Terminal Tower is a 52-story, 708 ft (216 m), landmark skyscraper located on Public Square in the downtown core of Cleveland , Ohio , United States. Built during the skyscraper boom of the 1920s and 1930s, it was the second-tallest building in the world when it was completed. Terminal Tower stood as the tallest building in North America outside of New York City from its completion in 1927 until 1964. It was the tallest building in the state of Ohio until the completion of Key Tower in 1991, and remains the second-tallest building in the state . The building is part of the Tower City Center mixed-use development, and its major tenants include Forest City Enterprises , which maintained its corporate headquarters there until 2018, and Riverside Company.
77-421: The tower, owned by Forest City Realty Trust since 1983, was purchased by Cleveland's K&D Group on September 15, 2016 for $ 38.5 million (equivalent to $ 47.9 million in 2023). K&D added a mixed-use element to the building, converting 11 of the lower, larger floors to residential use, with 293 one- and two-bedroom apartments. Many other historic downtown buildings are undergoing similar conversions. K&D
154-535: A "global franchise operation" by Forbes magazine. Internally, United Ways are classified by how much funds they raise on a scale of 10 levels. Metro 1 is the highest-ranking which requires raising at least $ 9 million annually. United Ways are federated fundraising bodies that mobilize a single fundraising campaign to raise money for a diverse range of nonprofits. United Ways raise funds and determine how to best distribute them. United Ways raise funds primarily via company-sanctioned workplace campaigns, where
231-525: A $ 459,000 condo in New York City for Aramony. In December 1991, an outside firm was hired to conduct the investigation into the allegations. A lawyer concluded that there had been "sloppy record-keeping" and "inattention to detail" but avoided any specific admission of wrongdoing in the preliminary investigation. Aramony, who was due to retire in July 1993, submitted his resignation on February 27, 1992, during
308-519: A limited period, with plans to expand public access. To reach the observation deck, visitors take the elevator to the 32nd floor and then transfer to another elevator to reach the 42nd floor. Before its original closure, the deck was open only on weekends to prevent disruption to the law firm that has offices on the 32nd floor. In 2018, the Observation Deck was open on weekends from noon to 4 pm, with reservations. It had been renovated to its look in
385-486: A narrower set of issues that resonate strongly with donors, including championing controversial issues have excluded from United Way funding or that do not appeal to United Way's predominantly male, white, corporate membership. These alternative funds challenged the central thesis of the United Way model – that one umbrella organization can serve both the donors' interests and community's needs. The competition for access to
462-425: A new name and logo. The organization announced on July 13, 1970, that it would change its name from "United Funds and Council of America" to United Way of America . Bayard Ewing, the president of the fund said: "We wanted a simple name that would give people a clearer and more descriptive idea of what our organization is trying to do. I hope that the name will be adopted by all of our 2,260 fund‐raising units throughout
539-516: A planned interurban streetcar line. Both lines would share a common route from Cleveland through Shaker Square (recognized as the second modern planned shopping center in the United States) where they would divide onto their own routes. The Van Sweringens designated Shaker Boulevard as a grand boulevard of mansions, fronted by generous setbacks from the interurban tracks. Higher-density luxury apartments were planned for Moreland Boulevard, which
616-474: A policy of donor designation in 1982, allowing donors to select which nonprofit organizations would receive their gift. Aramony first introduced the donor choice concept to prevent large employers from allowing alternative funds to solicit alongside United Way. However, United Ways resisted donation designations and the roll out of the new policy was described as a "glacial pace" in a 2000 piece in Fortune . Despite
693-481: A rate of 5–10% annually. United Community Funds and Council of America, the national association of United Funds, expanded its role in the 1970s. Historically, it served a similar role as a trade association to the United Funds and lacked authority in shaping their affiliates. Its thousands of affiliates went by no fewer than 137 different names and pursued thousands of different charitable objectives. I think that
770-501: A single workplace drive. The focus of local community fundraising also conflicted with the mission of the national health organizations. Many United Funds supported health causes locally, with funds going to charities in their local communities. By the late 1960s, the conflicts between United Funds and national health charities resolved itself with many of the charities folding into the United Fund or retreating from competing. After WWII,
847-552: A teleconference with local United Ways. Aramony said he was retiring "to put things back in proper focus ... because media attention is overshadowing the importance of the work of United Way and the countless accomplishments we have made together." In April 1995, Aramony was convicted on 23 counts of felony charges, including conspiracy, fraud and filing false tax returns. He was sentenced to seven years in prison and served six years. Two associates, Thomas J. Merlo and Stephen J. Paulachak, were also convicted and sentenced to prison. In
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#1732851467087924-458: A train near Hoboken of coronary thrombosis on November 22, 1936. At the time of his death, O.P.'s net worth was less than $ 3,000. The brothers are buried together in Cleveland's Lakeview Cemetery under a tombstone that reads: "Brothers". United Way of America United Way is an international network of over 1,800 local nonprofit fundraising affiliates. Prior to 2015, United Way
1001-588: A year or not at all." Last year in Detroit there were no fewer than 50 charity drives in addition to the Community Chest. This year Detroiters reconsolidated with a will. They lumped together all of the Chest's 125 component agencies, plus 18 others, as beneficiaries of a single United Foundation "Torch" Drive. — Life magazine, November 14, 1949 This outgrowth of objections from business and labor leaders led to
1078-564: Is deducted, funds raised locally by United Way are then distributed to various nonprofit agencies within those communities. Major recipients have included the American Cancer Society , Big Brothers/Big Sisters , Catholic Charities , Girl Scouts , Boy Scouts , and The Salvation Army . Membership in United Way and use of the United Way brand is overseen by the United Way Worldwide umbrella organization. United Way Worldwide
1155-499: Is not a top-down organization that has ownership of local United Ways. Instead, each local United Way is run as independently and incorporated separately as a 501(c)(3) organization . Each affiliate is led by local staff and volunteers and have their own board of directors , independent of United Way Worldwide or a parent organization. Some United Way affiliates, like the Central Community Chest of Japan , choose not to use
1232-601: Is the largest privately held owner/manager of apartment buildings in the area and maintains the tower's upper floors as office spaces. Built for $ 179 million by the Van Sweringen brothers , the tower was to serve as an office building atop the city's new rail station , the Cleveland Union Terminal . Originally planned to be 14 stories, the structure was expanded to 52 floors with a height of 708 feet (216 m). It rests on 280-foot (85 m) caissons. Designed by
1309-689: The 2003 blackout . Today, the tower's external lights include 508 LEDs that can be configured into various color schemes, such as red and green during the Christmas season and red, white, and blue for various federal holidays. Many Cleveland social and medical groups light Terminal Tower for their causes. In February, Terminal Tower is red for the American Heart Association Go Red for Women campaign, and pink for Breast Cancer Awareness month in October. Some of Cleveland's ethnic groups have had
1386-676: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , they added plans to include steam railways. On March 1, 1917, the engineers of the Erie Railroad , the Nickel Plate, and the Cleveland Terminal Company reported that a new freight-and-passenger terminal located on Public Square in downtown Cleveland would be economical. The plan provided twelve stub-end tracks for the steam passenger trains, with loops for local and interurban cars above. The space above
1463-604: The Charity Organization Society , which coordinated services between Jewish and Christian charities and fundraising for 22 agencies. Many Community Chest organizations, which were founded in the first half of the twentieth century to jointly collect and allocate money, joined the American Association for Community Organizations in 1918. The first Community Chest was founded in 1913 in Cleveland , Ohio, after
1540-685: The Cleveland Guardians , orange and brown for the Cleveland Browns , and wine and gold for the Cleveland Cavaliers . During the 2014 Gay Games , the tower was lit in a rainbow pattern (representing the gay pride flag). In January 2015, Terminal Tower was lit in scarlet and gray in support of the Ohio State Buckeyes during the football team's National Championship run as Cleveland has a large OSU fan and alumni base. Terminal Tower
1617-793: The New York Stock Exchange . Following the Great Depression , the brothers' rail empire suffered financial difficulties. Loans were foreclosed upon and assets were sold to meet interest payments for their debts. In 1933, O.P. Van Sweringen testified before the United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, in Washington, D.C., and during testimony, described their complex business dealings as it related to railroads. M.J. Van Sweringen's health began to decline in 1934 and he died on December 12, 1935. O.P. died on board
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#17328514670871694-758: The Pennsylvania Railroad withdrew from the project. Smith, in his capacity as the president of the NYCRR, allied with the Van Sweringens, was fiercely opposed Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1923, the Van Sweringens announced their plans to build The Terminal Tower (a tall building to increase office space) over the Union Station to compare to the Woolworth Building in New York City . It was necessary to design
1771-494: The United Way Information Network , a centralized national pledge processing center. The national center aimed to make donations more efficient and attractive to companies with national footprints. However, these plans competed with the regional pledge processing centers operated by four large regional United Ways. The software was riddled with issues and was unable to process gifts in its first test run. A review of
1848-489: The suburb and downtown . In 1913, the Van Sweringens established the Cleveland Interurban Railroad , which managed the operation of their streetcar lines in what is now Cleveland Heights, Ohio . In order to provide convenience to residents of Shaker Heights, the Van Sweringens planned a high-speed interurban styled electric rail line, which was christened Shaker Heights Rapid Transit and commonly known as
1925-649: The "United" prefix in their names. In 1956, Community Chests and Councils, Inc. changed its name again to United Community Funds and Councils of America (UCFCA) to reflect the shifting naming used by its affiliates. The "big three" national health drives (the American Cancer Society, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , and the American Red Cross) objected to handing over control of their fundraising efforts and refused to participate in
2002-409: The 1930s. in 2024, the Observation Deck is open on weekends in the afternoon, closed in winter except for the holidays, and tickets are reserved online. The Terminal Tower was lit when dedicated in 1930. A strobe light on top of the tower rotated 360 degrees. It helped ships in Cleveland's port and airplane pilots landing at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport . The external spotlights that lit
2079-602: The American Association for Community Organization changed its name to the Community Chests and Councils, Inc in 1927. World War II also impacted the Community Chest movement. National health research charities, like the American Red Cross and the American Cancer Society , gained government support during the war. These health agencies used their centralized headquarters and nationwide fundraising reach to run separate and competing local fundraising campaigns alongside
2156-552: The Community Chests. The competing appeals between the health organizations and Community Chests resulted in exhausting and disorganized situations. Business leaders were concerned that the barrage of donation drives in the workplace would reduce productivity. The Ford Company issued a well-publicized press release stating that the automaker lost $ 40,000 in executive time and employee productivity with each plant solicitation. A committee at Ford led by Henry Ford II told charities to "federate or perish. We'll contribute to charity once
2233-539: The Rapid and other municipal rail and bus routes were combined under the auspices of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority . The station area was converted into a shopping mall known as Tower City Center , which opened in 1990. The fortunes of the Van Sweringens rose in the 1920s. By 1929, their holdings were valued at $ 3 billion, mostly as a result of the high valuation of stocks on
2310-430: The Rapid. This prompted the Van Sweringens to purchase land in the vicinity of Public Square in downtown Cleveland as early as 1909 to provide a terminus for their rapid transit line. Their Rapids could travel at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), but the line could not be moved farther west than 34th Street. In order to meet the Van Sweringens' guidelines that the Rapid would not travel in street traffic,
2387-469: The Terminal Tower lit in their traditional colors, such as green on Saint Patrick's Day . On Polish Constitution Day, usually May 3, Cleveland's Pol-Am community lights the tower in white and red (Polish flag colors), and the tower goes red, green, and white (Italian flag colors) for Columbus Day . Terminal Tower also sports the colors of the various sports teams in town, such as red, white, and blue for
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2464-513: The US called the Combined Federal Campaign . Nonprofit agencies that partner with United Way usually agree not to fundraise while the United Way campaigns are underway. Money raised by local United Ways is distributed to local nonprofit agencies after an administrative cost is deducted. In 2002, the average administrative fee was 12.7%. Where United Way distributes the funds depends on if
2541-401: The United Fund took a similar role to the modern United Way. They focused almost exclusively on workplace fundraising (rather than the Community Chests' focus on door-to-door solicitations). The end of the excess profit taxes weakened the incentives for corporate gifts after World War II . Campaign leaders looked to employees in workplace (and not their bosses) as an opportunity to make up for
2618-422: The United Way brand and must meet criteria to maintain their membership status (including independent review boards, audits, and restrictions on marketing tactics). The membership dues to United Way Worldwide are a portion of the total funds raised by each local United Way. U.S. affiliates pay a membership fee of 1% of their total funds raised to United Way Worldwide. The structure has been described as similar to
2695-444: The United Way name and branding. [We have] converted United Way from a federation of local charities to a franchise model. The local franchisees bring in donations, and the worldwide organization receives a percentage of revenue. We promote the brand, provide infrastructure, and guide the strategy. — Brian Gallagher on United Way's structure Local United Ways pay membership dues to United Way Worldwide for licensing rights to
2772-507: The Van Sweringens controlled 30,000 miles (50,000 km) of rail worth $ 3 billion, nearly all of it purchased through credit. Lines under their control included the Erie Railroad , Pere Marquette Railway , Hocking Valley Railway , and Chesapeake and Ohio Railway . They managed to control this huge (for the time) system by a maze of holding companies (including the Alleghany Corporation ) and interlocking directorships. To solve
2849-763: The Vans . The brothers came from a farming area near Wooster, Ohio . Their father was for a time an engineer in the oil fields of Pennsylvania , fought in the Civil War and was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg . The family moved to Cleveland, Ohio , in about 1890. Neither brother married; the two shared a common bedroom in their 54-room mansion, Roundwood Manor, on the grounds of their estate, Daisy Hill, in Hunting Valley, Ohio . During their lifetimes, they seldom gave interviews or made appearances in public; however, when they did, it
2926-500: The aftermath of the William Aramony scandal, local United Ways boycotted United Way of America by refusing to make their dues payments to the umbrella organization. Representatives from 13 of the US's largest local United Ways told the interim President Kenneth Dam that they would like to see United Way of America half its current size. Of the 1,400 local United Ways, only 532 were paying some or all of their dues in 1992. To account for
3003-472: The board chairman Edward A. Brennan , alleging that United Way of America CEO William Aramony had affairs with two sisters (one of which was a teenager) and he was using the charity's money to keep the women quiet. Aramony denied the allegations to Brennen. After UWA's board reviewed and concluded that the letter's allegations had no basis in March 1990, the matter was dropped. It was later found that Aramony used
3080-625: The brothers bought a 51% interest in the 523-mile (842-km) New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate Road) in 1915 from the New York Central Railroad . The route gave the Van Sweringens an unobstructed path to downtown Cleveland. From this acquisition, the Van Sweringens formed the Nickel Plate Securities Corporation , from which they would use investor money to buy a controlling interest in other major United States rail companies. At their zenith in 1928,
3157-434: The building. In the tiny cupola, which is technically the 52nd floor, there was equipment for the antenna heaters and a small telephone. Radio station WHK placed antennas on the building to increase the range of its 1420 kHz signal. In the 1980s, developers sought approval to make their proposed BP Building taller than the Terminal Tower, but city officials forced them to scale it down. The Terminal Tower remained
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3234-440: The buildings to avoid vibrations from the trains below. Construction began in 1926 as 16 caissons each went down 200 to 250 feet (60 to 75 m) to support the weight of the building. Construction was completed in 1930. In 1973, Amtrak chose to move out of the station, instead serving a small station along the lake route , ending intercity service to the station, though Cleveland Rapid Transit continued its local services. In 1975,
3311-402: The community were restricted to designated areas and were required to follow guidelines designed to give the impression that a structure was a single-family home. By 1920, the Van Sweringens controlled more than 4,000 acres (16 km ) in the community, which reached city status in 1931. Since lots sold slowly, the brothers concluded that Shaker Heights needed a transportation system between
3388-737: The company's dollars to fund luxurious expenses, including flights on a Concorde and $ 90,000 for his limousine service. Aramony had spun off two for-profit enterprises using United Way of America funds, the Partnership Umbrella and Sales Service/America. The suspicious set up raised questions if the companies, which were designed to offer bulk discounts and other cost-savings to local United Ways, were actually being used for Aramony's personal enrichment. Partnership Umbrella had used United Way of America funds to purchase and decorate $ 1.2 million of real estate in Alexandria, Miami and New York, including
3465-523: The country. About a quarter of United Way donations in the US are currently designated. If the donor does not earmark a specific cause or organization for their donation, the money goes into a general fund and are allocated to areas of greatest need by the local United Way's volunteer committee. Traditionally, United Ways would grant funds that can be used for any purpose by the recipient nonprofit. However, many United Ways have started giving funds to nonprofits only to be used for specific programs run by
3542-486: The country." The new logo was designed by graphic designer Saul Bass in 1972. Aramony traveled to major cities to persuade the affiliates to adopt the logo and brand name. It moved from New York City to Alexandria, Virginia , in 1971. In 1973, United Way of America formed a partnership with the National Football League . By 1974, there were enough United Way organizations internationally to demand
3619-617: The donor designated or restricted their donation to a specific organization or cause. Almost all United Ways allow donors to specify (designate) which nonprofits should receive their funds. Some United Ways let donors choose which focus area or social problems (like helping kids or the elderly) they wish to support, which allocates their gift to a relevant subset of their charities in its network. Some United Ways allow donors to direct their gifts to any nonprofit (either inside or outside United Way's preferred charity list) while some only let donors give to any charity in their region or anywhere in
3696-422: The employer solicits contributions from their employees that can be paid through automatic payroll deductions (in the same way tax withholdings and insurance premiums are deducted from an employee's net pay ). 57% of United Way's donations come through payroll deductions while an additional 20% from corporate donations. United Way also administers many of the annual workplace campaigns for federal employees in
3773-599: The example of the Jewish Federation in Cleveland—which served as an exemplary model for "federated giving". The success of the Cleveland Community Chest led to a modest spread of the concept to other cities. World War I helped disseminate the concept of the Community Chest as the model for federating giving was used to support wartime fundraising efforts. Of the 300–400 War Chests that existed during
3850-500: The expected loss. In 1956, workplace giving from employees accounted for 39.6% of the revenue of United Funds and Community Chests. This was the first time that workplace giving exceeded corporate gifts (38%). With federal government's move to allow compulsory Social Security and income tax withholdings in 1942, the technology of payroll deductions became a vehicle to allow employees to give incremental gifts. The strong economy in post-war economic boom helped these campaigns to grow at
3927-647: The firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White , the tower was modeled after the Beaux-Arts New York Municipal Building by McKim, Mead, and White . The Terminal Tower was completed in 1927 and opened for tenants in 1928, though the Union Terminal complex was not dedicated until 1930. It remained the tallest building in the world outside of New York City until the completion of the main building of Moscow State University in Moscow in 1953; it
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#17328514670874004-699: The formation of the first United Fund in 1949 in Detroit, Michigan . Under the motto of "Give Once for All", the United Foundation hosted a single campaign that included Community Chests, local charities, and some of the national charities. This first campaign in Detroit was a success and had raised more in the single campaign than the disparate efforts has yielded the year prior. The single workplace campaign model quick spread elsewhere and, by 1953, there were over 1,200 United Funds. These campaigns, which united Community Chests with other organizations, commonly used
4081-635: The growth of amount of donor-choice contributed to the near-bankruptcy of United Way of Santa Clara County as the organization continued allocated the same amount year after year as their general fund pool shunk. Kevin Ronnie of the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy said of United Way's predicament to allow designations, "If they want to be the workplace campaign ... they have to offer choice because that's what people want. But, gosh darn it, if you offer choice, people will do it, and that comes at
4158-425: The kind of support provided by the national organization, United Way of America, and United Way International was born. Its staff spoke eight languages, with a Board of Directors from more than seven countries working with member organizations. Christopher Amundsen served as interim president during a yearlong search. United Way faced competition from competing federations (called "alternative funds") that focused on
4235-418: The lost revenue at United Way of America, employees were offered two months of added severance pay (in addition to the standard severance pay based on years of service) if they chose to resign, employees who stayed were offered up to four weeks off of furlough time, and all salary increases were halted. IBM vice president Kenneth W. Dam was named interim CEO after Aramony's departure in 1992. Elaine Chao
4312-495: The mid-1990s, with the trend growing throughout the next decade. Four federations ( America's Charities , Community Health Charities, EarthShare, and Global Impact ) formed the Charities@Work coalition promoted expanding access to workplace campaigns. Due to the competitive philanthropic environment, United Ways has lost market share. In 1988, there were 450,000 nonprofits in US and United Way share's of US charitable contributions
4389-573: The nonprofit (e.g. a workforce training program at the local chapter of St Vincent de Paul ). These funds are provided in the form of contracts in which the nonprofit must deliver programs and are subject to review and audit by the United Way's volunteer committee. The organization has roots in Denver , Colorado, where in 1887 Frances Wisebart Jacobs , along with the Rev. Myron W. Reed , Msgr. William J. O'Ryan, Dean H. Martyn Hart and Rabbi William S. Friedman began
4466-527: The problem of the passenger station, the Van Sweringens purchased more rights-of-way that gave them access to the area below the southwest corner of Cleveland's Public Square. Again, the Van Sweringens planned another city within a city to solve their rail dilemma; the result was the Union Terminal Complex, a mix of high-rise offices, shopping, and hotel aboveground, with a train depot and rapid station below grade. The centerpiece of this massive complex
4543-597: The slow rollout of donor-choice policies, dollars going to designations continued to grow over time. In 1990, only 14% of gifts went to outside charities. In 1999, United Way of America estimated that nearly 20% went to outside charities. Allowing donor-choice caused donations to United Ways' general funds to decline. "Sometimes I think we kid ourselves into thinking that by creating more choice we raise more money. That's just not proven out," Gallagher said of donor-choice, "I think we somewhat dilute our giving if we're dividing our giving among thousands of agencies." In one case,
4620-726: The software by Deloitte & Touche found 400 serious problems. United Way abandoned the project in 1999 and came to settlement with Cap Gemini in 2000. Some local United Ways intensely rejected these plans, and withheld their dues to United Way of America as an act of protest. The United Way in Rochester went so far as to obtain the legal right to alternative names in the event the United Way broke up. These issues would, in part, lead to Beene's departure in 2001. Brian Gallagher , former head of United Way in Columbus, Ohio , took over as president and CEO in 2002. United Way officially embraced
4697-470: The sun‐like rainbow growing out of the hand is open to many alternate positive interpretations. One may say it's the hand of the United Way bringing hope to people. But it helps signal that United Way is vibrant, exciting, colorful, positive and changing. — Saul Bass on designing the logo To give the organization a national identity, the United Community Funds and Council of America adopted
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#17328514670874774-512: The tallest building in Ohio until the 1991 completion of Society Center, now Key Tower . On a clear day, visitors on the observation deck can see 30 miles (48 km) from downtown Cleveland. After a 1976 incident involving a man with a gun, direct access to the floor was removed. The observation deck reopened after Chessie left the building. After the September 11, 2001 attacks , the observation deck
4851-513: The tower at night were turned off as a safety measure at the beginning of World War II. They were not turned on again until September 22, 1974. They were relit on the same day that the annual Greater Cleveland United Torch Drive (a precursor to the United Way ) began. Lights were installed on the 44th, 48th, and 52nd floors. In the 1960s, the strobe was retired and replaced with conventional aircraft warning lights . The tower only once went dark, during
4928-567: The tracks was to be developed for stores and office buildings. In 1918, A.H. Smith , the Eastern Director of the United States Railroad Administration and the president of the New York Central Railroad , asked whether or not the proposed facility could be sufficiently enlarged to include the railroads using the lakefront station. Thus, it was Smith who initiated the idea for a "Union Station" on Public Square. In 1919,
5005-408: The war, most converted over to becoming Community Chests after the war ended. The number of Community Chest organizations quickly increased from 245 in 1925 to almost 800 by 1945. An observer on WWI's effects on the movement said, "there is no doubt that the federation movement gained a momentum in one year that would have required ten years of peacetime activity." Mirroring the changing terminology,
5082-445: The workplace giving was called the " Charity War " among professional fundraisers at the time. Some United Ways fought against the additions to alternative funds out of fear that nonprofits will suffer when faced with competition and that the multiple donation appeals would cause confusion. United Way of Los Angeles President Leo Cornelius said of alternative funds for a 1989 Los Angeles Times article, "There should be one campaign at
5159-615: The workplace, for the donor's sake. Otherwise, it's like watching four or five or 15 TV screens at one time." In one case, a delegation from the Bay Area United Way phoned the chairman of the Safeway supermarket chain to lobby against the addition alternative funds in their workplace campaigns in 1988. Apple Inc. was the first Fortune 500 company to allow a federation other than United Way into its workplace. Private workplaces began to open access to non-United Way workplace campaigns in
5236-503: Was 3.16%; by 1999, there were 715,000 nonprofits, and the United Way's share decreased to only 1.98% of donations. The trend of alternative funds continues to today with only 25 percent of the companies conducting a traditional United Way–only campaign (according to a 2009 survey by the Consulting Network). In January 1990, an anonymous tipster sent a note on United Way of America letterhead to several United Way directors, including
5313-436: Was achieved through a combination of planning, design review, and convenience – all of which fell under the strict supervision of the Van Sweringens. Street planning for the new community used curved roads instead of the more usual grid pattern of streets found in many American communities. Three tree-lined boulevards extended eastward into the country. Moreland and Shaker boulevards' center isles would be used for trackbed for
5390-450: Was again closed to the public. In 2007, a proposal was brought to Forest City to reopen the deck. The proposal included a renovation of the deck and the addition of an express elevator to take visitors to it. This was to be done after the upper floors were renovated and the scaffolding removed. In 2010, Forest City Enterprises finished renovating the complex's elevators, upper floors, and spire. The observation deck reopened on July 10, 2010 for
5467-726: Was always together. Before the establishment of Shaker Heights, Ohio , the brothers were land and building speculators in Cleveland , Ohio . In 1909, the Van Sweringen brothers began exercising options on 1,399 acres (5.7 km ) of land formerly owned by the North Union Community of the Society of Believers, better known as the Shakers . Conceived and planned as a garden community similar to Baltimore 's Roland Park , Shaker Village soon became Cleveland's most sought-after address. This
5544-635: Was lit in teal blue on Friday, May 15, in honor of the Class of 2020 Cuyahoga Community College graduates. The Tower was lit with blue and yellow in support of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Van Sweringen brothers Oris Paxton Van Sweringen (April 24, 1879 – November 22, 1936) and Mantis James Van Sweringen (July 8, 1881 – December 12, 1935) were American brothers who became railroad barons in order to develop Shaker Heights, Ohio . They are better known as O. P. Van Sweringen and M. J. Van Sweringen , or by their collective nickname,
5621-472: Was named Terminal Tower , which was the second tallest skyscraper in the United States at the time of its completion. The Van Sweringens realized that if their plans for a Public Square station were to succeed, they would have to include all the electric railways, including streetcars , rapid transit, interurban lines, and local freight and warehousing facilities. Following the suggestion of an official of
5698-711: Was renamed Van Aken Boulevard in honor of the city's first mayor. Building in Shaker was controlled by a set of restrictive covenants and building guidelines established by the Van Sweringens and known as Shaker Standards . Shaker Standards prevented the community from being developed in any way contrary to how the Van Sweringens intended, including barring African Americans. Standards limited commercial development, rental property development, and residence style and size. Standards set roof slope angles, materials, finishes, and garage placement. All residences were required to be unique and designed by an architect . Duplex residences in
5775-569: Was selected as president after Dam and stayed on until 1996. Betty Stanley Beene took over in 1997. Beene advocated for a more-centralized system where United Way of America would take the lead on issues that affect all local United Ways and attempted to set national standards for all United Ways. This proposal would require that each local United Way undergo a thorough public self-examination of their effectiveness every few years. United Way of America, under Beene leadership, paid Cap Gemini America $ 12 million to build charitable-pledge software for
5852-461: Was the largest nonprofit organization in the United States by donations from the public. Individual United Ways mobilize a single fundraising campaign to raise money for various nonprofits, with most donations coming through payroll deductions. United Way organizations raise funds primarily via workplace campaigns, where employers may solicit contributions on United Way's behalf payable through automatic payroll deductions. After an administrative fee
5929-572: Was the tallest building in North America outside of New York until the Prudential Center in Boston was completed in 1964. In the late 1960s through 1980s, radio station WCLV-FM (Cleveland's fine arts station) maintained studios on the 15th floor. The transmitter was on the 43rd floor with transmission line running up the outside of the building to the antenna assembly attached to the flagpole atop
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