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64-410: Espírito Santo ( Portuguese: [(i)sˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu] ; lit.   ' Holy Spirit ' ) is a state in southeastern Brazil . Its capital is Vitória , and its largest city is Serra . With an extensive coastline , the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions. The capital, Vitória, is located on an island, which borders

128-601: A "Holy Trinity", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be blasphemy . The same prohibition applies to any idea of the duality of God ( Allah ). The Baháʼí Faith has the concept of the Most Great Spirit , seen as the bounty of God . It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the messengers/prophets of God who include, among others, Jesus, Muhammad and Bahá'u'lláh . In Baháʼí belief,

192-524: A common Austrian–Hungarian passport, or in the case of the Tyroleans, under an Italian passport. Tyrolean settlers were both of German and Italian language and concentrated in the region of Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. Romanians (especially from Transylvania and Bukovina ) and Roma usually arrived under Austrian passports. Large groups of Romani people settled in Espírito Santo's countryside in

256-668: A distinction between the spirit and psyche , which is also seen in the Pauline epistles . According to proponents of the History of religions school , the Christian concept of the Holy Spirit cannot be explained from Jewish ideas alone without reference to the Hellenistic religions. And according to theologian Erik Konsmo, the views "are so dissimilar that the only legitimate connection one can make

320-474: A group of Dutch settlers from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen migrated to the state. In the area of Santa Leopoldina, their dialect of Dutch, which they call Ollans but is in fact a variety of Zeeuws-Vlaams influenced by Pomeranian, is still spoken by about 20 speakers. It is therefore severely endangered. The first African slaves in Espírito Santo arrived in Vitória in 1609, and years of slavery ensued. Espírito Santo, though,

384-522: A possessive suffix is added the definite article ha is dropped). The Holy Spirit in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts. For the large majority of Christians , the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost , from Old English gast , "spirit")

448-516: A retinue of 60 soldiers, colonists, slaves, and servants. They settled on Vitória Island and around the Bay of Vitória. The capital was at first established in Vila Velha , but due to frequent raids by Amerindians, it was moved to the current capital of Vitória, founded on 8 September 1551, on an island near Vila Velha, which was later named Vitória Island. In 1556, after the arrival of European missionaries,

512-562: Is Tupi for "corn hair", reportedly because the blond hair of the European settlers reminded the Amerindian natives of the golden color of corn. A more mainstream explanation is that the name is a metaphor for a corn-grower; Vitória Island is known to have been full of corn plantations in the early centuries of Portuguese rule in Brazil. A third etymology is from the name of a local tribe, borrowed by

576-542: Is Santa Cruz). It later changed to its current name, Nova Almeida. Around 1760, there were about 3000 Tupiniquim Amerindians living here, forming the bulk of Nova Almeida's population. Nova Almeida's area is 547 km (211 sq mi), and it lies on the coast at sea level. It is now considered part of the Greater Vitória metropolitan area, since it lies within Serra. This town has undergone great transformation in

640-433: Is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountainous forests, mangroves and many others. The volcanic islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz , 715 kilometers (444 mi) east of Vitória in the southern Atlantic Ocean, are part of Espírito Santo. This Brazilian state is in the east of the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains

704-595: Is contrary to the Shema . They do not consider the Hebrew word for "one" (Hebrew: אחד, ekhad ) as meaning anything other than a simple numerical one . The rabbinical understanding of the Holy Spirit has a certain degree of personification , but it remains, "a quality belonging to God, one of his attributes". The idea of God as a duality or trinity is considered shituf (or "not purely monotheistic"). According to theologian Rudolf Bultmann , there are two ways to think about

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768-512: Is difficult to maintain. In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth wrote: Another Stoic concept which offered inspiration to the Church was that of "divine Spirit". Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's "creative fire", had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma , or "spirit", to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent "spirit"

832-406: Is increasing. Sands and marbles are also important products of Espírito Santo extractivism . The state's subsoil is rich in minerals, including oil, with considerable reserves of limestone, marble, manganese, ilmenite, bauxite, zirconium, monazites, and rare earths, although not all are being explored. In mineral extraction, exploration of reserves of marbles, limestone, and dolomite is happening in

896-617: Is more typical of the Old Testament whereas dynamistic is more common in the New Testament. The distinction coincides with the Holy Spirit as either a temporary or permanent gift. In the Old Testament and Jewish thought, it is primarily temporary with a specific situation or task in mind, whereas in the Christian concept the gift resides in persons permanently. On the surface, the Holy Spirit appears to have an equivalent in non-Abrahamic Hellenistic mystery religions . These religions included

960-459: Is now Syria and Lebanon, they came to the state fleeing World War I. As at the time, they were Ottoman Empire citizens, they were commonly called "Turcos" (Turks). Large communities were established in the southern part of the state. Now, their descendants control a good share of the local commerce. The Arab-Brazilians of Espírito Santo are generally Maronite Christians . About 60–75% of the population of Espírito Santo has Italian ancestry, making it

1024-467: Is represented primarily by cattle raised for milk and beef. Industry consists mainly of canning, forestry, textiles, and iron and steel works. The latter two are concentrated around Cariacica and the Vale do Rio Doce ironworks. Vitória is an important port for the exporting of iron and steel; the state is among the biggest steel-producing regions the world. In São Mateus , petroleum reserves have been found on

1088-510: Is the third person of the Trinity: The "Triune God" manifested as Father , Son , and Holy Spirit; each Person being God. Two symbols from the New Testament canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian iconography : a winged dove, and tongues of fire. Each depiction of the Holy Spirit arose from different accounts in the Gospel narratives; the first being at the baptism of Jesus in

1152-460: Is turning increasingly towards agrotourism , is appealing to its Italian roots to exploit that market. Germans were among the first colonists to cultivate land away from the coastal zone, and were a strong influence. The first German settlement, Santa Isabel , was founded in 1844, and still stands. Like today's capixaba Italian community, they still hold on to many aspects of their ancestors' homeland's culture, as represented in festivals such as

1216-600: Is with the Greek term πνεῦμα [ pneuma , Spirit] itself". Another link with ancient Greek thought is the Stoic idea of the spirit as anima mundi – or world soul – that unites all people. Some believe that this can be seen in Paul's formulation of the concept of the Holy Spirit that unites Christians in Jesus Christ and love for one another, but Konsmo again thinks that this position

1280-522: The Baha’i Faith , the Holy Spirit is seen as the intermediary between God and man and "the outpouring grace of God and the effulgent rays that emanate from His Manifestation". The Hebrew Bible contains the term " spirit of God " ( ruach elochim ) which by Jews is interpreted in the sense of the might of a unitary God . This interpretation is different from the Nicene Christian conception of

1344-566: The Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century, during the colonial rule of Brazil , and named after a 16th-century captaincy covering roughly the same area of coast. Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815, prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , Espírito Santo was elevated to a province . After

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1408-575: The Holy Spirit as one person of the Trinity . The Christian concept tends to emphasize the moral aspect of the Holy Spirit as a common expression in the Christian New Testament. Based on the Old Testament, the book of Acts emphasizes the power of ministry aspect of the Holy Spirit. In general, Jews reject any conception of a co-equal, multi-person godhead; anything but an absolute monotheism

1472-797: The Jordan River where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of God the Father spoke as described in Matthew , Mark , and Luke ; the second being from the day of Pentecost , fifty days after Passover where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ , as tongues of fire as described in the Acts of the Apostles , as promised by Jesus in his farewell discourse. Called "the unveiled epiphany of God ",

1536-596: The Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal (1807) . After the Independence of Brazil in 1822, Espírito Santo's provincial status was kept, and it was headed by an appointed provincial president. Emperor Pedro II , who was on good terms with the provincial president, visited the Espírito Santo in 1860, during one of his tours of Brazil. In 1889, with the advent of the First Brazilian Republic , Espírito Santo

1600-471: The Portuguese during the colonial period. Originally, capixaba referred only to people from Vitória, but in common parlance, it eventually came to refer to those born anywhere in the state. The official state demonym, however, is "espírito-santense". Espírito Santo was first inhabited by Amerindians , whose different tribes were usually semi-nomadic, but precolonial Brazil has no recorded history. The area

1664-534: The Santa Maria River  [ pt ] basin, the northern branch of the inlets flowing into the sea near Vitória, and the Jucu River Basin, which flows into the sea at roughly the same place, but corresponds to the southern branch. Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River is generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in

1728-577: The independence of Brazil in 1822, it became a province of the newly established Empire of Brazil , and after Brazil became a republic in 1889, it was granted statehood. In the early 20th century, its current state symbols were adopted. Espírito Santo's namesake is the Christian Holy Ghost (also known as the Holy Spirit). Debate exists as to the origin of the term capixaba , the unofficial demonym for those born in Espírito Santo. "Capixaba"

1792-405: The 16th century, several towns in Espírito Santo were founded with primarily Amerindian populations converted to Catholicism, such as Serra and Santa Cruz . Amerindian food has left its legacy in capixaba culture; the fish-based Moqueca capixaba is the state dish, among other local typical seafood dishes. One large ethnic group in the state is known as Turcos. Technically from the region that

1856-399: The 2,890 meter tall Pico da Bandeira ), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó range . Ethnicities of Espírito Santo in 2022. According to the 2022 census , 3,833,712 people were residing in the state. The census revealed: 1,908,803 Brown (multiracial) (49.8%), 1,479,275 White (38.6%), 429,680 Black (11.2%), 11,617 Indigenous (0.3%) and 4,268 Asian (0.1%). The population density

1920-672: The Cachoeiro de Itapemirim area. Although relatively small, the industrial park in Espírito Santo is home to chemical, metallurgical, food, and paper and cellulose industries. About industry , Espírito Santo in 2017 had an industrial GDP of R$ 21.3 billion, equivalent to 1.8% of the national industry. It employed 168,357 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: extraction of oil and natural gas (23.0%), construction (20.5%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (12.3%), metallurgy (7.5 %), and pulp and paper (6.6%). These sectors concentrate 69.9% of

1984-574: The Christian as in the Stoic mind – with the ideas of vital fire and beneficent warmth. The Hebrew language phrase ruach ha-kodesh ( Hebrew : רוח הקודש , "holy spirit" also transliterated ruaḥ ha-qodesh ) is used in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish writings to refer to the spirit of YHWH (רוח יהוה). The Hebrew terms ruacḥ qodshəka , "thy holy spirit" ( רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ ), and ruacḥ qodshō , "his holy spirit" ( רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ ), also occur (when

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2048-601: The Holy Spirit is a partner to God in the Godhead, but rather is the pure essence of God's attributes. The Hindu concept of Advaita is linked to the Trinity, according to the theologian Raimon Panikkar . He states that the Holy Spirit, as one of the Three Persons of the Trinity of "father, Logos and Holy Spirit", is a bridge-builder between Christianity and Hinduism. He explains that: "The meeting of spiritualistic can take place in

2112-670: The Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain Hadith , some Muslims identify it with the angel Gabriel (Arabic Jibrāʾīl ). The Spirit ( الروح al-Ruh , without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened Adam , and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including Jesus and Abraham . The belief in

2176-477: The Holy Spirit is seen as the source of all goodness in the universe, the spark of all life within humanity, and is the ultimate guide for humanity to righteousness and communion with God. The Holy Spirit is put in direct opposition to its eternal dual counterpart, Angra Mainyu , who is the source of all wickedness and who leads humanity astray. The ancient Gnostic text known as the Secret Book of John refers to

2240-503: The Holy Spirit is the conduit through which the wisdom of God becomes directly associated with his messenger, and it has been described variously in different religions such as the burning bush to Moses, the sacred fire to Zoroaster, the dove to Jesus, the angel Gabriel to Muhammad, and the Maid of Heaven to Bahá'u'lláh (founder of the Baháʼí Faith). The Baháʼí view rejects the idea that

2304-526: The Holy Spirit is the One who empowers the followers of Jesus with spiritual gifts and power that enables the proclamation of Jesus Christ, and the power that brings conviction of faith. The Holy Spirit ( Arabic : روح القدس , romanized :  Ruh al-Qudus , "the Spirit of Holiness") is mentioned four times in the Qur'an , where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Muslim interpretation of

2368-462: The Holy Spirit is understood as the divine quality or force of God manifesting in the world, particularly in acts of prophecy , creation and guidance. In Nicene Christianity , this conception expanded in meaning to represent the third person of the Trinity , co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and God the Son . In Islam , the Holy Spirit acts as an agent of divine action or communication. In

2432-520: The Holy Spirit: "animistic" and "dynamistic". In animistic thinking, he is "an independent agent, a personal power which (...) can fall upon a man and take possession of him, enabling him or compelling him to perform manifestations of power" while in dynamistic thought it "appears as an impersonal force which fills a man like a fluid". Both kinds of thought appear in Jewish and Christian scripture, but animistic

2496-659: The Sommerfest in Domingos Martins . Domingos Martins also hosts a Colonization Museum, where one can find old photos, artifacts, and documents pertaining to that settlement movement. Espírito Santo is home to the biggest community of East Pomeranian speakers in the world. More than a century after arriving to Espírito Santo, East Pomeranian continues to be spoken and remains an important part of Espírito Santo's heritage for many people. To this day, they continue centuries-old customs within their communities. Between 1858 and 1862,

2560-518: The Spirit. No new 'system' has primarily to come of this encounter, but a new and yet old spirit must emerge." Atman is Vedic terminology elaborated in Hindu scriptures such as Upanishads and Vedanta signifies the Ultimate Reality and Absolute . In Zoroastrianism , the Holy Spirit, also known as Spenta Mainyu , is a hypostasis of Ahura Mazda , the supreme Creator God of Zoroastrianism;

2624-585: The capital Vitória: Companhia Ferro e Aço de Vitória, iron ore pelletizing plant of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; lumber, textiles, crockery, instant coffee, chocolates and refrigerators. In the Itapemirim river valley, cement, sugar and alcohol, and canned fruit industries are developed. Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit , otherwise known as the Holy Ghost , is a concept within the Abrahamic religions . In Judaism ,

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2688-526: The cities Serra, Nova Almeida , and Santa Cruz were founded. The captaincy remained under the influence of Coutinho's family for 140 years. It was elevated to province status in 1821, following the 1815 elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves , prompted by the 1808 transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil . The Portuguese court were fleeing

2752-468: The colonial era, periods of gold rush occurred, when agriculture was neglected, leading to food shortages , but not as much gold was found in Espírito Santo, as in the neighbouring states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . Another reason for the subdued expansion was the colonial administration's prohibition of the laying roads leading into Minas Gerais, as gold could be smuggled through the state. With 46,180 square kilometers (17,830 sq mi), it

2816-412: The continental shelf, and are being commercially exploited. In agricultural production, coffee, sugarcane, papaya, banana, and coconut stand out. It also produces cassava , oranges, and beans. In 2020, Espírito Santo was the largest producer of Coffea canephora in Brazil, with a 66.3% share of the total (564.5 thousand tons, or 9.4 million 60 kg bags). In 2017, Minas accounted for 54.3% of

2880-476: The largest oil province in the country, with total reserves of 2.5 billion barrels. About 140 thousand barrels a day are produced. Oil fields are located both on land and at sea, in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep waters, containing light and heavy oil and unassociated gas. In the urban centers of the capital and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, practically all the main units of the Espírito Santo transformation industry are concentrated. The steel industries are located in

2944-507: The late 19th century. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 50%, followed by the industrial sector at 44%. Agriculture represents 5% of GDP (2004). Espírito Santo's exports consisted mainly of manufacturing of iron and steel 35.8%, iron ore 25.2%, paper 17.6%, coffee 7.7%, and granite 6.5% (as of 2002). Espírito Santo is Brazil's highest steel-producing state. The main crops grown are coffee, sugarcane, and fruits (mostly coconuts, bananas and papayas ). The livestock industry

3008-456: The military government slowly redemocratized , culminating in the adoption of Brazil's current 1988 Constitution . Democratic elections were held for the filling of every term, up to the incumbent, Renato Casagrande . During the first three centuries of Portuguese colonialism , the main cash crop was sugarcane , until coffee, in high demand in Europe, overtook it in the mid-19th century. During

3072-408: The municipalities of Vila Velha , Cariacica , and Serra . These municipalities, plus the outer cities of Fundão and Guarapari , constitute the state's main metro area . In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo is Itaúnas, in the municipality of Conceição da Barra , which is a tourist location known for its sand dunes and forró tradition. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo was carved out of

3136-477: The region of Vitória. In the south, dairy farming is practiced, and milk is sold, through cooperatives, in the markets of Rio de Janeiro and Vitória. More recently developed are silviculture and fruit-growing, with use for canned fruit and cellulose production. The total number of chickens in the state is about 9.2 million birds, and that of cattle exceeds 1.8 million head. Important reserves of granite are known and used, and extraction of natural gas and oil

3200-420: The second-largest producer of the fruit in the world, currently in third place, losing only to India and Ecuador , and produced 6.7 million tons in the same year. Espírito Santo was the largest Brazilian producer of papaya in 2018, with 354 thousand tons. Brazil produced 1.06 million tons in the same year. The state was the fifth-largest producer of coconuts in Brazil in 2009, with 157 million fruits. In 2018,

3264-492: The south and southwest of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are lower. One of the most important lake districts in Brazil lies on the banks of the Doce River. The area contains some 26 large lakes, the biggest of which is called Juparanã Lagoon . The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as Serra (where one can find

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3328-430: The state also produced cassava, in a small amount compared to Brazilian production: 115,000 tons, with the country producing 17 million tons. Espírito Santo had an orange production of around 18,000 tons in 2018, the country's 14th-largest producer state. In the north of the state, beef cattle are raised and fattened, and the meat industry was developed; the meat is mainly shipped to Rio de Janeiro, in addition to supplying

3392-527: The state with the highest percentage of Italian descendants in Brazil. They founded many towns in the area and have significant influence on capixaba society. A number of traditional Italian dance groups are still in the state, as are Italian culture festivals, such as the one held in Venda Nova do Imigrante . Italian food is also an important part of capixaba cuisine. Italian pasta and cheeses, such as mozzarella , are produced locally. Small-scale farming, which

3456-467: The state's industry. In 2012, the export basket of Espírito Santo was based on iron ore (52.49%), crude oil (10.87%), chemical pulp made of soda or sulphate wood (10.01%), stone or construction (5.58%), and coffee (4.42%). Espírito Santo exports iron produced in Minas Gerais. In the mineral extractive industry, in 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of

3520-571: The states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), the state of Bahia (N), the state of Minas Gerais (N and W), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (S). Espírito Santo's main cities (outside the Greater Vitória region) are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim , Colatina , Linhares , São Mateus and Aracruz . The main river serving the state is the Doce (English: Sweet River). Other important river basins include

3584-472: The supreme female principle Barbelo as the Holy Spirit. Nova Almeida, Esp%C3%ADrito Santo Nova Almeida was founded in 1556 by Jesuit priests who wanted to spread the Christian faith amongst native Amerindians . First founded under the name "Reis Magos" (now the name of the river at whose mouth it rests), it was then known as "Aldeia Nova" (taking that name from neighbouring Aldeia Nova, which today

3648-404: The total national coffee production (first place), Espírito Santo accounted for 19.7% (second place) and São Paulo, 9.8% (third place). Brazil is the world's biggest productor of sugarcane, with 672 million tons/year. In 2020, Espírito Santo harvested almost 3 million tons. Espírito Santo was the seventh-largest national producer of bananas in 2018, with 408 thousand tons. Brazil was already

3712-454: The total volume produced. São Paulo comes in second place, with an 11.5% share of total production. Espírito Santo was the third-largest producer state, with 9.4%. In recent years, Espírito Santo has stood out in the production of oil and natural gas. With several discoveries made, mainly by Petrobras, the state left the fifth position in the Brazilian ranking of reserves, in 2002, to become one of

3776-584: Was inaugurated on 7 June 1891. During the Vargas Era , state governors were indirectly elected by Congress . A short period of democracy existed during the Second Brazilian Republic ; Carlos Monteiro Lindenberg was elected governor. However, after the 1964 coup d'état , governors were once again chosen by the national assembly. After Cristiano Dias Lopes, Arthur Carlos Gerhard Santos, Élcio Álvares , and Eurico Rezende were chosen in this fashion,

3840-521: Was 72.7 inhabitants per square kilometer (188/sq mi). Urbanization: 82.2% (2006); Population growth : 2% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,056,000 (2006). The precolonial Amerindians groups in Espírito Santo were the Tupiniquim , Temininó , Aymoré , Puri , and Botocudo . They have largely been absorbed into the Portuguese-Brazilian civilization, and few live in reservations or tribes. Especially in

3904-402: Was colonized by the Portuguese starting in the 16th century, and received African slaves, and later, European immigrants of various origins. The Captaincy of Espírito Santo, a hereditary fief , was granted to Vasco Coutinho by Manuel I of Portugal around three decades after the Portuguese first landed in Brazil in 1500. He arrived at the captaincy to serve his term on 23 May 1535, bringing

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3968-407: Was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the "Holy Spirit" of Christian theology, the "Lord and Giver of life", visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated – in

4032-407: Was made one of the states of Brazil. Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa was appointed the first governor of the state by the provisional government. He was followed by four other appointed governors ( José Horácio Costa , Constante Gomes Sodré , Henrique da Silva Coutinho , and Antônio Gomez Aguirre ) until the first elected governor of Espírito Santo, Alfeu Adolfo Monjardim de Andrade e Almeida ,

4096-407: Was still to play a significant part in the Brazilian abolitionist movement in the guise of its slave rebellion of 1848–1849, which required the intervention of imperial troops. Slavery began to lose its economic importance in Espírito Santo after that event. Pinning down the exact numbers of immigrants of several ethnic groups from Europe is difficult. Many of these groups came to Espírito Santo under

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