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86-522: Eurocypria was established on 25 March 1992 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Cyprus Airways , as the first Cyprus based charter airline . Operations began on 12 June 1992 with two new Airbus A320 aircraft. Two more were added later. Since 2001, the airline has operated scheduled services from Cyprus, and charter flights. In 2003 Eurocypria replaced its Airbus fleet with four new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Three of its former Airbus A320s were transferred and operated by Cyprus Airways . Two additional units of

172-615: A British Army team from the UN Peace Keeping (UNFICYP) REME Workshop based in Nicosia. They used their 6x6 Leyland Recovery vehicle to remove the tail section of one of the destroyed planes and to lift the repaired engines into place. When the Tridents flew out (the Turks would not give permission for test flights, once they took off they were not allowed to return) they were the first planes to use

258-610: A LEX fence significantly reduces the buffeting and increases fin fatigue life. Aircraft with all-moving fins, but which did not enter service, were the North American F-107 and the BAC TSR-2 . The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird and North American X-15 used fixed stubs for the fins and rudders for the remaining height. Conventional rudders would have been inadequate for the SR-71 because excessive deflections would have been required for

344-569: A bidder for the sale of the company. On 23 July 2012, the Cyprus Stock Exchange suspended dealing in Cyprus Airways shares, due to the delay by Cyprus Airways in submitting and publishing its annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011. A statement to the Cyprus Stock Exchange on 4 March 2013 gave the results for Cyprus Airways Group for the year ended 31 December 2012 as a loss after tax of €55,8 million in comparison to

430-404: A client who wished to remain anonymous. As national daily 'Phileleftheros' reported on 19 February 2010 - based on its own sources - the complainant could be a competitor in the relevant market that has unsuccessfully attempted to enter the market. In a statement issued on 19 February 2010 in response to the media commentary, Anastasios Antoniou LLC explained that the capital injection on the part of

516-407: A determining role in yaw stability, providing most of the required restoring moment about the center of gravity when the aircraft slips. Yaw stability is typically quantified using the derivative of moment coefficient with respect to yaw angle. The airflow over the vertical tail is often influenced by the fuselage, wings and engines of the aircraft, both in magnitude and direction. The main wing and

602-452: A five-year agreement with BEA for the latter to operate services on behalf of Cyprus Airways. As a result, BEA took over the operation of all Cyprus Airways services from 26 January 1958. The government of newly independent Cyprus became the majority shareholder in 1960 with a 53.2 percent holding, while BEA's stake was reduced to 22.7 percent and private individuals held the rest. Thereafter, Cypriot nationals began to be hired and trained for

688-653: A galloping Cypriot mouflon , a type of wild sheep only found in Cyprus. This logo was also painted on the engines of the aircraft. The galloping mouflon logo was designed in 1962 by David Collins on the instruction of BEA. The first aircraft to display the mouflon design were De Havilland Comet 4B aircraft by the passenger door entrance. Food and beverages served on flights from Cyprus were provided by Cyprus Airways Catering facilities in Larnaca. Meals were selected from an array of international and Cypriot foods. In-flight entertainment

774-416: A horizontal stabiliser, such as North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco or Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy transport. A variation on the twin tail, the triple tail has three vertical stabilizers. The WW II era Avro Manchester was given a third fin when the original twin fin proved insufficient. The Lockheed Constellation used three fins to give the airplane the required vertical stabilizer area while at

860-517: A joint-venture. S7 is currently Russia's largest domestic carrier and transported 10.6 million passengers in 2015. S7 CEO Vladislav Filev said that the Charlie name was inspired by the nickname handed to expatriated Cypriots that had left the island. S7 will provide two Airbus A319-100 aircraft to start operations to destinations in the UK, Greece and Russia. Charlie Airlines Ltd filed an application to receive

946-413: A local Air operator's certificate and acquire the right to use the Cyprus Airways trademarks for ten years for 2 million euros. Cyprus Airways Public Ltd was predominantly owned by the government of Cyprus, with 391,155,177 shares issued and fully paid: The key trends for Cyprus Airways are shown below (as at years ending 31 December). Full annual reports and accounts were issued up until 2007, but as

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1032-561: A loss of €23,9 million in 2011. The European Commission announced on 6 March 2013 that it has opened an investigation into whether the Cypriot government's €73 million rescue loan in December 2012 and €31.3 million contribution to a capital increase in January 2013 are in breach of EU rules on state aid. On 13 March 2014 Cyprus Airways confirmed the sale of its second slot at London Heathrow Airport to

1118-444: A movable rudder is mounted. A trim tab may similarly be mounted on the rudder. Together, their role is to enable trim in the yaw direction (compensate moments in yaw generated by any asymmetry in thrust or drag ), enable the aircraft to be controlled in yaw (for example, to initiate side slip during a crosswind landing ), as well as provide stability in yaw (weathercock or directional stability). The greater its position away from

1204-445: A personal entertainment system, built into the armrest of the high-standard seats. Additionally, meals were served to business class passengers, with a selection of international and Cypriot cuisine on offer. Drinks and wine were offered on all flights. Economy class was named after the ancient Greek goddess Aphrodite, who, according to Greek mythology, was a symbol of beauty and elegance. Cyprus Airways' Aphrodite (economy) Class offered

1290-432: A profit. It held a 75% share of that carrier until all of the shares were sold to Air Miles (charter broker) Air Miles in 2005. In 2006, the government of Cyprus bought Eurocypria because Cyprus Airways started facing severe financial problems. According to the airline's 2010 financial results the operating loss for 2010 was €4,9 million in comparison to a loss of €5,4 million in 2009. On 28 June 2011 Cyprus Airways issued

1376-408: A profits warning to the Cyprus Stock Exchange, attributing this to "the continuing financial crisis and to the further significant increase in fuel prices." On 31 August 2011, Cyprus Airways issued its results for the first half of 2011, which showed a loss of €29.3 million, compared to a loss of €25.5 million for the respective period in 2010, representing an increase of €3.8 million. As a result of

1462-434: A restructuring programme to curb the continued losses, most Middle East destinations were cut from the timetable in 2011/2012, including Bahrain, Cairo, Damascus, Dubai and Jeddah. In February 2012, due to the poor financial results of the airline, the Cypriot government announced it would increase the airline's capital and authorized negotiations for the sale of an unspecified stake of the carrier. As of September 2014 ,

1548-677: A seat pitch of 30-31 inches. Depending on the destination and time of the flight, a hot breakfast, lunch, or cold snack was served. The tray included a seasonal salad and dessert, as well as crackers and halloumi cheese. Drinks, including coffee or tea and soft drinks, were offered. SunMiles was the frequent flyer programme of Cyprus Airways. There were four tiers of membership: Student, Regular, Premier, and Elite. Points were credited per each one-way flight on Cyprus Airways. Economy class passengers gained 1 point per kilometer, and Business class passengers gained 1.5 points per kilometer. Vertical stabilizer A vertical stabilizer or tail fin

1634-410: A straight line, or leading in or out of a turn, before applying the tiller, to keep the turn smooth. With the controls in the neutral position, a plane may still gently yaw to one side. This is corrected through the setting of a trim surface, often a separate trim tab mounted on the rudder but sometimes the rudder itself, to counteract the yaw and ensure the plane flies in a straight line. Changing

1720-563: A tour operation in the United Kingdom. In 1992 the group established Eurocypria Airlines Ltd. to fly European tourists to Cyprus on a charter basis. It was expanding into ancillary services as well, taking over duty-free operations at Larnaca and Pafos airports. Cyprus added many new cooperation agreements with other airlines as it developed its international reach by linking Europe and the Middle East. Its partners included KLM and Saudia. By

1806-428: A wake its effectiveness is reduced because the wake has a lower dynamic pressure than the free stream. The fin height may need to be increased to restore its required effectiveness in certain flight conditions. The Panavia Tornado had a tall fin for directional stability at high angles of incidence. The rudder is the directional control surface and is usually hinged to the fin or vertical stabilizer. Moving it allows

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1892-408: A way to disrupt the airflow to the rear wing reducing drag, the most radical system being the "F-duct" found in the 2010 McLaren MP4-25 and Ferrari F10 . On demand by the driver, this system diverted air from a duct in the front of the car through a tunnel in the vertical fin onto the rear wing to stall it and reduce drag on the straights on which downforce was not needed. The system was banned for

1978-434: A wind and each featured a differently colored tailfin . In July 2010, the average age of Eurocypria's fleet was 6.1 years. On 3 September 2010, Eurocypria pilots went on strike due to the government's proposal of reducing Eurocypria's fleet to 4 aircraft in 2011. Finally, all operations ceased on 4 November 2010. Cyprus Airways (1947%E2%80%932015) Cyprus Airways (Public) Ltd. ( Greek : Κυπριακές Αερογραμμές)

2064-538: Is a critical issue for fighter aircraft with twin or single fins because the fatigue life of the fin structure is reduced by the fluctuating loads caused by burst vortices impinging on the fin. The single fin on the Eurofighter Typhoon experiences buffet loads caused by burst vortices which originate from the canard and wing leading edges at high angles of attack. The sides of the top-mounted airbrake, when deflected, also shed vortices which impinge, after bursting, on

2150-471: Is a special tiller controlling the wheel steering and the pedals control the rudder, and a limited amount of wheel steering (usually 5 degrees of nosewheel steering). For these aircraft the pilots stop using the tiller after lining up with the runway prior to take-off, and begin using it after landing before turning off the runway, to prevent over correcting with the sensitive tiller at high speeds. The pedals may also be used for small corrections while taxiing in

2236-402: Is complex and coupled with the effect of wing sweep and flow about the fuselage. Propellers , especially when they are advancing so that their axis makes an angle to the freestream velocity , can affect the static stability of an airplane in yaw. The vertical tail affects the behavior of the aircraft in roll , since its aerodynamic center typically lies far above the center of gravity of

2322-419: Is the static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft . The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable rudders hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, stability and trim in yaw (also known as directional or weathercock stability). It is part of the aircraft empennage , specifically of its stabilizers . The vertical tail is typically mounted on top of

2408-454: Is typically the mean aerodynamic chord ). Values for the vertical tail coefficient vary only mildly from aircraft one type of aircraft to another, with extreme values ranging from 0.02 (sailplane) to 0.09 (jet aircraft transport). The tail efficiency is the ratio of the dynamic pressure at the tail to that in the freestream. The tail has its maximum capability when immersed in the free stream with an efficiency of one. When partially immersed in

2494-636: The Lebanese company Middle East Airlines for €6.3 million. The airline ceased operations on 9 January 2015 following a policy made by the European Commission that the state aid paid to the airline by the Government of Cyprus was illegal and had to be returned by the company. This effectively caused Cyprus Airways to be bankrupt. Notably, air connectivity rose by 15 per cent in the first six months of 2016 compared with an increase of 3.6 per cent in 2015,

2580-603: The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk . Winglets on the canard pusher configuration Rutan VariEze and Rutan Long-EZ , acting as both a wingtip device and a vertical stabilizer. Several other derivatives of these and other similar aircraft use this design element. The top part of the vertical fin on the North American A-5 Vigilante folds to the side due to the hangar deck height restriction. Devices similar to vertical tails have been used on cars such as

2666-601: The Vought F-8 Crusader ), or folding-down wingtips (such as on the North American XB-70 Valkyrie ). If a bigger tail is not acceptable automatic rudder deflections may be used to increase the tail side force and restore directional stability. This method was used on the Avro Arrow . The vertical tail sometimes features a fillet or dorsal fin at its forward base, which helps to increase the stall angle of

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2752-418: The center of pressure of the trim tab is further away from the axis of rotation of the control surface than the center of pressure of the control surface, the movement generated by the tab can match the movement generated by the control surface. The position of the control surface on its axis will change until the torque from the control surface and the trim surface balance each other. The vertical tail plays

2838-474: The 1942 Douglas DC-4 , predating the wing strakes of the fighter aircraft developed in the 1970s, such as the F-16 . The rudder and fin on a large, or fast, aircraft are each subject to a considerable force which increases with rudder deflection. An extreme case occurs with a departure from controlled flight, known as an upset, which in the context of fin and rudder is excessive sideslip. For large transport aircraft

2924-422: The 1955 Jaguar D-type or the 2013 Lamborghini Veneno . On race cars, its primary purpose is to reduce sudden high-speed yaw-induced blow-overs that would cause cars to flip due to lift when subject to extreme yaw angles during cornering or in a spin. Since 2011, the vertical stabilizer has become mandatory for all newly homologated Le Mans Prototypes . Some Formula 1 teams utilized a vertical stabilizer as

3010-584: The Cypriot airline's operations had to be suspended following the end of the hostilities in 1974 because Nicosia International Airport, the only airport of the island, had to be closed. Although the Turkish troops did not capture it, they were close enough to it to demand that it not be reopened. The government of Cyprus then moved quickly to build a small terminal by a runway in Larnaca and Cyprus Airways restarted limited operations from there on 8 February 1975. Specifically

3096-411: The Cypriot government owned 93.67% of the airline. raised the share capital of the company and sold the state-owned majority of shares. Negotiations were developing with Aeroflot , which was expected to buy the company if an agreement is reached with the Cypriot government. In May 2012, Cyprus Airways announced that interest was expressed by Triple Five Group , the first official announcement concerning

3182-481: The Cyprus Airways service to London with an Airspeed Ambassador , which featured a pressurized cabin that allowed nonstop routing avoiding a stopover in Athens. On 18 April 1953, BEA began using its newly delivered Vickers Viscount 701 on their scheduled service from London to Rome and Athens. The continuing sector from Athens to Nicosia was operated by BEA under charter to Cyprus Airways. This route from London to Nicosia

3268-525: The Finance Ministry and Planning Office – contradicted Finance Minister Charilaos Stavrakis’ claims that the reports had nothing to do with the €35 million injection, as its conclusions were centred on the specific fund. In September 2010, Minister of Finance Mr Stavrakis announced that a possible merge of operations between Cyprus Airways and Eurocypria Airlines was under consideration, in an attempt to staunch losses. These considerations were geared, after

3354-560: The House of Representatives went ahead with the bailout. Yet the approval of the cash injection for Eurocypria was, as the 'Cyprus Mail' reported on 19 February 2010, "unlikely to be the final word". Anastasios Antoniou LLC, [1] a Law Firm based in Limassol, filed an official complaint on 17 February 2010 with the European Commission regarding the proposed financing of Eurocypria on behalf of

3440-576: The Republic of Cyprus is likely to be in violation of the applicable EU legislation regarding State Aid. The Firm pursued its complaint before the European Commission further in the following months, also filing a request for interim measures on behalf of the Commission pursuant to the provisions of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999. In June 2010, it was unveiled that two reports, prepared in February 2010 before

3526-436: The actuating mechanism. Multi-engined aircraft, especially those with wing-mounted engines, have large powerful rudders. They are required to provide sufficient control after an engine failure on take-off at maximum weight and cross wind limit and cross-wind capability on normal take-off and landing. For taxiing and during the beginning of the take-off, aircraft are steered by a combination of rudder input as well as turning

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3612-492: The aircraft. When the aircraft slips to the right, the relative wind and side force on the vertical tail translate into an anti-clockwise moment in roll. In supersonic flight, the vertical tail becomes progressively less effective with increasing Mach number until the loss of stability may no longer be acceptable. The stability is reduced because the lift, or side force, generated by the tail reduces with speed for each degree of sideslip angle (lift-curve slope). This results from

3698-537: The airline leased from British Midland Airways Viscount turboprops to fly a stripped down route network to a few key cities in the region: Beirut, Tel Aviv, and Athens via Heraklion, with connections to London on British Airways. Cyprus Airways leased a pair of DC-9 jets in August 1975 to resume its own flights to London (via Salonika). The acquisition of a DC-8 several months later allowed for non-stop service. Cyprus also added flights to Saudi Arabia at this time. The company

3784-454: The airline's financial position deteriorated, so the annual accounts became briefer. The 2012 figures are only from press reports, and are unaudited.: *Unaudited figures; loss shown is after tax. As of April 2014 , Cyprus Airways served 12-year-round destinations in 10 countries, all in Europe and the Middle East. As of February 2014 , Cyprus Airways had codeshare agreements with

3870-420: The airline's shutdown, Cyprus Airways had a fleet of fourteen Airbus A320 aircraft of an average age of 11.3 years. All aircraft bore names of Cypriot landmarks and cities. Cyprus Airways operated the following aircraft types: The airline's livery was an all white fuselage with the words 'CYPRUS AIRWAYS' in blue over the front passenger windows. The vertical stabilizer was blue, with yellow lines depicting

3956-509: The back of the seats, offering many more options in video and audio entertainment. Business class was named after the ancient Greek god Apollo, who was a symbol of harmony, order, and reason. Apollo class had wide leather seats that reclined by up to 45 inches (110 cm) of pitch and featured electrical recline and leg rest. Apollo-class passengers also had access to the Sunjet executive lounges at both Larnaca and Paphos airports. Apollo class included

4042-531: The capital injection had been approved, were opposed to the bailout. Made public by Finance Minister Charilaos Stavrakis on 10 June 2010, the two reports created a series of debates and rows with the island's political parties, who felt they were misled into approving the money. The first report, carried out by the Accountant-general on February 3, proposed a strict implementation of Eurocypria's business plan to reinforce its profit-making abilities. Meanwhile, it

4128-541: The case of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor which uses differential rudder, together with other control surface deflections, for speed control as it has no dedicated airbrake. A twin tail may be either H-tail, twin fin/rudder construction attached to a single fuselage, such as North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber or Avro Lancaster , or twin-boom where the rear airframe consists of two separate boom structures each with one single fin and rudder joined by

4214-490: The center of gravity, the more effective the vertical tail can be. Thus, shorter aircraft typically feature larger vertical tails; for example, the vertical tail of the short Airbus A318 is larger than that of its longer counterparts in the A320 family . The effectiveness of the vertical tail depends on its efficiency and the vertical tail volume coefficient (also called volume ratio ), which non-dimensionalizes its area and arm with

4300-563: The dimensions of the main wing: V v = S v L tail-CG S w L w {\displaystyle V_{\text{v}}={\frac {S_{\text{v}}L_{\text{tail-CG}}}{S_{\text{w}}L_{\text{w}}}}} (where the indices V {\displaystyle V} and W {\displaystyle W} stand for vertical tail and wing respectively, S {\displaystyle S} stands for area, and L w {\displaystyle L_{\text{w}}}

4386-576: The disclosure of the 1H2010 troubled financial results of Cyprus Airways Ltd, in which the Government is the major shareholder. European Union rejected this possibility, and Eurocypria ceased operations in November 2010. All flights were suspended on 4 November 2010 and the company entered liquidation by decision of the board of directors. Eurocypria Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft as at 1 November 2010: Eypos, Zephyros, Levantes, Grecos, Notos, Maistros Eurocypria's aircraft were named after

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4472-509: The eighth airline in the world to receive the Airbus A320 , and the first airline that launched the IAE V2500 engine along with Adria Airways . Profits reached record levels in the mid-1980s as the airline added service from new UK cities (Cardiff, Newcastle, and Glasgow). Income of CYP 4.8 million ( DEM 8 million) in 1983, a record, would be tripled three years later. By this time, the airline

4558-618: The engine-out case causing unacceptable trim drag. Early configurations put forward for the X-15 show a conventional fixed fin and trailing rudder, and a ventral fin. This was changed to dorsal and ventral fins each with the outer half acting as a rudder. Twin tail aircraft have two vertical stabilizers. Many modern combat aircraft use this configuration. The twin rudders may be used in the gear-down configuration for additional longitudinal control with toe-in or flare-out ( McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet ). Twin rudders are also used as an airbrake as in

4644-410: The fin. Buffeting from the extended airbrake is highest when the airbrake effective angle of attack is greatest, which for a fully-extended airbrake is greatest at low aircraft angle of attack and least when manoeuvring. The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet twin fins are subject to buffeting from the breakdown or bursting of the leading-edge extension (LEX) vortex in front of the tail. The addition of

4730-469: The flight crews, which had previously been made up of British expatriates from BEA. Cyprus Airways still relied on BEA for aircraft and backroom support. BEA began introducing Comet 4B jets on all routes in 1961 via a joint aircraft pool arrangement that included Greece's Olympic Airways. On 5 April 1960, BEA introduced de Havilland Comet 4B aircraft on the Nicosia , Athens , Rome and London routes. With

4816-576: The following airlines: On 25 July 2011, Cyprus Airways signed a code-share agreement with Virgin Atlantic, allowing the Cypriot market to travel to Boston , New York , Newark , Los Angeles , Manchester , Edinburgh and Aberdeen on flights operated by Virgin using both Virgin and Cyprus Airways flight numbers, with connecting flights at London–Heathrow . Services from London Heathrow to Larnaca were operated by Cyprus Airways aircraft with flight numbers both of Cyprus Airways and Virgin Atlantic. Prior to

4902-399: The horizontal stabilizer, if they are highly swept , can contribute significantly to the yaw stability; wings swept backwards tend to increase yaw stability.  Sweep in the wing and horizontal tail of a conventional airplane, however, does not affect airplane trim in yaw. Dihedral in the main wing and horizontal tail can also have a small effect on the static yaw stability. This effect

4988-591: The introduction of the Comets, Cyprus Airways became the first airline in the Middle East to have jet airplanes. The Comets flew in the BEA livery, but had the Cyprus Airways logo and title above their doors. In 1965, Cyprus Airways began leasing its own Viscounts from BEA for regional routes. The Comet and Viscount aircraft were replaced with five Trident jets, three of them acquired from BEA. The first Hawker Siddeley Trident jet

5074-538: The mid-1990s, more than one million passengers were flying Cyprus Airways every year; another 4,000 chose the charter operation Eurocypria. The airline's market share approached 40 percent. After a rough couple of years, the company posted a CYP 13 million profit in 1994 thanks to cost-cutting and marketing efforts. The airline introduced a restyled livery, as it embarked on an ambitious fleet renewal programme. Two new Airbus A319s, smaller than its other aircraft, were added in 2002. The next year, two new Airbus A330s replaced

5160-415: The nosewheel or tailwheel. At slow speeds the nosewheel or tailwheel has the most control authority, but as the speed increases the aerodynamic effects of the rudder increases, thereby making the rudder more and more important for yaw control. In some aircraft (mainly small aircraft) both of these mechanisms are controlled by the rudder pedals so there is no difference to the pilot. In other aircraft there

5246-647: The older A310s on long-haul routes. A fleet of four Boeing 737s was chosen for the Eurocypria charter subsidiary, however, with two further similar aircraft added in 2004 and 2005. A feature of the new Eurocypria aircraft was that each had a different colour on its tail. In the meantime, the A320s owned by Cyprus Airways but leased to Eurocypria were returned to the parent company. In 2002, the Cypriot government lowered its ownership stake to 69.62 percent. Cyprus Airways founded Hellas Jet in Athens (Greece) in 2003, never making

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5332-406: The pilot to control yaw about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing. Maximum rudder deflection is usually controlled by a rudder travel limiter . The largest achievable angle of a rudder at a particular flight condition is called its blowdown limit . It represents a balance between the aerodynamic forces on the rudder and the mechanical forces from

5418-486: The pilot used full rudder deflections while following in the wake of a very large jet. Clear air turbulence caused the failure of the complete fin and rudder assembly on a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress after which the pilots made a successful landing. B-52 bombers instrumented for gust and manoeuvre loads recorded gusts from clear air turbulence considerably more than the design limit with highest loads at 34,000 feet. The English Electric Lightning T4 prototype fin failure

5504-493: The rear fuselage, with the horizontal stabilizers mounted on the side of the fuselage (a configuration termed "conventional tail"). Other configurations, such as T-tail or twin tail , are sometimes used instead. Vertical stabilizers have occasionally been used in motor sports , with for example in Le Mans Prototype racing . The vertical tail of an aircraft typically consists of a fixed vertical stabilizer or fin on which

5590-474: The runway since U Thant flew in and out on a UN flight. One of these is at the Imperial War Museum Duxford , England, although it has been returned to its original BEA livery. Also flown out was the company's BAC1-11 which was claimed by the insurers of the lessor, Court-Line, which had gone bankrupt. That aircraft returned to Cyprus Airways in 1978 and served with the company until 1995. All of

5676-422: The same time keeping the overall height low enough so that it could fit into hangars for maintenance. A V-tail has no distinct vertical or horizontal stabilizers. Rather, they are merged into control surfaces known as ruddervators which control both pitch and yaw. The arrangement looks like the letter V, and is also known as a "butterfly tail". The Beechcraft Bonanza Model 35 uses this configuration, as does

5762-478: The same type and configuration were added in 2006. On 28 June 2006, Cyprus Airways sold the share capital of Eurocypria to the Government of Cyprus for CY£ 13,425,000. The charter arm was sold mostly due to the poor financial situation at Cyprus Airways and because it was one of the few ventures of Cyprus Airways Group to make a profit. The airline has a long history of operating flights on behalf of Egyptian carrier AMC Airlines between Egypt and Europe . It

5848-406: The setting of a trim tab adjusts the neutral or resting position of a control surface (such as an elevator or rudder). As the desired position of a control surface changes (corresponding mainly to different speeds), an adjustable trim tab will allow the operator to reduce the manual force required to maintain that position—to zero, if used correctly. Thus the trim tab acts as a servo tab . Because

5934-570: The share capital, British European Airways (BEA) and private interests owning the rest of the company. Operations commenced on 18 April 1948 with three Douglas DC-3 aircraft. The planes, which carried 21 passengers each, flew on a route network centred on Nicosia that included Rome, London (via Athens), Beirut, Athens, Cairo, Istanbul, and Haifa. During the next three years the airline purchased an additional three DC-3 aircraft and introduced services to Alexandria , Amman , Bahrain , Khartoum (via Haifa) and Lod . In its early years, Cyprus Airways

6020-464: The shares it had inherited from BEA to the Cypriot government. Private investors owned the remainder (24.14 percent). Cyprus made a transition to Airbus aircraft over the course of the decade. Its first A310 widebodies arrived in 1984, followed by A320s in 1989. The order for the eight A320s was worth more than DEM 250 million. Cyprus Airways was one of the first airlines to operate the Airbus A310 ,

6106-419: The stabilizing moment necessary for recovery comes from the fin with little requirement for rudder deflection. These aircraft do not have a requirement to withstand near-full rudder deflections in these circumstances because the structural weight required to prevent structural failure would make them commercially unviable. Loss of the complete fin and rudder assembly occurred on American Airlines Flight 587 when

6192-408: The time. With its control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to serve key destinations in the Middle East, including Beirut and Cairo, using Cyprus Airways, whilst maintaining the pretence of not flying beyond Cyprus. Paradoxically it was continuing disputes between BEA and BOAC over this issue that led to the first proposals in 1953 to merge BEA and BOAC to form British Airways . In 1952, BEA took over

6278-406: The vertical surface (resulting in vortex lift), and in this way prevent a phenomenon called rudder lock or rudder reversal. Rudder lock occurs when the force on a deflected rudder (e.g. in a steady sideslip ) suddenly reverses as the vertical tail stalls. This may leave the rudder stuck at full deflection with the pilot unable to recenter it. The dorsal fin was introduced in the 1940s, for example on

6364-492: The very different pressure distribution, with shock waves and expansion waves, compared to subsonic. To achieve the required stability at the maximum operating speed of the aircraft the vertical tail may be enlarged, such as on the North American F-100 Super Sabre (the initial fin area requirement was underestimated). Extra area may be added by installing ventral fins (such as on higher-speed, later versions of

6450-510: The year when Cyprus Airways went into bankruptcy. In July 2016, the Cypriot government announced that the Cypriot start-up company Charlie Airlines Ltd was the winning bidder in a competition carried out by the finance ministry about the usage of the Cyprus Airways Brand for a period of ten years. Charlie Airlines has been built by a consortium of local investors that hold 60% of the airline and Russia's S7 Airlines , that holds 40% as

6536-470: Was announced on 19 February 2010 that the Cyprus Government would inject €35m into Eurocypria's capitalization, to enable the airline to pay off €28m of owed debt and invest in the airline's future. Cyprus Airways stated Eurocypria should shut down as "a small island cannot withstand two state-owned airlines and if they're not shut down, we might both go bust", but the government declined this prospect and

6622-501: Was carrying 740,000 passengers a year. British Airways divested the last of its shares in 1991, leaving the government with an 80.46 percent stake and private investors, the remainder. The airline was flying high, introducing a livery and uniforms as the Airbuses plied new routes to Berlin and Helsinki. Cyprus Airways had also joined the SABRE international computer reservations system and set up

6708-507: Was caused by inertial roll coupling while doing high-rate rolls. The fin was enlarged, strengthened and roll-rate limitations were imposed. However, the first T5 also had a fin failure while doing rapid rolling trials with rocket pack extended. A Lightning lost its fin due to interaction between aircraft in close proximity at low level when flying in formation at M 0.97, an aerobatic display routine. Limitations were imposed including separation between aircraft when in formation. Fin buffeting

6794-401: Was destroyed by Turkish Air force rocket fire and wreckage of its tail still exists at that airport and one was damaged by small arms fire remaining in the same position today as it did in 1974. The two other Tridents were only lightly damaged by small arms fire and were flown out of Nicosia by British Airways engineers to the United Kingdom in 1977. The team from British Airways was assisted by

6880-783: Was introduced by Cyprus Airways on its Airbus A319 aircraft upon delivery in 2002, and its A320s were retrofitted at the same time. On the A320 family aircraft, there were television screens placed along the aircraft. Sound was provided through headsets given by the cabin crew. Screens had a moving-map system which provided real-time flight information such as position and direction of the plane, altitude, airspeed, distance to destination, distance from origination, and local time. The larger A330 aircraft, operated between 2002 and 2011 and used mainly on longer flights to London Heathrow, Paris, and Amsterdam, but also occasionally to Manchester, Athens, and Zurich, had individual screens for each passenger, mounted on

6966-460: Was introduced in November 1969. Cyprus also leased a BAC 1-11. The faster planes allowed more European trade centres (Frankfurt, Manchester, Brussels, and Paris) to be added to the timetable. At the start of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the attack on Nicosia airport caught all five of Cyprus Airways aircraft on the ground. Of the four Tridents stranded at Nicosia International Airport one

7052-488: Was operated effectively as a subsidiary of BEA, not only in its ownership structure, but in its use of BEA crew and cabin staff, and BEA aircraft. In part, this was due to restrictions placed on BEA by the British government on serving destinations further east than Cyprus, as such routes were considered the preserve of BEA's rival, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), although both BEA and BOAC were state-owned airlines at

7138-402: Was proposed that a strategic investor be found. Failure to do so by mid-2010, it added, would lead to Eurocypria going bankrupt, in combination with some of its human and material resources being absorbed by national carrier Cyprus Airways. According to the Accountant-general, this would reduce the cost of bankruptcy from €84 million to €55 million. The second report - carried out by technocrats at

7224-711: Was soon able to order a pair of new BAC 1-11s, added to the sister aircraft already in the fleet. The economic loss of the Turkish invasion to the airline was estimated to be 1.6 million Cypriot pounds. To survive, the airline decided to reduce the salaries of all its employees to a minimum, who accepted it. The airline ordered still more different aircraft types in the late 1970s which replaced some earlier aircraft coming off lease. By 1981, Cyprus's fleet included four Boeing 707-123B (1979–1989) and three BAC One-Eleven 500. The route network again extended from Manchester, England, to Baghdad. A change in ownership structure had taken place, with British Airways selling all but 5 percent of

7310-563: Was the flag carrier airline of Cyprus . It was established in September 1947 and ceased operations on 9 January 2015. Cyprus Airways had its operating base at Larnaca International Airport . In July 2016, Charlie Airlines acquired the rights to use the Cyprus Airways trademarks and brand. Cyprus Airways was established on 24 September 1947 as a joint venture between the British Colonial Government of Cyprus , holding 40% of

7396-494: Was the world's first regular turboprop service. In 1956, contemplating expansion of its routes, Cyprus Airways ordered two Vickers Viscount 756 aircraft that would be named St Hilarion (registration G-APCD) and Buffavento (G-APCE), but sold them before receiving them because of the deteriorating political situation in Cyprus. It also decided to sell all the Douglas DC-3 and Auster aircraft in September 1957 and entered into

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