95-411: " Eurabia " ( portmanteau of Europe and Arabia ) is a far-right , anti-Muslim conspiracy theory that posits that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, aim to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel . The theory was developed by Bat Ye'or (the pen name of Gisèle Littman) in
190-426: A compound , which fully preserves the stems of the original words. The British lecturer Valerie Adams's 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that "In words such as motel ..., hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes – ‑otel ... – which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends". Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking,
285-515: A de facto parallel currency to the euro . According to the plan's main proponent, the League 's MP Claudio Borghi , the 20-euro bill should bear a picture of Fallaci. An Italian television series was created about her life, titled Miss Fallaci (2024). In 2024, a biographical novel , Oriana: A Novel of Oriana Fallaci , was published by author Anastasia Rubis based on the true story of Fallaci's career and personal life. Fallaci twice received
380-473: A genocide of them at worst, possibly leading to a U.S. intervention on behalf of persecuted Muslims. In his 2007 book Wars of Blood and Faith , Peters states that far from being about to take over Europe through demographic change, "Europe's Muslims are living on borrowed time" and that in the event of a major terrorist attack in Europe, thanks to the "ineradicable viciousness" of Europeans and what he perceives as
475-403: A "champion of 'Eurabia' myth" by Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail , has predicted an emerging Eurabia region, captured by the religion of Islam and hostile to U.S. interests. Steyn's promotion of the conspiracy theory centres on European demographics, where he believes a culturally asserted Muslim mass will become the majority population and demand the assimilation of white Europeans . In
570-478: A "dangerous Islamophobic fantasy". Carr states, In order to accept Ye'or's ridiculous thesis, it is necessary to believe not only in the existence of a concerted Islamic plot to subjugate Europe, involving all Arab governments, whether 'Islamic' or not, but also to credit a secret and unelected parliamentary body with the astounding ability to transform all Europe's major political, economic and cultural institutions into subservient instruments of 'jihad' without any of
665-508: A Eurabia conspiracy and used the term " dhimmitude ", denoting alleged "western subjection to Islam". The term itself is based on a newsletter published in the 1970s by the Comité européen de coordination des associations d'amitié avec le monde Arabe , a Euro-Arab friendship committee. Bat Ye'or's Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis was the first print publication in the Eurabia genre, which has since grown to
760-455: A Muslim Europe have become basic ideological features and themes of the European extreme right Muslim minority populations and Muslim immigration gained new political significance. This has led to the adoption of political positions that were previously considered fringe or third rail on either side. The main anti-Islamic theme has also penetrated into mainstream European politics, for instance in
855-608: A democracy , and her book Un Uomo ( A Man ) was inspired by his life. During her 1972 interview with Henry Kissinger, Kissinger stated that the Vietnam War was a "useless war" and compared himself to "the cowboy who leads the wagon train by riding ahead alone on his horse". Kissinger later claimed that it was "the single most disastrous conversation I have ever had with any member of the press". In 1973, she interviewed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . She later stated, "He considers women simply as graceful ornaments, incapable of thinking like
950-608: A form of exhibitionism", and also against parenting by same-sex couples , declaring it a "distorted view of life". She also asserted the existence of a " gay lobby ", through which "the homosexuals themselves are discriminating against others". In the June 2006 issue of Reason , American libertarian writer Cathy Young wrote: "Oriana Fallaci's 2002 book The Rage and the Pride makes hardly any distinction between radical Islamic terrorists and Somali street vendors who supposedly urinate on
1045-523: A form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts". According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD ), the etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau , from porter , "to carry", and manteau , "cloak" (from Old French mantel , from Latin mantellum ). According to
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#17328518521891140-466: A highly controversial article titled " Noi Cannibali e i figli di Medea " ("We cannibals and Medea's offspring"), urging women not to vote for a public referendum about artificial insemination that was held on 12 and 13 June 2006. In her 2004 book Oriana Fallaci intervista sé stessa – L'Apocalisse , Fallaci expressed her opposition to same-sex marriage , arguing that it "subvert[s] the biological concept of family" and calling it "a fashionable whim,
1235-612: A historical tendency to over-react to real or perceived threats, European Muslims "will be lucky if they're only deported". According to Marján and Sapir, the very idea of "Eurabia" is "based on an extremist conspiracy theory, according to which Europe and the Arab states would join forces to make life impossible for Israel and Islamize the old continent." Writing in Race & Class in 2006, author and freelance journalist Matt Carr argued that Eurabia had moved from "an outlandish conspiracy theory" to
1330-427: A kind of bath), the attributive blends of English are mostly head-final and mostly endocentric . As an example of an exocentric attributive blend, Fruitopia may metaphorically take the buyer to a fruity utopia (and not a utopian fruit); however, it is not a utopia but a drink. Coordinate blends (also called associative or portmanteau blends) combine two words having equal status, and have two heads. Thus brunch
1425-414: A man, and then strives to give them complete equality of rights and duties". After interviewing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , she described him as "One of the most stupid men I've ever met in my life, maybe the most stupid". During her 1979 interview with Ayatollah Khomeini , she addressed him as a "tyrant", and managed to unveil herself from the chador : OF: I still have to ask you a lot of things. About
1520-459: A number of titles, including Melanie Phillips 's Londonistan , Oriana Fallaci 's The Force of Reason , and Bruce Bawer's While Europe Slept . The term is often used by the writers Oriana Fallaci , Mark Steyn and several web sites, many of them affiliated with the counterjihad movement. Defeating Eurabia by Fjordman (the pen name of Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen) earned him a high standing among far-right extremists. An important part of
1615-567: A private audience with Pope Benedict XVI at Castel Gandolfo . Although an atheist, Fallaci reportedly had great respect for the Pope and expressed admiration for his 2004 essay titled "If Europe Hates Itself". Despite being an atheist, in The Force of Reason , she claimed that she was also a " Christian atheist ". Fallaci was a vocal critic of Islam, especially after the Iranian Revolution and
1710-673: A reference to Islam as "a pool that never purifies". Consequently, an Italian judge ordered Fallaci to stand trial in Bergamo on charges of " defaming Islam". The preliminary trial began on 12 June, and on 25 June, Judge Beatrice Siccardi decided that Fallaci should indeed stand trial beginning on 18 December. Fallaci accused the judge of having disregarded the fact that Smith had called for her murder and defamed Christianity. In France, some Arab-Muslim and anti-defamation organisations such as MRAP and Ligue des Droits de l'Homme launched lawsuits against Oriana Fallaci, charging that The Rage and
1805-419: A role model at all. Genocide: Massacres, torture, expulsion: Other incidents: Examples of proponents use: In 2010, German politician Thilo Sarrazin released Germany Abolishes Itself . The book contends that with continued Islamic immigration, Germany will become a majority Muslim nation. Journalist Simon Kuper has argued that, with over 1 million copies sold, Sarrazin had done more to publicize
1900-705: A special correspondent for the Italian paper Il mattino dell'Italia centrale in 1946. Beginning in 1967, she worked as a war correspondent covering the Vietnam War, the Indo-Pakistani War , the Middle East , and in South America . For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine L'Europeo , and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and the magazine Epoca . In Mexico City , during
1995-583: A stone memorial to Alexandros Panagoulis , her late companion. As of 2018, streets or squares have been renamed after her in Pisa , Arezzo , and Genoa . A public garden has also been dedicated to her in Sesto San Giovanni , an industrial town close to Milan . In July 2019, the lower chamber of the Italian Parliament approved the creation of low-denomination treasury bills that could also be used as
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#17328518521892090-669: A theory that adds the "Sad Dupes thesis to the Enemy Within idea". Conservative US military analyst Ralph Peters has criticized the Eurabia narrative on the grounds that it is unlikely to happen as posited, citing the historical precedent of genocides frequently occurring in Europe, such as in the Balkans during the 1990s, and the Holocaust during World War II. Peters stated that if Muslims "taking over" Europe were imminent, Europeans would either forcibly deport their Muslims at best or engage in
2185-481: A total blend, each of the words creating the blend is reduced to a mere splinter. Some linguists limit blends to these (perhaps with additional conditions): for example, Ingo Plag considers "proper blends" to be total blends that semantically are coordinate, the remainder being "shortened compounds". Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another: Much less commonly in English,
2280-466: A wide range of the political spectrum , including right-wing activists, self-described " conservatives " and counter-jihad and other anti- Islamism activists. Bat Ye'or's "mother conspiracy theory" has been used as the basis for other subtheories. The narrative grew important among people who expressed anti-Islamist sentiments and it was also used by members and supporters of movements like Stop Islamisation of Europe . It gained renewed interest after
2375-609: Is frankenword , an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending " Frankenstein " and "word". Oriana Fallaci Oriana Fallaci ( Italian: [oˈrjaːna falˈlaːtʃi] ; 29 June 1929 – 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist and author. A member of the Italian resistance movement during World War II , she had a long and successful journalistic career. Fallaci became famous worldwide for her coverage of war and revolution, and her "long, aggressive and revealing interviews" with many world leaders during
2470-477: Is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary . For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). Many corporate brand names , trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary , one of Misplaced Pages 's sister projects,
2565-489: Is a blend of wiki and dictionary . The word portmanteau was introduced in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking-Glass (1871), where Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in " Jabberwocky ". Slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to
2660-455: Is also a strong advocate for the theory. A 2007 film outline by Steve Bannon , who would later become the chief strategist for President Donald Trump and a member of the U.S. National Security Council , proposed that Muslims were trying to turn the United States into the "Islamic States of America". The Economist rejected the concept of Eurabia as " scaremongering ". Simon Kuper in
2755-440: Is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening: The overlap may be both phonological and orthographic, and with some additional shortening to at least one of the ingredients: Such an overlap may be discontinuous: These are also termed imperfect blends. It can occur with three components: The phonological overlap need not also be orthographic: If the phonological but non-orthographic overlap encompasses
2850-692: Is neither a breakfasty lunch nor a lunchtime breakfast but instead some hybrid of breakfast and lunch; Oxbridge is equally Oxford and Cambridge universities. This too parallels (conventional, non-blend) compounds: an actor–director is equally an actor and a director. Two kinds of coordinate blends are particularly conspicuous: those that combine (near‑) synonyms: and those that combine (near‑) opposites: Blending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew : "There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár 'bank clerk, teller'. The first
2945-499: Is no such distinction and that Muslims can become secular in the Western world. Portmanteau In linguistics , a blend —also known as a blend word , lexical blend , or portmanteau —is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together. English examples include smog , coined by blending smoke and fog , as well as motel , from motor ( motorist ) and hotel . A blend
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3040-664: Is not a complete morpheme , but instead a mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a blend, of star and fish , as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a " stish " or a " starsh ", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established compounds or phrases, they can be considered clipped compounds , such as romcom for romantic comedy . Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Blends may be classified morphotactically into two kinds: total and partial . In
3135-452: Is similar to a contraction . On the one hand, mainstream blends tend to be formed at a particular historical moment followed by a rapid rise in popularity. Contractions, on the other hand, are formed by the gradual drifting together of words over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as do not naturally becoming don't (phonologically, / d uː n ɒ t / becoming / d oʊ n t / ). A blend also differs from
3230-405: Is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף késef 'money' and the ( International /Hebrew>) Israeli agentive suffix ר- -ár . The second is that it is a quasi- portmanteau word which blends כסף késef 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one,
3325-542: The Financial Times described Ye'or's book as "little-read but influential", and akin to " Protocols of the Elders of Zion in reverse", adding that "though ludicrous, Eurabia became the spiritual mother of a genre". David Aaronovitch acknowledges that the threat of "jihadist terror" may be real, but that there is no threat of Eurabia. Aaronovitch concludes that those who study conspiracy theories will recognize Eurabia to be
3420-590: The CDA : C-D-A, in the meanwhile stands for Christians Serve Allah (Christenen Dienen Allah). The Eurabia concept is an Islamophobic conspiracy theory. Eurabia shortcuts the complex interaction between the US, France, Israel, the Arabic and Muslim countries on an "us against them" basis. The Eurabia theories are dismissed as Islamophobic, extremist and conspiracy theories in the academic community. At first academics showed little interest in
3515-766: The Eurabia concept. Fallaci received criticism as well as support in Italy, where her books have sold over one million copies. At the first European Social Forum , which was held in Florence in November 2002, Fallaci invited the people of Florence to cease commercial operations and stay home. Furthermore, she compared the ESF to the Nazi occupation of Florence . Protest organizers declared, "We have done it for Oriana, because she hasn't spoken in public for
3610-672: The European People's Party and the Party of European Socialists were attempting to bring about Eurabia. The day before the vote, Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini endorsed the theory as a genuine threat. He insisted that a state of Eurabia had already occurred in Sweden, a claim which the Swedish embassy promptly denied with an official statement. Invoking the memory of Oriana Fallaci, he released an anti-migrant speech on Twitter, accompanied by
3705-520: The OED Online , the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)". In modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet , a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word"
3800-512: The United States , the theories have found strong proponents in the Islamophobia movement, among them the president of Stop Islamization of America , Robert Spencer and political commentator Daniel Pipes . In May 2006, Fox News host John Gibson called for white Americans to have more babies, referencing a decline in the "native population" of Europe as an apparent demographic warning for
3895-649: The counter-jihad movement's "structural need" for a conspiracy theory, and compares "Eurabia" to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , while Carr compares it to the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory . Doug Saunders argues that pro- Al-Qaeda writers, and those who promote the Eurabia theory as truth, have a common extremism and world view, where "there is one creature called 'the Muslim' and another called 'the Westerner ' ". He proposes that there
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3990-422: The wagon train by riding ahead alone on his horse". Kissinger later wrote that it was "the single most disastrous conversation I have ever had with any member of the press". Fallaci also interviewed Deng Xiaoping , Andreas Papandreou , Ayatollah Khomeini , Haile Selassie , Lech Wałęsa , Muammar Gaddafi , Mário Soares , George Habash , and Alfred Hitchcock , among others. After retirement, she returned to
4085-466: The "chador", for example, which I was obliged to wear to come and interview you, and which you impose on Iranian women.... I am not only referring to the dress, but to what it represents, I mean the apartheid Iranian women have been forced into after the revolution. They cannot study at the university with men, they cannot work with men, they cannot swim in the sea or in a swimming-pool with men. They have to do everything separately, wearing their "chador". By
4180-745: The "most revealing ever of any Chinese leader by any western journalist", during which Deng spoke about Mao "extraordinarily frankly by Chinese standards" whereas most Western interviews with Chinese leaders have been "bland and dull". Living in New York City and in a house she owned in Tuscany , Fallaci lectured at the University of Chicago , Yale University , Harvard University and Columbia University . After 11 September 2001 , Fallaci wrote three books critical of Islamic extremists and Islam in general, and in both writing and interviews warned that Europe
4275-555: The 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Fallaci's book Interview with History contains interviews with Indira Gandhi , Golda Meir , Yasser Arafat , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Willy Brandt , Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and Henry Kissinger , South Vietnamese president Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , and North Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp during the Vietnam War . The interview with Kissinger was published in The New Republic , with Kissinger describing himself as "the cowboy who leads
4370-509: The 1968 Tlatelolco massacre , Fallaci was shot three times by Mexican soldiers, dragged downstairs by her hair, and left for dead. Her eyewitness account became important evidence disproving the Mexican government's denials that a massacre had taken place. In the 1960s she began conducting interviews, first with people in the world of literature and cinema (published in book form in 1963 as Gli antipatici ) and later with world leaders (published in
4465-496: The 1973 book Intervista con la storia ), which have led some to describe her as "during the 1970s and 80s the most famous – and feared – interviewer in the world". In the early 1970s, Fallaci had a relationship with the subject of one of her interviews, Alexandros Panagoulis , who had been a solitary figure in the Greek resistance against the military dictatorship known as the Regime of
4560-561: The 9/11 attacks. When rumours of the construction of an Islamic centre in the city of Siena intensified, Fallaci told The New Yorker "If the Muslims build this Islamic center, she will blow it up with the help of her friends". Fallaci died on 15 September 2006, in her native Florence , from cancer. She was buried in the Cimitero Evangelico degli Allori in the southern suburb of Florence , Galluzzo , alongside her family members and
4655-653: The Arab countries. During the 1973 oil crisis , the European Economic Community (predecessor of the European Union ), had entered into the Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD) with the Arab League . Ye'or says it was a primary cause of alleged European hostility to Israel, referring to joint Euro-Arab foreign policies that she characterises as anti-American and anti-Zionist . Ye'or purported a close connection of
4750-507: The Colonels . Panagoulis had been captured, heavily tortured and imprisoned for his (unsuccessful) assassination attempt on dictator and former Hellenic Army colonel Georgios Papadopoulos . Panagoulis died in 1976, under controversial circumstances, in a road accident. Fallaci maintained that Panagoulis' "accident" had been arranged by remnants of the Greek military junta despite the transition to
4845-547: The Dutch parliament about Eurabia. In 2008, Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen , writing under his pseudonym Fjordman , published Defeating Eurabia . The book contends that one in three babies born in France are from a Muslim-background, and that there are hundreds of "Muslim ghettos" following Sharia law in the country, which Fjordman believes will either be overrun or face an impending civil war. 2083: A European Declaration of Independence ,
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#17328518521894940-487: The Eurabia theories due to their lack of factual basis. The theme was treated in studies of rightist extremism and Middle East politics. This changed after the 2011 Norway attacks , which resulted in the publication of several works specifically treating the Eurabia conspiracy theories. Janne Haaland Matláry went as far as to say that "it is poor use of time to analyse something so primitive". The Pew Research Center said in 2011 that "the data that we have isn't pointing in
5035-421: The Eurabia theory. The court finds that very few people, however, share Breivik's idea that the alleged "Islamization" should be fought with terror." Breivik has later stated that he previously had exploited "counterjihad" rhetoric in order to protect " ethno-nationalists ", thereby instead launching a media drive against what he deemed "anti-nationalist counterjihad"-supporters. Author Mark Steyn , described as
5130-448: The Italian anti-fascist resistance movement Giustizia e Libertà , part of Resistenza . She later received a certificate for valour from the Italian army . In a 1976 retrospective collection of her works, she remarked: Whether it comes from a despotic sovereign or an elected president, from a murderous general or a beloved leader, I see power as an inhuman and hateful phenomenon ... I have always looked on disobedience toward
5225-570: The Italian government to either prosecute or extradite her. Italian Minister of Justice Roberto Castelli rejected the request on the grounds that the Constitution of Italy protects freedom of speech . In May 2005, Adel Smith , president of the Union of Italian Muslims, launched a lawsuit against Fallaci charging that "some of the things she said in her book The Force of Reason are offensive to Islam". Smith's attorney cited 18 phrases, most notably
5320-714: The Pride and The Force of Reason both became bestsellers, the former selling over one million copies in Italy and 500,000 in the rest of Europe, and are considered part of the "Eurabia genre". Her third book in the same vein, Oriana Fallaci intervista sé stessa – L'Apocalisse ("The Apocalypse"), sold some two million copies globally, the three books together selling four million copies in Italy. Her writings have been translated into 21 languages, including English , Spanish , French , Dutch , German , Portuguese , Urdu , Greek , Swedish , Polish , Hungarian , Hebrew , Romanian , Serbo-Croatian , Persian , Slovenian , Danish and Bulgarian . On 27 August 2005, Fallaci had
5415-529: The Pride and The Force of Reason ( La Rage et l'Orgueil and La Force de la Raison in their French translations) were "offensive to Islam" and "racist". Her lawyer, Gilles William Goldnadel , president of the France-Israel Organization, was also Alexandre del Valle 's lawyer during similar lawsuits against del Valle. On 3 June 2005, Fallaci published on the front page of the Corriere della Sera
5510-744: The St. Vincent Prize for journalism (1967, 1971). She also received the Bancarella Prize (1970) for Nothing, and So Be It ; Viareggio Prize (1979), for Un uomo: Romanzo ; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for Inshallah . She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago) . On 30 November 2005, in New York City, Fallaci received the Annie Taylor Award for courage from the Center for the Study of Popular Culture . She
5605-463: The U.S. regarding Hispanic birthrates. In what Media Matters reported as fearmongering, he claimed that Eurabia was occurring in Europe. In his 2011–2012 run for the Republican presidential nomination, senator Rick Santorum warned that Europe was "creating an opportunity for the creation of Eurabia", and that the continent was "losing, because they are not having children." Classicist Bruce Thornton
5700-446: The United States as well as by believers in the notion of American exceptionalism , which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or, as is the case here, both. In Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis , Bat Ye'or says that Eurabia is the result of the Euro-Arab Dialogue , based on an allegedly French-led European policy intended to increase European power against the United States by aligning its interests with those of
5795-409: The aftermath of the shooting, Speroni confirmed his agreement with Breivik on the conspiracy theory in an interview with Radio 24 . In 2018, Giulio Meotti used the theory in relation to the demographics of Europe , writing that "Europe is over. Its future will be a mix of Eurabia and a geriatric ward." In May 2019, ahead of the European elections, Lega Nord leader for Sarzana claimed that both
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#17328518521895890-693: The alarmist school", using Muslims in France as an example. Specifically he has written that the Muslim population growth rate was lower than that predicted by Eurabia, partly because the fertility rate of immigrants declines with integration. He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group, and that many Muslims do seek to integrate politically and socially. Finally, he wrote that despite their numbers, Muslims have had little influence on French foreign policy . Furthermore, leading European Muslims are rather outspoken against religious fundamentalism and are far from acknowledging Arab countries as
5985-502: The beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another: Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings, clipping compounds or clipped compounds . Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by Lewis Carroll in " Jabberwocky ": They are sometimes termed intercalative blends; these words are among
6080-590: The case of Dutch populist Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders : This government is enthusiastically co-operating with the Islamisation of the Netherlands . In all of Europe the elite opens the floodgates wide. In only a little while, one in five people in the European Union will be Muslim. Good news for this multiculti-government that views bowing to the horrors of Allah as its most important task. Good news for
6175-448: The ceremony. She wrote in a speech: "This gold medal moves me because it gratifies my efforts as writer and journalist, my front line engagement to defend our culture, love for my country and for freedom. My current well-known health situation prevents me from travelling and receiving in person this gift that for me, a woman not used to medals and not too keen on trophies, has an intense ethical and moral significance." On 12 February 2006,
6270-442: The concept of Eurabia than anybody else in Europe. In political campaigning for the 2019 European Parliament election , Germany's far-right party AfD used Jean-Léon Gérôme 's 1886 painting The Slave Market with the slogan "Europeans vote AfD!" and "So Europe doesn't become Eurabia!". Deutsche Welle reported that the reproduction of the painting suggestively depicted dark-skinned men with beards and foreign-dress "inspecting
6365-462: The concept, which he took as the potential future Islamisation of Europe based on demographic facts and ideational lack of the continent. The idea of a Eurabian conspiracy has become a basic theme in the European extremist and populist right and expresses as well a significant strategy change. José Pedro Zúquete writes that the threat that the Crescent will rise over the continent and the spectre of
6460-492: The continent's press or elected institutions being aware of it. Nowhere in this ideologically driven interpretation of European-Arab relations does Ye'or come close to proving the 'secret history' that she professes to reveal. The Eurabia conspiracy theory has many similarities to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Arun Kundnani, writing for the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, notes that "Eurabia" fulfills
6555-602: The direction of 'Eurabia' at all", and predicts that the percentage of Muslims is estimated to rise to 8% in 2030. In 2007, academics who analysed the demographics dismissed the predictions that the EU would have Muslim majorities. Whilst it is reasonable to assume that the overall Muslim population in Europe will increase, and Muslim citizens have and will have a significant imprint on European life, its significance can be overstated. Justin Vaïsse seeks to discredit what he calls, "four myths of
6650-493: The early 2000s and it is described in her 2005 book titled Eurabia: The Euro‐Arab Axis . Benjamin Lee of the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats at the University of Lancaster described her work as arguing that Europe "has surrendered to Islam and is in a state of submission (described as dhimmitude ) in which Europe is forced to deny its own culture, stand silently by in
6745-434: The face of Muslim atrocities, accept Muslim immigration, and pay tribute through various types of economic assistance." According to the theory, the blame rests with a range of groups including communists, fascists, the media, universities, mosques and Islamic cultural centres, European bureaucrats, and the Euro-Arab Dialogue . The term has gained some public interest and it has also been used and discussed by activists across
6840-586: The final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim 's coinage סמרטוטר smartutár 'rag-dealer'." Blending may occur with an error in lexical selection , the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to
6935-403: The ingredients is the head and the other is attributive. A porta-light is a portable light, not a 'light-emitting' or light portability; light is the head. A snobject is a snobbery-satisfying object and not an objective or other kind of snob; object is the head. As is also true for (conventional, non-blend) attributive compounds (among which bathroom , for example, is a kind of room, not
7030-643: The last 12 years and hasn't been laughing in the last 50". In 2002, in Switzerland , the Islamic Center and the Somal Association of Geneva , SOS Racisme of Lausanne , along with a private citizen, sued Fallaci for the allegedly racist content of The Rage and the Pride . In November 2002, a Swiss judge issued an arrest warrant for violations of articles 261 and 261 bis of the Swiss criminal code and requested
7125-639: The little baby he married when 70 years old, the 16 concubines, and a female camel wearing a Burqa. So far my pencil stopped at the image of the camel, but my next attempt will surely be better." She received the America Award of the Italy–USA Foundation in 2010 (in memoriam). Fallaci received much public attention for her controversial writings and statements on Islam and European Muslims . She claimed that Muslims were colonizing Europe through immigration and high fertility rates , in line with
7220-447: The manifesto of Anders Behring Breivik , the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks , includes a lengthy discussion of and support for the "Eurabia" theory. It also contains several articles on the Eurabia theme by Bat Ye'or and Fjordman. As a result, the theory received widespread mainstream media attention following the attacks. In the verdict against Breivik, the court said that "many people share Breivik's conspiracy theory , including
7315-492: The message "No to Eurabia". In 2008, journalist Arthur van Amerongen described Molenbeek as "Brussels: Eurabia". Despite alleging that writer Wim van Rooy had already coined the phrase, Amerongen faced severe peer and media criticism for endorsing the conspiracy theory. After the November 2015 Paris attacks and discovery of a Brussels ISIL terror cell , photojournalist Teun Voeten agreed with Amerongen's description, calling
7410-490: The morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable. Some languages, like Japanese , encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo ), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke , a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty ) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora , オーケストラ ),
7505-515: The municipality an "ethnic and religious enclave". Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders , who serves in the Dutch House of Representatives , has openly stated that "if we do not stop Islamification now, Eurabia and Netherabia will just be a matter of time." A supporter of the conspiracy theory, Wilders believes Muslim immigration to Europe is being driven by an agreement between the European Union and Islamic countries. He has delivered speeches in
7600-465: The narrative is the idea of a demographic threat , the fear that, at some time in the future, Islam will take over Europe. or as Bernard Lewis put it, "Europe will be Islamic by the end of the century." Walter Laqueur 's The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for An Old Continent is quoted often among the Eurabia literature. Bat Ye'or first used the term "Eurabia" in 2002 and again in another 2005 book. The conservative historian Niall Ferguson referred to
7695-473: The oppressive as the only way to use the miracle of having been born. After attaining her secondary school diploma, Fallaci briefly attended the University of Florence where she studied medicine and chemistry. She later transferred to literature but soon dropped out and never finished her studies. Her uncle Bruno Fallaci, himself a journalist, suggested that Fallaci pursue a career in journalism . Fallaci began her career in journalism during her teens, becoming
7790-495: The original "portmanteaus" for which this meaning of the word was created. In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. Some linguists do not recognize these as blends. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: A splinter may be followed by an entire word: An entire word may replace part of another: These have also been called sandwich words, and classed among intercalative blends. (When two words are combined in their entirety,
7885-603: The president of Tuscany, Riccardo Nencini , awarded Fallaci a gold medal from the Council of Tuscany. Nencini reported that the prize was awarded as Fallaci was a beacon of Tuscan culture in the world. During the award ceremony, held in New York City, the writer talked about her attempt to create a caricature of Mohammed , following the polemic relating to similar caricatures that had appeared in French and Dutch newspapers . She declared: "I will draw Mohammed with his 9 wives, including
7980-453: The result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe. ) Morphologically, blends fall into two kinds: overlapping and non-overlapping . Overlapping blends are those for which the ingredients' consonants, vowels or even syllables overlap to some extent. The overlap can be of different kinds. These are also called haplologic blends. There may be an overlap that
8075-489: The spotlight after writing a series of controversial articles and books critical of Islam that aroused condemnation for Islamophobia as well as popular support. Fallaci was born in Florence , Italy, on 29 June 1929. Her father Edoardo Fallaci, a cabinet maker in Florence, was a political activist struggling to put an end to the dictatorship of Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini . During World War II she joined
8170-464: The teeth of a nude white woman". In 2004, journalist Oriana Fallaci claimed that Muslim immigration and high fertility was part of the conspiracy theory. In 2005, Fallaci told The Wall Street Journal that "Europe is no longer Europe", adding "it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam". In 2011, Francesco Speroni , a sitting MEP for Lega Nord , stated that he shared the same view as Anders Behring Breivik 's idea "that we are going towards Eurabia". In
8265-480: The then-common type of luggage , which opens into two equal parts: You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word. In his introduction to his 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark , Carroll again uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take
8360-462: The two words "fuming" and "furious". Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious". In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. According to the OED Online , a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of
8455-406: The use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious." The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and
8550-401: The use of the term by 2011 Norway attacker , Anders Behring Breivik . Ye'or's thesis has come under criticism by scholars, which intensified after Breivik's crime. The conspiracy has been described as having a resemblance to the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Eurabia has also been discussed by believers in classical anti-Europeanism , a strong influence on the culture of
8645-503: The way, how can you swim wearing a "chador"? AK: None of this concerns you, our customs do not concern you. If you don't like the Islamic dress, you are not obliged to wear it, since it is for young women and respectable ladies. OF: Very kind (of you). Since you tell me that, I'm going to immediately rid myself of this stupid medieval rag. There! In 1980 Fallaci interviewed Deng Xiaoping . Michael Rank described this interview as
8740-542: The whole of the shorter ingredient, as in then the effect depends on orthography alone. (They are also called orthographic blends. ) An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological: For some linguists, an overlap is a condition for a blend. Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic: Morphosemantically, blends fall into two kinds: attributive and coordinate . Attributive blends (also called syntactic or telescope blends) are those in which one of
8835-479: Was "too tolerant of Muslims ". The first book was The Rage and the Pride (initially a four-page article in Corriere della Sera , the major national newspaper in Italy). In this book, she calls for the destruction of what is now called Islam. She wrote that the "sons of Allah breed like rats", and in a Wall Street Journal interview in 2005, she said that Europe was no longer Europe but " Eurabia ". The Rage and
8930-676: Was awarded the Ambrogino d'oro (Golden Ambrogino), the highest recognition of the city of Milan . She also received the Jan Karski Eagle Award . Acting on a proposal by the Minister of Education Letizia Moratti , on 14 December 2005, the president of the Italian Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , awarded Fallaci a gold medal for her cultural contributions ( Benemerita della Cultura ). The state of her health prevented her from attending
9025-414: Was honoured for the "heroism and the values" that rendered her "a symbol of the fight against Islamic fascism and a knight of the freedom of humankind". The Annie Taylor Award is annually awarded to people who have demonstrated unusual courage in adverse conditions and great danger. David Horowitz , founder of the center, described Fallaci as "a General in the fight for freedom". On 8 December 2005, Fallaci
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