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37-680: The current primate of the church is Stephanos , Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia, elected in 1999. Little is known about the history of the church in the area until the 17th and 18th centuries, when many Old Believers fled there from Russia to avoid the liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow. Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: In

74-646: A Marxist–Leninist ideology which held as an ideological goal the elimination of religion and its replacement with state atheism . In response, Patriarch Tikhon had excommunicated the Soviet leadership in 1918, leading to a period of intense persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church . In April 1922, Tikhon was imprisoned, and the Estonian clergy lost contact with the Moscow Patriarchate. In September 1922

111-513: A college degree, usually a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Philosophy , and terminating in a higher degree, such as a Master of Arts in Theology or a Master of Divinity . The pastoral dimension helps to develop pastoral familiarity with situations such as bedside manner , marriage, and life in the parish. For Catholic seminarians, seminary formation can be divided into four distinct stages of formation. The Dallas Theological Seminary (DTS)

148-772: A hoax, a great part of the new Orthodox peasants returned to the Lutheran Church. In the late 19th century, a wave of Russification was introduced, supported by the Russian hierarchy but not by the local Estonian clergy. The Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky in Tallinn and the Pühtitsa (Pukhtitsa) convent in Kuremäe in East Estonia were also built around this time. After the Republic of Estonia

185-399: A seminary to become a priest must be sponsored by either a diocese or by a religious order. Often a diocese might be attached to or affiliated with a larger Catholic college or university so that the larger college and its faculty provides more general education in history or theology while the seminary focuses on topics specific to the needs of future priests, such as training in canon law ,

222-579: A seminary will train both that particular order's or diocese's priests and the priests of other orders or dioceses that select that particular seminary for its priests. For instance, Saint John's Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts trains priests for many of the other dioceses in New England which are suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston . Either way, a man who seeks to enter

259-667: A year of study towards a medical degree at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium , but elected in 1960 to switch to divinity studies. He transferred to the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris , simultaneously pursuing studies at the University of Paris . He was awarded the degree of Master of Theology from St. Sergius and the degree of lector from the university. Charalambides

296-584: Is an evangelical theological seminary in Dallas, Texas . It is known for popularizing the theological system of dispensationalism . DTS has campuses in Dallas, Houston , and Washington, D.C. , as well as extension sites in Atlanta , Austin , San Antonio , Nashville , Northwest Arkansas , Europe, and Guatemala , and a multilingual online education program. DTS is the largest non-denominational seminary accredited by

333-468: The Association of Theological Schools . DTS was founded as "Evangelical Theological College" in 1924 by Rollin T. Chafer and his brother, Lewis Sperry Chafer , who taught the first class of thirteen students, and William Henry Griffith Thomas , who was to have been the school's first theology professor but died before the first classes began. Their vision was a school where expository Bible preaching

370-582: The Council of Trent document Cum adolescentium aetas , 'Since the age of adolescence' which called for the first modern seminaries. In the United States, the term is currently used for graduate-level theological institutions, but historically it was used for high schools . The establishment of seminaries in modern times resulted from Roman Catholic reforms of the Counter-Reformation after

407-456: The Council of Trent . These Tridentine seminaries placed great emphasis on spiritual formation and personal discipline as well as the study, first of philosophy as a base, and, then, as the final crown, theology. The oldest Catholic seminary in the United States is St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore founded in 1791. In the United States, Protestant institutions also widely adopted

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444-522: The primate of the church, Metropolitan Aleksander, went into exile along with 21 clergymen and about 8,000 Orthodox believers. The Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile with its synod in Sweden continued its activity according to the canonical statutes, until the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991. Before he died in 1953, Metr. Aleksander established his community as an exarchate under Constantinople. Most of

481-669: The sacraments , and preaching , or specific to the particular order or diocese. For instance the Theological College in Washington, D.C. , is part of The Catholic University of America . Further, in Rome there are several seminaries which educate seminarians or already ordained priests and bishops and which are maintained by orders or dioceses from outside of Italy. Many countries have their own pontifical seminary in Italy, usually very close to

518-628: The 18th and 19th centuries, Estonia was a part of the Russian Empire . In the 1850s a rumour spread that the Orthodox Church promised to provide everybody who converted to Orthodoxy a piece of land of their own somewhere in Russia. Some 65,000 Estonian peasants were converted to the Orthodox faith in the hope of obtaining land, and numerous Orthodox churches were built. Later, when the rumour turned out to be

555-748: The Assembly of Orthodox Bishops of France, lector at St. Sergius, and professor of patrology at the Roman Catholic seminary of Nice. In 1996, the Ecumenical Patriarchate restored the Estonian Orthodox Church as an autonomous entity under its protection, following the independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union . A General Assembly of the church elected Bishop Stephanos as Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia. The new metropolitan

592-737: The Catholic Church are divided into minor seminaries for teenagers and major seminaries for adults, including both college seminaries, sometimes also known as minor seminaries, for undergraduate students and post-graduate seminaries for those who already have a bachelor's degree . There are also seminaries for older adults who are well out of school, such as the Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary in Massachusetts, and for other more specialized purposes. All seminaries are run either by religious orders or by dioceses or other similar structures. Often

629-915: The Council of the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople, Meletius IV , to (1) transfer control of the Estonian church from the Russian Orthodox Church to the Patriarchate of Constantinople , and (2) clarify the Estonian church's canonical status. In 1923 the Patriarchate of Constantinople issued a tomos (ecclesiastical edict) which brought the EAOC under Constantinople's jurisdiction and granted it autonomy , but not full autocephaly . Before 1941, one-fifth of

666-625: The Ecumenical Patriarchate's Metropolitan of France. Stephanos of Tallinn Metropolitan Stephanos of Tallinn and All Estonia ( Estonian : Stefanus ; born 29 April 1940) is the current primate (elected in 1999) of the Orthodox Church of Estonia . Metropolitan Stephanos was born Christakis Charalambides in Bukavu , Belgian Congo (now DR Congo ). His parents were of Cypriot ancestry. The future metropolitan undertook

703-654: The Holy See. Only some Catholic universities may bestow these degrees; these are called ecclesiastical or pontifical universities . The only pontifical seminary outside of Italy is the Pontifical College Josephinum , in Columbus, Ohio . As outlined by the Ratio , Catholic seminary formation is composed of four major components, or dimensions: human, spiritual, intellectual and pastoral. The human dimension focuses on

740-808: The Moscow Patriarchate, which regarded the Estonian church as being part of its territory. The Patriarch of Moscow temporarily removed the name of the Ecumenical Patriarch from the diptychs. In this difficult situation, the Orthodox Church of Estonia received help and support from the Finnish Orthodox Church , especially from Archbishop Johannes (Rinne) of the Archdiocese of Karelia and All Finland and Auxiliary Bishop Ambrosius (Risto Jääskeläinen) of Joensuu. The Ecumenical Patriarchate decided that Archbishop Johannes, Bishop Ambrosius and pastor Heikki Huttunen from Espoo should be available to give help in

777-454: The Orthodox community in Estonia arose between those who claimed that the Moscow Patriarchate has no jurisdiction in Estonia and those who wished to return to the jurisdiction of Moscow. The dispute often took place along ethnic lines, as many Russians had immigrated to Estonia during the Soviet occupation. Lengthy negotiations between the two patriarchates failed to produce any agreement. In 1993,

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814-516: The Russian Orthodox Church. From a U.S. Department of State report released in November 2003, about 20,000 believers (mostly ethnic Estonians) in 60 parishes are part of the church under Constantinople, with 150,000 faithful in 31 parishes, along with the monastic community of Pühtitsa, under the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1999, the church received a resident hierarch, Metropolitan Stephanos (Charalambides) of Tallinn , formerly an auxiliary bishop under

851-821: The Vatican. For instance, the Pontifical North American College , which trains priests from the United States and elsewhere, is supported by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . These colleges usually award degrees to seminarians and priests pursuing further education and specializing in specific fields such as Scripture , hagiography , moral theology , or Canon Law , among countless others. In addition to civil degrees, these pontifical seminaries confer ecclesiastical degrees ( Baccalaureate of Sacred Theology , Licentiate of Sacred Theology , and Doctorate of Sacred Theology ), which are backed by

888-469: The governing document as of 2016 is Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Sacerdotalis , 1992's Pastores dabo vobis , and the Code of Canon Law . Seminaries are overseen by regional conferences of bishops . In the United States, the governing document is Program of Priestly Formation: in the United States of America (6th Ed.) , published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2022. Seminaries in

925-511: The other bishops and clergy who remained behind were deported to Siberia. In 1958, a new synod was established in exile, and the church was organized from Sweden. In 1978, at the urging of the Moscow Patriarchate, the Ecumenical Patriarch declared the charter ( tomos ) of the Church as granted in 1923, inoperative. The church ceased to exist until the breakup of the Soviet Union, when divisions within

962-505: The reconstruction of the newly restored church. Archbishop Johannes would temporarily act as a deputy metropolitan (1996–1999) of the Estonian Autonomous Church. An agreement was reached in which local congregations could choose which jurisdiction to follow. The Orthodox community in Estonia, which accounts for 16.15% of the total population, remains divided, with the majority of faithful (mostly ethnic Russians) remaining under

999-476: The seminarian's ability to relate to others, show etiquette, and care for himself (in what he eats, frequency of exercise, healthcare, etc.). The spiritual dimension aids the seminarian in becoming more responsive to God and forming a habit of prayer throughout the day. It also emphasizes the importance of the Sacraments and liturgy . The intellectual dimension consists of academic classes, usually beginning with

1036-567: The southern United States. The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance . In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries. In some countries, the term seminary is also used for secular schools of higher education that train teachers; in the nineteenth century, many female seminaries were established in

1073-623: The synod of the Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile was re-registered as the legal successor of the autonomous Orthodox Church of Estonia, and on February 20, 1996, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formally reactivated the tomos granted to the OCE in 1923, restoring its canonical subordination to the Ecumenical Patriarchate . This action brought immediate protest from the Estonian-born Patriarch Alexei II of

1110-791: The term 'seminary' for independent graduate schools (separate from a university) to train their ministers. The oldest such Protestant seminary in the United States was founded in Andover, Massachusetts , in 1807 as the Andover Theological Seminary and was affiliated with the Congregationalist Church . After two mergers and a number of relocations, Andover is now part of the Yale Divinity School , in New Haven, Connecticut . General guidelines for seminary formation are set out in

1147-618: The total Estonian population (who had been mostly Lutheran since the Reformation in the early 16th century when the country was controlled by the Teutonic Order) were Orthodox Christians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople. There were 158 parishes in Estonia and 183 clerics in the Estonian church. There was also a Chair of Orthodoxy in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Tartu. There

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1184-682: Was a Pskovo-Pechorsky Monastery in Petseri , two convents in Narva and Kuremäe, a priory in Tallinn and a seminary in Petseri. The ancient monastery in Petseri was preserved from the mass church destructions that occurred in Soviet Russia. In 1940, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union, whose government undertook a general programme of the dissolution of all ecclesiastical independence within its territory. From 1942 to 1944, however, autonomy under Constantinople

1221-520: Was installed on 21 March 1999. Seminary A seminary , school of theology , theological college , or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians ) in scripture and theology , generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy , in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry . The English word is taken from Latin : seminarium , translated as 'seed-bed', an image taken from

1258-602: Was ordained to the diaconate on 6 January 1963 and to the priesthood on 17 November 1968 for service in the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France . He was appointed in 1972 as protosyngellos (i.e., episcopal vicar) for the southern region of France, with his base in Nice . Fr. Stephanos was consecrated on 25 March 1987 to the episcopacy with the titular title of Bishop of Nazianzus . While continuing his previous responsibilities, he took on new assignments: secretary of

1295-431: Was proclaimed in 1918, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, St. Tikhon , in 1920 recognised the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (EAOC) as being autonomous (Resolution No. 1780), postponing the discussion of its autocephaly . Archbishop Aleksander Paulus was elected and ordained Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia  [ Wikidata ] , head of the EAOC. Prior to this, Soviet Russia had adopted

1332-546: Was taught simply, and under Chafers' leadership, DTS pioneered one of the first four-year degrees in theology, the Master of Theology (Th.M.). The present location of the school was purchased in 1926 and Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) program was started in 1927. Chafer remained president until his death in 1952. The seminary had a considerable influence in the fundamentalist movement by training students who established various Bible Colleges and independent fundamentalist churches in

1369-472: Was temporarily revived. In 1945, a representative of the Moscow Patriarchate dismissed the members of the OCE synod who had remained in Estonia and established a new organisation, the Diocesan Council. Orthodox believers in occupied Estonia were thus subordinated to being a diocese within the Russian Orthodox Church. Just before the second Soviet occupation in 1944 and the dissolution of the Estonian synod,

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