonic technologies. Free-electron lasers can generate a wide range of stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation from microwaves, through terahertz radiation to X-ray . However, they are bulky, expensive and not suitable for applications that require critical timing (such as wireless communications ). Other sources of terahertz radiation which are actively being researched include solid state oscillators (through frequency multiplication ), backward wave oscillators (BWOs), quantum cascade lasers , and gyrotrons . The terahertz region

5159-417: The terahertz range. In 2008, engineers at Harvard University achieved room temperature emission of several hundred nanowatts of coherent terahertz radiation using a semiconductor source. THz radiation was generated by nonlinear mixing of two modes in a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser. Previous sources had required cryogenic cooling, which greatly limited their use in everyday applications. In 2009, it

5236-747: The terahertz range. This offers the possibility to combine spectral identification with imaging. In 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) Star Tiger team, based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Oxfordshire, UK), produced the first passive terahertz image of a hand. By 2004, ThruVision Ltd, a spin-out from the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, had demonstrated

5313-457: The visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. The utility of THz-TDS is limited when the sample is very thin, or has a low absorbance , since it is very difficult to distinguish changes in the THz pulse caused by the sample from those caused by long-term fluctuations in the driving laser source or experiment. However, THz-TDS produces radiation that is both coherent and spectrally broad, so such images can contain far more information than

5390-559: The world's first compact THz camera for security screening applications. The prototype system successfully imaged guns and explosives concealed under clothing. Passive detection of terahertz signatures avoid the bodily privacy concerns of other detection by being targeted to a very specific range of materials and objects. In January 2013, the NYPD announced plans to experiment with the new technology to detect concealed weapons , prompting Miami blogger and privacy activist Jonathan Corbett to file

5467-541: The world. Gradients in the order of 100 MeV/m have been achieved by conventional techniques and are limited by RF-induced plasma breakdown. Beam driven dielectric wakefield accelerators (DWAs) typically operate in the Terahertz frequency range, which pushes the plasma breakdown threshold for surface electric fields into the multi-GV/m range. DWA technique allows to accommodate a significant amount of charge per bunch, and gives an access to conventional fabrication techniques for

5544-464: The €67 million contract. As counteraction, EuroGammaS initiated a legal battle in Bucharest, demanding contract extensions and fine reimbursements. Such disagreements led to Romania's omission from the ELI-ERIC consortium when it was officially launched in 2021. In May 2021, a significant turn of events occurred when the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, and Lithuania, with the UK as a founding observer, applied to

5621-472: Was built by the consortium of National Energetics (USA) and EKSPLA (Lithuania), with major contribution of ELI Beamlines, which developed the 10 PW compressor and participated in development of numerous subsystems including the OPCPA preamplifiers, diagnostics or integrated electronic control system. ELI-ALPS is located in Szeged , in southern Hungary . The ELI-ALPS research facility houses lasers which are used for

5698-503: Was developed in house by the ELI Beamlines laser team. The concept of the laser is based entirely on amplification of frequency chirped picosecond pulses in an optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) chain consisting of a total of seven amplifiers. The OPCPA amplifier stages are pumped by precisely synchronized picosecond pulses generated by state-of-the-art thin-disk-based Yb:YAG laser systems. L2 AMOS – 100TW laser, 2 joule, 50 Hz - status: in operation - The L2 AMOS laser

5775-506: Was discovered that the act of unpeeling adhesive tape generates non-polarized terahertz radiation, with a narrow peak at 2 THz and a broader peak at 18 THz. The mechanism of its creation is tribocharging of the adhesive tape and subsequent discharge; this was hypothesized to involve bremsstrahlung with absorption or energy density focusing during dielectric breakdown of a gas. In 2013, researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology 's Broadband Wireless Networking Laboratory and

5852-566: Was granted by the European Commission on April 20, 2011, followed by ELI-Nuclear Physics in Romania on September 18, 2012. Funding for the ELI-ALPS facility in Hungary was granted in early 2014. The ELI Delivery Consortium International Association (ELI-DC) non-profit association was founded on April 11, 2013. On April 30, 2021, the European Commission granted ELI the legal status of an ERIC. ELI Beamlines

5929-404: Was used for producing a transmission image of a packaged electronic chip. This system used pulsed laser beams with duration in range of picoseconds. Since then commonly used commercial/ research terahertz imaging systems have used pulsed lasers to generate terahertz images. The image can be developed based on either the attenuation or phase delay of the transmitted terahertz pulse. Since the beam

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