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65-400: The cemetery was established in 1826 at what was then the edge of the city, taking its name from East 9th Street's original name. It was the city's first permanent cemetery, replacing a community burial ground just south of Public Square . Many of Cleveland's earliest pioneers and leaders are buried there, including Lorenzo Carter , the city's first permanent white settler; and John W. Willey ,

130-654: A Unified System of Photometry. These mesopic visual performance models are conducted in laboratory conditions in which the viewer is not exposed to higher levels of luminance than the level being tested for. Further research is needed to bring additional factors into these models such as visual adaptation and the biological mechanics of rod cells before these models are able to accurately predict visual performance in real world conditions. The current understanding of visual adaptation and rod cell mechanics suggests that any benefits from rod-mediated scotopic vision are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in real world conditions under

195-675: A charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company , and the first gas company in the world came into being. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas. Following this success, gas lighting spread outside London, both within Britain and abroad. The first place outside London in England to have gas lighting, was Preston, Lancashire in 1816, where Joseph Dunn 's Preston Gaslight Company introduced

260-653: A house on the rue Saint-Dominique seventeen years prior. The first gas lamps on the main streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 on the place du Carrousel and the Rue de Rivoli , then on the rue de la Paix , place Vendôme , and rue de Castiglione. By 1857, the Grands Boulevards were all lit with gas; a Parisian writer enthused in August 1857: "That which most enchants the Parisians is

325-630: A large system illuminating a significant portion of the city, with over 13 km of streets lit by 52 incandescent lights and 3 arc lights. Powered by a municipal power company, this system gave Tamworth the title of "First City of Light" in Australia. On 10 December 1885, Härnösand became the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the Gådeå power station being taken into use. Incandescent lamps were primarily used for street lighting until

390-602: A new, brighter gas lighting. Another early adopter was the city of Baltimore , where the gaslights were first demonstrated at Rembrandt Peale 's Museum in 1816, and Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore provided the first gas streetlights in the United States. In the 1860s, streetlights were started in the Southern Hemisphere in New Zealand . Kerosene streetlamps were invented by Polish pharmacist Ignacy Łukasiewicz in

455-607: A redesign of the square. In October 2011, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson proposed his plan to redevelop the square, which included closing Superior Avenue and Ontario Street to create a large green space in the center. On October 23, 2014, the Cleveland Landmarks Commission approved a plan which closed Ontario Street but kept Superior Avenue open to bus traffic, and kept the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument prominent. The project began construction on March 9, 2015, and

520-619: A small foundry in Adelaide Street and occupied by J. W. Sutton and Co. In 1884, Walhalla, Victoria , had two lamps installed on the main street by the Long Tunnel (Gold) Mining Company. In 1886, the isolated mining town of Waratah in Tasmania was the first to have an extensive system of electrically powered street lighting installed. In 1888, the New South Wales town of Tamworth installed

585-470: A statue to reformist mayor Tom L. Johnson . The southern half is mostly a paved plaza area with a cafe and water feature adjacent to the 125-foot-tall (38 m) Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument and a statue of Moses Cleaveland. Public Square was part of the Connecticut Land Company 's original plan for the city, which were overseen by Moses Cleaveland in the 1790s. The square is signature of

650-590: A wall-bracket or standard lamp. The standard base is cast metal with an escutcheon bearing two intertwined letters 'F', the Royal cypher of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and commemorates the date of the birth of his daughter, the Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier . The first electric street lighting employed arc lamps , initially the "electric candle", "Jablotchkoff candle", or " Yablochkov candle ", developed by Russian Pavel Yablochkov in 1875. This

715-622: Is not found in the data. Towns, cities, and villages can use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners. Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fundraising via lamppost banner sponsorship programs first designed by a US-based lamppost banner manufacturer. The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused , and cause light pollution . There are three optical phenomena that need to be recognized in streetlight installations. There are also physical dangers to

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780-459: Is the central plaza of Downtown Cleveland , Ohio . Based on an 18th-century New England model, it was part of the original 1796 town plat overseen by city founder General Moses Cleaveland of the Connecticut Land Company . The historical center of the city's downtown, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The 9.5-acre (3.8 ha) square is centered on

845-519: Is the first major city to have entirely switched to LED lighting. In North America , the city of Mississauga , Canada was one of the first and largest LED conversion projects, with over 46,000 lights converted to LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America to use Smart City technology to control the lights. DimOnOff , a company based in Quebec City ,

910-833: The Arc de Triomphe , to celebrate the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition . In 1881, to coincide with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, streetlights were installed on the major boulevards. The first streets in London lit with the electrical arc lamp were by the Holborn Viaduct and the Thames Embankment in 1878. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck of Siemens & Halske . The United States

975-453: The Netherlands , Philips found that birds can get disoriented by the red wavelengths in street lighting, and in response developed alternative lighting that only emit in the green and blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The lamps were installed on Ameland in a small-scale test. If successful, the technology could be used on ships and offshore installations to avoid luring birds towards

1040-408: The current through the string became zero, causing the voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see Ohm's law ). In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and power was restored to the rest of the district. The streetlight circuit contained an automatic current regulator, preventing the current from increasing as lamps burned out, preserving

1105-590: The "spirit" of coal and discovered its flammability by accident. William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use this gas for the practical application of lighting. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal-gas as the most effective. He first lit his own house in Redruth , Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light

1170-400: The 20th century, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were preferred, taking further the same virtues. Such lamps provide the greatest amount of photopic illumination for the least consumption of electricity. Two national standards now allow for variation in illuminance when using lamps of different spectra . In Australia, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. In

1235-651: The Ameritrust building across the square were scrapped. Other buildings that face the square include 55 Public Square (1958), 75 Public Square (1915), the Society for Savings Building (1890), Metzenbaum Courthouse (1910), the former May Company department store (1914), the Park Building (1903), and the Hotel Cleveland (1918). The demolished Cuyahoga Building (1893) and Williamson Building (1900) formerly stood on

1300-564: The Civil Twilight Collective created a variant of the conventional LED streetlight, namely the Lunar-resonant streetlight. These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the streetlight according to the lunar light. This streetlight design thus reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution. Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions, creating

1365-617: The Parisian Parliament decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid 17th century it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King Louis XIV authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing

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1430-454: The UK, illuminances are reduced with higher values S/P ratio. New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights , emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens . It is a commonly accepted practice to justify and implement a lower luminance level for roadway lighting based on increased scotopic lumens provided by white light. However, this practice fails to provide

1495-433: The advent of high-intensity gas-discharge lamps . They were often operated at high-voltage series circuits . Series circuits were popular since their higher voltage produced more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of photoelectric controls, a single switch or clock could control all the lights in an entire district. To avoid having the entire system go dark if a single lamp burned out, each streetlamp

1560-584: The cemetery. On September 16th, 2024, Erie Street Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. Among the cemetery's more than 17,000 interments are veterans who participated in conflicts from the Revolutionary War through the Spanish–American War . Notable burials at Erie Street Cemetery include: Public Square, Cleveland Public Square

1625-600: The city of Lemberg ( Austrian Empire ), in 1853. His kerosene lamps were later widely used in Bucharest, Paris, and other European cities. He went on to open the world's first mine in 1854 and the world's first kerosene refinery in 1856 in Jasło , Poland. In Paris, public street lighting was first installed on a covered shopping street, the Passage des Panoramas , in 1817, private interior gas lighting having been previously demonstrated in

1690-400: The city's first mayor . The cemetery was open to members of all faiths. During the administration of Mayor Tom L. Johnson in the early 20th century, bodies were moved from the cemetery to the municipally-owned Highland Park Cemetery, and parts of the cemetery were vacated for city streets. The Pioneers' Memorial Association was formed in 1915 to advocate for the cemetery. In 1925, its future

1755-486: The context needed to apply laboratory-based visual performance testing to the real world. Critical factors such as visual adaptation are left out of this practice of lowering luminance levels, leading to reduced visual performance. Additionally, there have been no formal specifications written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and street departments to hold back on implementation of these new technologies until

1820-457: The dark than in daylight. At least in the 1980s and 1990s, when automobile crashes were far more common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tended to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges. Some say lighting reduces crime, as many would expect. However, others say any correlation (let alone causation)

1885-447: The decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at Apothecary's Hall , by Taylor & Martineau . Farola fernandina is a traditional design of gas streetlight which remains popular in Spain. Essentially, it is a neoclassical French style of gas lamp dating from the late 18th century. It may be either

1950-459: The development of cheap, reliable and bright incandescent light bulbs at the end of the 19th century, arc lights passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer. The first street to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street, in Newcastle . The street was lit for one night by Joseph Swan 's incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879. Consequently, Newcastle has

2015-410: The edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform . When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led. Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is little-to-no ambient light, such as at dusk, dawn, or

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2080-533: The first city street in the world to be lit by electric lighting. The first city in the United States to successfully demonstrate electric lighting was Cleveland , Ohio, with 12 electric lights around the Public Square road system on 29 April 1879. Wabash, Indiana , lit 4 Brush arc lamps with 3,000 candlepower each, suspended over their courthouse on 2 February 1880, making the town square "as light as midday". Kimberley , Cape Colony (modern South Africa),

2145-417: The fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 streetlights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by 1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended 20 yards (18 m) apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m); as an English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting

2210-698: The former intersection of Superior Avenue and Ontario Street . Cleveland's four tallest buildings, Key Tower , Huntington , Sherwin Williams , and the Terminal Tower , face the square. Other landmarks adjacent to Public Square include the 1855 Old Stone Church and the former Higbee's department store made famous in the 1983 film A Christmas Story , which has been occupied by the Jack Cleveland Casino since 2012. Originally designed as four separate squares bisected by Superior Avenue and Ontario Street,

2275-476: The lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton , Mayor of London though there is no firm evidence of this. Public street lighting was first developed in the 16th century, and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows by Edmund Heming in London and Jan van der Heyden in Amsterdam, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588

2340-483: The layout for early New England towns, which Cleveland was modeled after. While it initially served as a common pasture for settlers' animals, less than a century later Public Square was the height of modernity, when in 1879 it became the first street in the world to be lit with electric street lights , arc lamps designed by Cleveland native Charles F. Brush . The square was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1975. A parking lot now faces

2405-594: The life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This system was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator separating the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousand volts above ground. Today, street lighting commonly uses high-intensity discharge lamps . Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps became commonplace after World War II for their low power consumption and long life. Late in

2470-498: The lower portions to increase their visibility. High winds or accumulated metal fatigue also occasionally topple streetlights. Light pollution can hide the stars and interfere with astronomy . In settings near astronomical telescopes and observatories , low-pressure sodium lamps may be used. These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as mercury and metal halide lamps because low-pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity, monochromatic light. Observatories can filter

2535-506: The main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. The first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall , London on 4 June 1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor . In 1811, Engineer Samuel Clegg designed and built what is now considered the oldest extant gasworks in the world. Gas

2600-487: The new lighting by gas of the boulevards...From the church of the Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lamps, shining with a clarity white and pure, have a marvelous effect." The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname "The City of Light." Oil-gas appeared in the field as a rival of coal-gas. In 1815, John Taylor patented an apparatus for

2665-441: The northern and southern ends. In total, ten U.S. and state routes meet at Public Square. It is the northern terminus of SR 3 , SR 8 , and SR 43 ; the western terminus of US 322 , US 422 , SR 14 , and SR 87 ; and the northeastern terminus of US 42 . US 6 passes through the square on Superior, and US 20 enters from the west on Superior and leaves via Euclid Avenue . US 21 also terminated at Public Square until that route

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2730-516: The northwest quadrant of the square. A 12-story building, which was built on the spot in 1913, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the new Ameritrust Center, an 1,197-foot (365 m) skyscraper designed by New York's Kohn Pedersen Fox . Before construction began, Ameritrust was acquired by Society Bank , which was also planning to construct and subsequently relocate to a new building on Public Square—Key Tower (formerly known as Society Center). Because Society did not need two skyscrapers, plans for

2795-501: The onset of dark weather conditions. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a solar dial . Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another. Street lights are an important source of public security lighting intended to reduce crime. Early lamps were used in the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilizations, where light primarily served

2860-472: The open sea at night. Bats can be negatively impacted by streetlights, with evidence showing that red light can be least harmful. As a result, some areas have installed red LED streetlights to minimise disruption to bats. A study published in Science Advances reported that streetlights in southern England had detrimental impacts on local insect populations. Streetlights can also impact plant growth and

2925-514: The original design. These barriers were removed on March 25, 2024. An episode of NBC's American Ninja Warrior was held in Public Square and aired in July 2017 A privately operated cafe, Rebol, located in the southwestern area of Public Square, opened in July 2016. Public Square is bounded by East Roadway and West Roadway at the western and eastern ends and by Rockwell Avenue and South Roadway at

2990-423: The posts of streetlamps, other than children climbing them for recreational purposes. Streetlight stanchions (lampposts) pose a collision risk to motorists and pedestrians, particularly those affected by poor eyesight or under the influence of alcohol. This can be reduced by designing them to break away when hit (known as frangible , collapsible, or passively safe supports), protecting them by guardrails, or marking

3055-687: The presence of high luminance light sources. Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: glow, trespass and glare. Using this method, lighting specifiers can quantify the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of automobile accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in numerous crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in

3120-552: The purpose of security , to both protect the wanderer from tripping on the path over something and keep potential robbers at bay. At that time, oil lamps were used predominantly, as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. A slave responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of Roman villas was called a lanternarius . In the words of Edwin Heathcote , "Romans illuminated the streets with oil lamps, and cities from Baghdad to Cordoba were similarly lit when most of Europe

3185-607: The site of 200 Public Square. Public Square is often the site of political rallies and civic functions, including a free annual Independence Day concert by the Cleveland Orchestra . At the Balloonfest '86 , close to 1.5 million balloons rose up from Public Square, engulfing the Terminal Tower and setting a world record. In collaboration with landscape architect James Corner , the city in 2009 began to explore concepts for

3250-433: The sodium wavelength out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light that is directed at the sky, which also improves the luminous efficiency of the light. Streetlights can impact biodiversity and ecosystems—for instance, disrupting the migration of some nocturnally migrating bird species. In

3315-506: The square was redeveloped in 2016 by the city into a more pedestrian-friendly environment by routing most traffic around the square. The section of Ontario Street through the square was removed, while the section of Superior Avenue was rebuilt to only allow buses with stops for multiple bus lines of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority . The northern half of the square is mostly green space and includes

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3380-541: The standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex, UK is currently undergoing a project to see 6000 of its streetlights converted to LED and will be closely followed by Hastings in early 2014. Many UK councils are undergoing mass-replacement schemes to LED, and though streetlights are being removed along many long stretches of UK motorways (as they are not needed and cause light pollution), LEDs are preferred in areas where lighting installations are necessary. Milan , Italy,

3445-570: The top of lampposts; by 1817, there were 4,694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution (1789–1799), the revolutionaries found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats and other opponents. The first widespread system of street lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. Stephen Hales was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas

3510-454: Was a carbon arc lamp employing alternating current , which ensured that both electrodes were consumed at equal rates. In 1876, the common council of the city of Los Angeles ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting. On 30 May 1878, the first electric streetlights in Paris were installed on the avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Étoile , around

3575-468: Was chosen as a Smart City partner for this project. In the United States, the city of Ann Arbor , Michigan was the first metropolitan area to fully implement LED street lighting in 2006. Since then, sodium-vapor lamps were slowly being replaced by LED lamps . Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments. In 2007,

3640-433: Was equipped with a device that ensured that the circuit would remain intact. Early series streetlights were equipped with isolation transformers. that would allow current to pass across the transformer whether the bulb worked or not. Later, the film cutout was invented. This was a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an open circuit ),

3705-523: Was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a diarist wrote in 1712 that 'All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.' A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère , was introduced in 1745 and improved in subsequent years. The light shed from these réverbères was considerably brighter, enough that some people complained of glare. These lamps were attached to

3770-483: Was living in what it is now rather unfashionable to call the Dark Ages but which were, from the point of view of street lighting, exactly that." So-called " link boys " escorted people from one place to another through the murky, winding streets of medieval towns. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of

3835-716: Was officially opened on June 30, 2016. Public Square's development was showcased during the Cleveland Cavaliers championship parade as a welcome sight with much of the construction materials removed to display the renovation. At first, buses did not run along Superior Avenue as planned, but in order to avoid a $ 12 million repayment of grants to the Federal Transit Administration , the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority agreed to run buses along it by March 2017. The city installed jersey barriers along Superior Avenue due to fears of terrorism, contrary to

3900-424: Was quick in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall moonlight towers . Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance-intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With

3965-720: Was secured when City Manager William R. Hopkins decided to build the Lorain-Carnegie Bridge around, rather than through, the cemetery. Improvements and maintenance have been performed by groups including the Works Progress Administration and the Cleveland Grays . It was designated as an official Ohio historical site in October 2009, and it is a Cleveland City Landmark. Honors students at Cuyahoga Community College have conducted research about people buried in

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4030-486: Was the first city in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to have electric public lighting, on 12 November 1884; 731 lamps were used. On 9 December 1882, Brisbane , Queensland, Australia was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration of 8 arc lights, erected along Queen Street Mall . The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in

4095-711: Was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and in Africa to have electric streetlights – with 16 first lit on 2 September 1882. The system was only the second in the world, after that of Philadelphia , to be powered municipally. In Central America, San Jose , Costa Rica, lit 25 lamps powered by a hydroelectric plant on 9 August 1884. Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have electric public lighting on 7 June 1882, followed by Berlin on 20 September 1882 (Potsdamer Platz only). Temesvár (Timișoara in present-day Romania)

4160-464: Was truncated to Marietta in 1967. Public Square is adjacent to the Tower City transit station , served by three RTA rail lines. The HealthLine , a bus rapid transit line that travels along Euclid Avenue , terminates at Public Square. Street light A street light , light pole , lamp pole, lamppost , streetlamp , light standard , or lamp standard is a raised source of light on

4225-602: Was used to light the worsted mill in the village of Dolphinholme in North Lancashire. The remains of the works, including a chimney and gas plant, have been put on the National Heritage List for England. Clegg's installation saved the building's owners the cost of up to 1,500 candles every night. It also lit the mill owner's house and the street of millworkers' houses in Dolphinholme. In 1812, Parliament granted

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