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66-556: Limassol was built between two ancient Greek cities , Amathus and Kourion . Its historical centre is located around the medieval Limassol Castle and the Old Port. Today the city spreads along the Mediterranean coast and has extended much farther than the castle and port, with its suburbs stretching along the coast to Amathus. To the west of the city is Akrotiri , one of the two British Overseas Territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on

132-405: A 250 metres (820 feet) breakwater, can accommodate only three small ships at a time and is primarily used by fishing boats. These ports facilitate the export of grapes, wines, carobs, and citrus fruits , as well as the import of cereals , vehicles , machinery, textiles, agricultural medicines, fertilizers , and iron. The Limassol Marina , built in 2014, is located 500 metres (1,600 feet) west of

198-474: A deliberate design to prevent Turks from riding horses into the homes. During the period of Turkish rule, Cyprus experienced a general decline. The Turks did not contribute to any development, and Greeks and Turks lived in separate neighbourhoods. The intellectual standards of Cypriots declined due to the lack of interest from the conquerors, oppression, and high taxation, which hindered the intellectual development of children. The church played an important role in

264-455: A different ship. Due to a storm, the women's ship arrived in Limassol. Isaac Komnenos , the renegade Byzantine governor of Cyprus, invited the noblewomen ashore, with the intention of holding them for ransom, but they refused. So he refused them fresh water and they had to put out to sea again or yield to capture. When Richard arrived in Limassol and met Isaac Komnenos, he asked him to contribute to

330-582: A fascinating collection of antiquities discovered in the district, spanning from the Neolithic Age to the Roman period . Among the notable artifacts are stone axes from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, pottery and objects from the ancient cities of Kourion and Amathus , as well as Roman terracottas , gold jewelry, coins, sculptures, columns , vases, earrings, rings, necklaces, and marble statues. The museum

396-413: A medieval museum. The museum’s collection spans from 400 to 1870 AD, showcasing a variety of exhibits including cannons , 17th and 18th-century wood carvings , paintings, tombstones , statues, suits of armor, coins, terracotta , metalware, pottery, glass, and marble artifacts. The Kolossi Castle , located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Limassol, is a medieval fortress originally built in

462-574: A rich history with various influences by various civilisations. The most notable ruin is considered to be the Temple of Aphrodite , a major centre of worship and a sacred place for ceremonies and offerings, sitting atop the Acropolis of Amathus. Many tombs dating to the Iron Age can be found, as well as remnants of public baths and other buildings in the ancient Agora . One of the most remarkable finds from Amathus

528-657: Is a large limestone amphora , now housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris . This vase dates back to the 6th century BC and weighs 14 tonnes (14,000 kg). Kourion is another ancient city-kingdom, situated approx. 19 kilometres (12 mi) west of Limassol, with a rich history dating back to the Neolithic period , with significant developments during the Hellenistic , Roman , and Early Christian periods. The centerpiece of Kourion

594-576: Is located in a preserved historic house and features a collection of Cypriot folk art from the past two centuries. The collection includes national costumes, tapestries, embroidery, wooden chests, waistcoats, men’s jackets, necklaces, various light garments, town costumes, and rural tools. Established in 1985, the museum houses over 500 exhibits across six rooms. It was awarded the Europa Nostra prize in 1989. Visitors can explore Cypriot culture through these handmade exhibits. The Archaeological Museum offers

660-589: Is one of the ten castles of Cyprus , constructed by the Byzantines around 1000 AD. A chapel was also built on the site during the same period. It is believed that Richard the Lionheart married his fiancée, Princess Berengaria of Navarre , at this location in 1191 after her ship was grounded nearby while she was accompanying him to the Third Crusade . The castle served as a prison from 1790 to 1940 and now functions as

726-540: Is the Greco-Roman theatre , originally built in the 2nd century BC and expanded in the 2nd century AD. It has been restored and is still used for open-air performances, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea . The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates was dedicated to Apollo Hylates , the god of the woodland. It includes the remains of a temple , a bath complex, and a palaestra (wrestling school). The medieval Limassol Castle

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792-513: Is the largest industrial centre in the district, hosting around 350 industrial units with 90 industry wares. These industries include dressmaking, furniture, footwear, beverages, food, printing, metalwork, electrical devices, plastics, and more. Limassol is a key trade centre in Cyprus, partially due to the presence of the UK sovereign base at Episkopi and Akrotiri , and the population displacement following

858-694: Is warm and usually sunny. It begins in the end of November and in December. During this period of the year, temperatures range from as low as 12 °C (54 °F) to as high as 20 °C (68 °F). This season the weather differs from year to year and it can be very wet with violent thunderstorms sometimes (October 2009 rainfall was around 90 mm (3.5 in)) or very dry (October 2007 rainfall of 2 to 5 millimetres (0.079 to 0.197 in)). Limassol receives around 410 mm (16.1 in) of rain each year but this varies from year to year and sometimes droughts do occur (every 3–5 years). The rainy season 2009–2010

924-641: Is “ ONE ", Cyprus’s tallest tower and Europe’s tallest seafront residential building. Another notable project is the “ City of Dreams Mediterranean (CoDM) ”, the first and largest integrated resort in Europe. In 2023, CoDM received the Seven Stars Luxury Hospitality and Lifestyle Award for “Best New Luxury Casino Resort in the World". Amathus is an ancient city-kingdom, located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east of Limassol, dating back to 1100 BC, with

990-558: The Fourth Crusade the city of Constantinople was sacked by Western forces. During this sacking of the richest city of Europe, the gold bezant would have been very much in evidence, many of the knights no doubt having helped themselves very liberally to the booty. This event took place at the very dawn of the widespread adoption of arms by the knightly class, and thus it may have been an obvious symbol for many returned crusaders to use in their new arms. When arms are strewn with bezants,

1056-664: The Greek , Graeco- Phoenician or Graeco- Eteocypriot , states listed in an inscription of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon in 673-672 BC: And later : [REDACTED] This Cyprus -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bezant In the Middle Ages , the term bezant ( Old French : besant , from Latin bizantius aureus ) was used in Western Europe to describe several gold coins of

1122-465: The Nareg Armenian School ( Armenian : Նարեկ Հայկական Վարժարան ). There is also an Armenian village in the Limassol district called Armenochori ( Greek : Αρμενοχώρι ). The population birth rate rose by 70% during the late 19th and 20th centuries (1878–1960). The number of inhabitants increased from 6,131 in 1881 to 43,593 in 1960. The Greek Cypriot population was estimated at 37,478, while

1188-469: The Nareg Armenian School also has a campus in the city, one of three on the island. In terms of higher education, Limassol is the base of Cyprus University of Technology (CUT) , one of three state universities , established in 2004. The city is also home to Frederick University and the University of Limassol, which are both private universities. Many institutions of tertiary education can be found in

1254-648: The Ottomans in 1570. Latin battalions which established monasteries were settled down there. The settlement of merchants in Cyprus and particularly in Limassol in the 13th century led to the financial welfare of its inhabitants. Its harbour as a centre of transportation and commerce, contributed greatly to the financial and cultural development . Cyprus was sold in 1489 to Venice by the Cypriot Queen Catherine Cornaro . The Venetians were not interested in Cyprus. They only wanted to receive taxes and exploit

1320-863: The Port of Limassol became the Republic of Cyprus’s main seaport . Prior to that, the role had been filled by the port of Famagusta , now located in the de facto state of Northern Cyprus , which is not recognised as a legal port by any country except Turkey . Limassol is home to many of Cyprus’s wine companies, which cater to the wine-growing regions on the southern slopes of the Troodos Mountains , including Commandaria . Notable companies such as KEO , LOEL, SODAP, and ETKO produce award-winning wines and brandies ( cognacs ) in international exhibitions. These products are highly consumed by both locals and tourists, with significant quantities exported to Europe. Limassol

1386-507: The Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Limassol were transferred to the north of Cyprus. Accordingly, many Greek Cypriots refugees who were uprooted from their homes in the north, fled, and settled down in the city. When Famagusta was occupied by Turkish troops, Limassol experienced rapid growth fuelled by the large population increase and the need for housing. Many luxury hotels, restaurants and entertainment venues were built, making Limassol

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1452-474: The collapse of the Soviet Union . The city has also become increasingly popular with Russian and other post-Soviet nationals and expatriates, earning the nickname “Limassolgrad". Today, about 17% of Limassol’s population is Russian-speaking, and 8% are Russian citizens. Historically, Limassol had a mixed population of Greek Cypriots , Turkish Cypriots , and Armenian Cypriots . Most Turkish Cypriots moved to

1518-563: The 13th century by the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , also known as the Knights Hospitaller. The current structure, rebuilt in 1454, features a well-preserved three-story keep and an attached rectangular enclosure . The castle played a significant role in the production of sugar from local sugarcane and is also associated with the famous Commandaria wine. The Folk Art Museum

1584-454: The 1880s. In 1912, electricity replaced the old lanterns. From the first years of the British occupation, a post office , a telegraph office and a hospital began to operate. In 1880, the first printing press started working. It was in this printing press that the newspapers Alithia and Anagennisis were published in 1897. The newspaper Salpinx was published at the same time. At the end of

1650-471: The 19th century, the first hotels began to operate. Among these were Europe and Amathus. These changes that the British brought about contributed to the development of an intellectual and artistic life. Schools, theatres, clubs, art galleries , music halls , sport societies, football clubs etc. were all set up and meant a great deal to the cultural life of Limassol. Due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974

1716-497: The 7th century AD. The area around Limassol shows evidence of human activity dating back to the Neolithic period (around 7000 BC). Sites like Chirokitia , although not directly in Limassol, indicate the presence of early farming communities. During the Bronze Age, the region saw the development of more complex societies, with evidence of trade and cultural exchanges with neighbouring regions. These early settlements and city-kingdoms laid

1782-582: The Byzantine solidus during the early years after the onset of Islam. The term bezant was used in the late medieval Republic of Venice to refer to the Egyptian gold dinar. Marco Polo used the term bezant in the account of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire around the year 1300. An Italian merchant's handbook dated about 1340, Pratica della mercatura by Pegolotti , used

1848-476: The Limassol Castle, on the Old Port. This new development allows berthing of ocean-going yachts, having hosted its first yachts in 2013. The marina has a capacity of 1,000 vessels. Since 2014, Limassol has experienced a construction boom driven by the tourism sector and increasing foreign investments. Public projects, such as the redesign of the one-kilometre (0.62-mile) Limassol Molos promenade, have enhanced

1914-636: The Turkish Cypriot population was at 6,115. Limassol has an educational infrastructure which spans primary education , secondary education and higher education . There are over a hundred public educational institutions in the city, mostly taught in Greek. Laniteio Lyceum , the oldest lyceum in the city, and the largest on the island, known as the Greek School when it was established in 1819, led education with many advancements that public education lacked at

1980-524: The Turkish invasion in 1974. The main trade markets are located in the town centre and the coastal tourist area, stretching from the Old Port to the Amathus area. This area is home to most of the hotels , restaurants , confectioneries , discos , and entertainment venues. Major global retail shops can be found on Anexartisias Street and Makariou Avenue , the city’s primary shopping streets, as well as at MYMALL ,

2046-455: The ancient towns of Amathus and Kourion. Over time, the name evolved into “Lemesos", which is known in English as “Limassol". Limassol is situated between the ancient city-kingdoms of Amathus , founded around 1100 BC by Greek settlers, and Kourion , founded around the same time. Settlements in the modern area of Limassol were most likely founded after the decline and destruction of Amathus, around

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2112-573: The castle, decided to demolish it in order to avoid its possible seizure. This destruction was completed in 1567-68. Two years later the Ottomans captured the city. The Ottoman Empire invaded Cyprus in 1570–1577 and occupied it. Limassol was conquered in July 1570 without any resistance. After the Ottoman acquisition of Cyprus in 1576, the remains or parts of the remains of the Limassol castle were incorporated in

2178-528: The city. Tourism in Limassol began to flourish after 1974, following the occupation of Famagusta and Kyrenia , the principal tourist resorts of Cyprus, during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus . Limassol has many beaches, suitable for sunbathing and swimming. A bathing beach with all the necessary facilities, provided by the Cyprus Tourism Organisation , operates in the Dasoudi area. In 1974,

2244-534: The coinage mints of the Eastern Mediterranean. In Western Europe, the gold coins of Byzantine currency were highly prized. These gold coins were commonly called bezants. The first "bezants" were the Byzantine solidi coins; later, the name was applied to the hyperpyra , which replaced the solidi in Constantinople in the late 11th century. The name hyperpyron was used by the late medieval Greeks, while

2310-572: The crusade for the liberation of the Holy Land . At the beginning Isaac agreed but later on refused. Richard took him captive; the entire island was therefore taken over by the Anglo-Normans , bringing the long Byzantine dominion of Cyprus to an end. Richard celebrated his marriage with Berengaria who had received the crown as queen of England in Cyprus. Richard destroyed Amathus and the inhabitants were transferred to Limassol. A year later, in 1191 Cyprus

2376-573: The east, all derived ultimately from the Roman solidus . The word itself comes from the Greek Byzantion , the ancient name of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire . The original "bezants" were the gold coins produced by the government of the Byzantine Empire , first the nomisma and from the 11th century the hyperpyron . Later, the term was used to cover the gold dinars produced by Islamic governments. In turn,

2442-551: The education of Greeks during the years 1754–1821. During those years, many new schools were established all over the island, most notable in Limassol being the Greek School (modern-day Laniteio Lyceum). Greek history , Turkish and French were taught at schools. In 1878, the British had administrative control over Cyprus after the Cyprus convention . The first British governor of Limassol

2508-539: The extended summer season, accommodated within a wide variety of hotels and apartments available. The Limassol coastline, known as “The Limassol Riviera”, is undergoing a significant construction boom that began in late 2013 with new legislation encouraging development; becoming Europe's newest riviera. Since then, hundreds of new housing units and mushrooming businesses are introduced to the community annually. Currently, over 70 buildings taller than 50m are proposed or under construction, including 32 skyscrapers . Among these

2574-503: The foundation for Limassol’s development, contributing to its rich historical and cultural heritage. Ancient writers and geographers mention nothing about the foundation of the town. According to the Council of Chalcedon which took place in 451, the local bishop as well as the bishops of Amathus and Arsinoe were involved in the foundation of the city, which would be known by the names of Theodosiana and Neapolis . Bishop Leontios of Neapolis

2640-715: The gardens. The Limassol Molos , a multifunctional seaside park from reclaimed land that spans one-kilometre (0.62-mile), is one of the city's largest hotspots, as well as one of the largest parks on the island. Fishing , kayaking and many other watersports can be done off the piers of the park. The Limassol Sculpture Park, commissioned by the Limassol Municipality, can be found at Molos. The sculptures were created by Costas Dikefalos, Thodoros Papayiannis , Vassilis Vassili and Kyriakos Rokos from Greece, Helene Black from Cyprus, and more. Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus The ten city-kingdoms of ancient Cyprus were

2706-593: The gold bezants, the silver bezants by definition were issuances by the Byzantine government or by an Arabic government, and not by a Latin government, and the usage of the term was confined to the Latin West. In heraldry , a roundel of a gold colour is referred to as a bezant , in reference to the coin. Like many heraldic charges , the bezant originated during the crusading era, when Western European knights first came into contact with Byzantine gold coins, and were perhaps struck with their fine quality and purity. During

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2772-458: The gold coins minted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and County of Tripoli were termed "Saracen bezants", since they were modelled on the gold dinar. A completely different electrum coin based on Byzantine trachea was minted in the Kingdom of Cyprus and called the "white bezant". The term bezant in reference to coins is common in sources from the 10th through 13th centuries. Thereafter, it

2838-498: The island. In 2014, Limassol was ranked by TripAdvisor as the 3rd up-and-coming destination in the world, in its Top 10 Traveler's Choice Destinations on the Rise list. In Mercer's Quality of Living Ranking , the city was ranked 90th in 2023, and 89th in 2017. In the 2022 GaWC ranking, Limassol was classified as a "High Sufficiency" city, falling down one category from "Gamma − " ( lit.   ' global city ' ), in 2020. In 2023,

2904-532: The island’s sources. All the inhabitants were enslaved by the Venetians, and were obliged to give a third of their income, whether this was part of their products of the land. Travelers who visited Cyprus in the 16th century commented on the poor condition of the local population in the towns of the island. In 1538 the Ottomans captured the city and the Limassol castle . The Venetian governor of Cyprus, after recapturing

2970-462: The largest integrated casino resort in Europe opened its doors in Limassol along the south coast. It spans 14 stories, with 500 rooms and houses as well as the island's largest pool area. The name “Limassol” originates from the ancient Greek word “Nemesos” ( Greek : Νέμεσσος , romanized :  Nemessos ), which means “one found in the middle". This likely refers to the city’s location between

3036-653: The largest mall in the district. Limassol has two ports, commonly known as the Old Port (Limassol Marina) and the New Port (Port of Limassol). The New Port handles the majority of commercial and passenger traffic and is one of the busiest ports in the Mediterranean transit trade and is the largest port in the Republic of Cyprus. With a depth of 11 metres (36 feet) and breakwaters extending 1,300 metres (4,300 feet), can receive about ten ships, depending on their size. The Old Port, with

3102-430: The municipalities of Limassol are divided into quarters, with the exception of Ypsonas . Limassol has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ), closely bordering a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ), with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters, which are separated by short springs and autumns which are generally warm and sunny. From December to March,

3168-458: The name bezant was used by the late medieval Latin merchants for the same coin. The Italians also used the name perpero or pipero for the same coin (an abridgement of the name hyperpyron ). Medievally from the 12th century onward (if not earlier), the Western European term bezant also meant the gold dinar coins minted by Islamic governments. The Islamic coins were originally modelled on

3234-428: The new Ottoman fort, completed in 1590, which was considerably strengthened. The underground chamber and the first floor were transformed into prison cells and remained in use until 1950. Some neighbourhoods, primarily to the east of the city, were predominantly Greek, while those to the west were mainly Turkish, with a mixed area around the castle. Christians lived in small, low houses that required one to bend to enter,

3300-500: The new commerce centre of Cyprus, the role which had been filled by Famagusta. Today, Limassol is the second largest city in Cyprus and hosts the island’s main port. It is renowned for its extravagant annual events, attracting numerous visitors from both the island and around the globe. Today, the Limassol urban area includes the Limassol Municipality and the municipalities of Kato Polemidia , Mesa Geitonia , Agios Athanasios , Germasogeia , and Ypsonas . For administrative purposes,

3366-518: The night. Rain tends to be heavy this time of the year and thunderstorms occur often though they usually do not last for a long time. Snow in Limassol is a very rare occurrence and usually falls mixed with rain every 7 to 13 years. Snow mixed with rain fell in February 2004, in January 2008 and in February 2012. In January 2022 Limassol registered a record low temperature of −0.8 °C (31 °F). In spring

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3432-502: The north in 1974-1975. Consequently, many Greek Cypriots from the north, who became refugees following the Turkish invasion , settled in the city. In the 1990s, several Cypriot Romani people (considered Turkish Cypriots according to the constitution ) returned from the north to the Turkish quarter of Limassol. Armenians remained in Limassol, residing around the Sourp Kevork Armenian Apostolic Church and maintain

3498-419: The quality of life and the city’s image as a cosmopolitan destination. Infrastructure improvements, partly funded by European programs, have addressed traffic issues with new highway flyovers and roundabouts. Limassol has become a major centre for tourism , trade , and services. The city offers numerous museums and archaeological sites for visitors. It attracts a diverse range of tourists, especially during

3564-561: The term bisant for coins of North Africa (including Tunis and Tripoli), Cyprus, Armenia and Tabriz (in today's northwestern Iran), whereas it used the term perpero / pipero for the Byzantine bizant. Although the medieval "bezant" usually referred to a gold coin, some medieval Latin texts have been noted to expand its usage to cover silver coins. These silver bezants were often called "white bezants". Occasionally in Latin they were also called " miliaresion bezants" / " miliarense bezants". Like

3630-408: The time on the island. Many private schools also exist, offering education in multiple languages including Greek and English. Such institutions include Saint Mary's School, a catholic private school open to all religions and races, The Grammar School Limassol, American Academy, The Heritage Private School and Foley's Grammar School. In addition to the various Greek and English speaking schools,

3696-459: The weather is mild to warm and pleasant. It is sunny almost every day and the temperatures are around 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) in the day and 9 °C (48 °F) in the night. Rain showers and thunderstorms are common especially in late March and April. Sometimes during the spring dust comes from the Sahara desert which degrades air quality in the city. Summer for Limassol is the longest season of

3762-426: The weather is unsettled and can be rainy and windy. Sunshine averages around 6 hours a day. During this season there are a few days when the daytime highs might not exceed 12 °C (54 °F) and the night time lows might be as low as 2 °C (36 °F) but usually the temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F) in the day and from 7 °C (45 °F) to 12 °C (54 °F) in

3828-559: The year, and lasts about six months; it begins in May and ends in October. At this time of the year, the weather is sunny every day and rain is rare. The temperatures range between 19 °C (66 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) in June and September and 22 °C (72 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F) in July and August. In June, sea mist can sometimes occur, usually resolving early in the morning. Autumn

3894-412: Was 77.7% Cypriot, 8.6% EU citizen , 13.1% Foreign citizen, with 0.6% not stating their nationality. Between 2011 and 2021, the district gained 26,827 residents. Since the 1960s, internal migration and the influx of displaced persons after 1974 have significantly increased the population of Limassol and its suburbs. Limassol is home to a large community of Pontic Greeks , who settled in Cyprus after

3960-416: Was Colonel Warren. He showed a particular interest in Limassol and even from the first days the condition of the town showed an improvement. The roads were cleaned, the animals were removed from the centre, roads were fixed, trees were planted and docks were constructed for the loading and unloading of those ships that were anchored off-shore. Lanterns for the lighting of the central areas were also installed in

4026-403: Was a wet one with precipitation being as high as 515 mm (20.3 in) in some areas whilst the rainy season of 2007–2008 was dry with only 300 mm (11.8 in) of rain. Hail is rare and usually falls between October and April. Limassol is the 2nd most populous district in the Cyprus, with 198,558 residents as of the 2021 Cyprus census. The district population’s citizenships in 2021

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4092-440: Was an important church writer in the 7th century. The records of the 7th Synod (757) refer to it as the bishop's see. The town was known as Lemesos by the 10th century. The history of Limassol is largely known by the events associated with the Third Crusade . The king of England, Richard the Lionheart , was travelling to the Holy Land in 1190. His fiancée, Berengaria , and his sister, Joan , were also travelling there, but on

4158-449: Was found: Guy of Lusignan , a Roman Catholic from Poitou . Cyprus was therefore handed over to the French dynasty of the house of Lusignan , thus establishing the medieval Kingdom of Cyprus . For a period of about three centuries (1192–1489), Limassol enjoyed remarkable prosperity. Cyprus was characterised by its great number of Latin bishops. This lasted until the occupation of Cyprus by

4224-457: Was mainly employed as a money of account and in literary and heraldic contexts. Gold coins were rarely minted in early medieval Western Europe, up until the later 13th century; silver and bronze were the metals of choice for money. Gold coins were almost continually produced by the Byzantines and medieval Arabs. These circulated in Western European trade in smallish numbers, originating from

4290-738: Was originally located within the Limassol Castle before being relocated to a site near the Public Gardens. The Limassol Public Gardens , located along the coastal road, boasts a diverse array of vegetation, including eucalyptus trees, pine trees , and cypresses. Within the garden, visitors can explore the Limassol Zoo that houses deer , moufflons , ostriches , pheasants , tigers , lions , monkeys , vultures , pelicans , flamingos and various other animals and birds. The Patticheio Municipal Museum and an open theatre, which has been renovated to host international performances, can also be found within

4356-616: Was sold for the sum of 100,000 bezants to the Templars , rich monks and soldiers whose aim was the protection of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . The knights enforced high taxes, in order to get back the money that had been given for the purchase of Cyprus. This led to the revolt of the Cypriots, who wished to get rid of the bond of the promise. Richard accepted their request and a new purchaser

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