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177-554: John Enoch Powell MBE (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician, scholar, and writer. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton South West for the Conservative Party from 1950 to February 1974 and as MP for South Down for the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) from October 1974 to 1987. He was Minister of Health from 1960 to 1963 in the second Macmillan ministry and

354-513: A dame school run by a friend of his mother's until he was eleven. He was then a pupil for three years at King's Norton Grammar School for Boys before he won a scholarship to King Edward's School in Birmingham in 1925, aged thirteen. The legacy of the First World War loomed large for Powell: Almost all his teachers had fought in the war, and some of the pupils who had scratched their names on

531-633: A lexicon of Herodotus. In January 1936 Powell delivered an address to the Classical Association on "The War and its Aftermath in their Influence on Thucydidean Studies", which was published in The Times . Since 1932 Powell had been working on the Egyptian manuscripts of J. Rendel Harris and his translation from the Greek into English was published in 1937. Powell's first collection of poems, First Poems ,

708-793: A minority government . Powell was returned to the House of Commons in October 1974 as the Ulster Unionist Party MP for the Northern Ireland constituency of South Down . He represented the constituency until he was defeated at the 1987 general election . John Enoch Powell was born in Stechford , within the city of Birmingham , on 16 June 1912, and was baptised at Newport , Shropshire, in St Nicholas's Church , where his parents had married in 1909. He

885-790: A British passport at the German frontier in December 1938". He met again Paul Maas, other German Jews and members of the anti-Nazi movement , and helped Maas obtain a British visa from the British consul, which enabled Maas to escape Germany just before war broke out. In another letter to his parents in June 1939, before the beginning of war, Powell wrote: "It is the English, not their Government; for if they were not blind cowards, they would lynch Chamberlain and Halifax and all

1062-527: A GBE (in recognition of his role as chairman of the Scottish War Savings Committee) and the award of medal of the order to Lizzie Robinson, a munitions worker. The order had been established primarily as a civilian award; in August 1918, however, not long after its foundation, a number of awards were made to serving naval and military personnel. Four months later, a 'Military Division' was added to

1239-647: A Russian parachute training manual—a task he completed after 11 pm in addition to his normal duties, deducing the meaning of many technical terms from the context; he was convinced that the Soviet Union must eventually enter the war on the Allied side. On one occasion, he was arrested as a suspected German spy for singing the Horst-Wessel-Lied . He was sent to the Staff College, Camberley . In October 1941, Powell

1416-484: A brigadier within a year or two, and in that role helped plan the Second Battle of El Alamein , having previously helped plan the attack on Rommel 's supply lines. Powell and his team began work at 0400 each day to digest radio intercepts and other intelligence data (such as estimating how many tanks Rommel currently had and what his likely plans were) ready to present to the chiefs of staff at 0900. The following year, he

1593-404: A broad riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; female recipients other than Dames Grand Cross (unless in military uniform) normally wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. An oval eight-pointed star is worn, pinned to

1770-538: A burning building containing explosives. In December 1922 the statutes of the order were amended; there having been a large number of awards for war work prior to this date, these amended statutes placed the order on more of a peacetime footing. For the first time numbers of appointments were limited, with the stipulation that senior awards in the Civil Division were to outnumber those in the Military Division by

1947-449: A circlet bearing the motto of the Order; the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. (Prior to 1937 Britannia was shown within the circlet.) The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander, and Commanders are enamelled, with pale blue crosses, crimson circlets and

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2124-466: A citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, and they then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. (An example of the latter is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan , who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005, and on successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship,

2301-595: A colleague that he expected to be head of all military intelligence in "the next war". Powell never experienced combat and felt guilty for having survived, writing that soldiers who did so carried "a sort of shame with them to the grave" and referring to the Second Battle of El Alamein as a "separating flame" between the living and the dead. When once asked how he would like to be remembered, he at first answered, "Others will remember me as they will remember me", but when pressed he replied, "I should like to have been killed in

2478-562: A conciliatory position between Blue Tories and Red Tories. The term " Pink Tory " is also used by Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a conservative party member who is perceived as liberal. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative and Unionist Party is often colloquially referred to as the Tories , both by themselves and by opponents, and also in the media. Members and voters of

2655-543: A contemporary political term. In Canada, a Tory refers to a member of the Conservative Party of Canada , while the party as a whole are colloquially referred to as the Tories . It is also used to refer to the party's predecessor, including the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . In addition to the federal Conservative Party, the terms have also been used to describe provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties and their members. LGBTory

2832-453: A copy of Carl von Clausewitz 's On War in the original German in a second-hand bookshop, which he read every night. In later years, Powell recorded his promotion from private to lance-corporal in his Who's Who entry, on other occasions describing it as a greater promotion than entering the Cabinet. Early in 1940, he was trained for a commission after, while working in a kitchen, answering

3009-628: A course in Urdu at the School of Oriental Studies (now SOAS, University of London ), because he felt that his long-cherished ambition of becoming Viceroy of India would be unattainable without knowledge of an Indian language . Later, during his political career, he would speak to his Indian-born constituents in Urdu. Powell went on to learn other languages, including Welsh (in which he edited jointly with Stephen J. Williams Cyfreithiau Hywel Dda yn ôl Llyfr Blegywryd ,

3186-572: A drink or dinner as he was devoting his limited leisure time to studying the poet John Donne . Powell had continued to learn Urdu and was taught by a nephew of the Urdu poet Altaf Hussain Hali . He had an unrealised ambition to compose a critical edition of Hali's Musaddas , The Rise and Fall of Islam . He also had an ambition of eventually becoming Viceroy of India , and when Mountbatten transferred his staff to Kandy , Ceylon , Powell chose to remain in Delhi. He

3363-541: A few days of arriving in India, Powell bought as many books as he could about India and read them avidly. On one occasion, he wrote to his parents in a letter "I soaked up India like a sponge soaks up water." Powell was appointed Secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee for India and Lord Louis Mountbatten 's South East Asia Command, involved in planning an amphibious offensive against Akyab , an island off

3540-443: A gold central medallion. Officers' badges are plain silver-gilt, while those of Members are plain silver. From 1917 until 1937, the badge of the order was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe being added for the military division in 1918. Since 1937, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges (with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division). Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on

3717-764: A hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves. The Federalist Party was dissolved in 1835 with no successor parties. Later the Democratic-Republican Party splintered in different parties, with the two dissidences being the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . The rest of the party would become the Democratic Party . The National Republican Party would then merge with

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3894-453: A house after August 1939 and still occupied it in December 1955 if this property would be compulsorily purchased by the government if it was deemed unfit for human habitation. In early 1956, Powell attended a subcommittee on immigration control as a housing minister and advocated immigration controls. In August, he gave a speech at a meeting of the Institute of Personnel Management and was asked

4071-742: A member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK, and can be used interchangeably with the word Conservative . In the United States, Tory is often used as a historical term to describe supporters of Great Britain during the American Revolution. However, in Canadian parlance, British supporters during the revolution are called Loyalists , with the term Tory being used as

4248-605: A move would demonstrate, Powell argued, that the UK could no longer maintain a position there, and that any claim to the Suez Canal would therefore be illogical. However, after the troops had left in June 1956 and the Egyptians nationalised the Canal a month later, Powell opposed the attempt to retake the canal in the Suez Crisis because he thought the British no longer had the resources to be

4425-567: A pejorative manner, although both later became acceptable terms to use in literary speech to describe either political party. The suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. During the American Revolution , the term Tory was used interchangeably with the term " Loyalist " in the Thirteen Colonies to refer to colonists who remained loyal to

4602-488: A proportion of six to one. Furthermore appointments in the civil division were to be divided equally between UK and overseas awards. With regard to the Medal of the Order (but not the order itself), a distinction was made in 1922 between awards 'for gallantry' and awards 'for meritorious service' (each being appropriately inscribed, and the former having laurel leaves decorating the clasp, the latter oak leaves). In 1933 holders of

4779-422: A question about immigration. He answered that limiting immigration would require a change in the law: "There might be circumstances in which such a change of the law might be the lesser of two evils". But he added, "There would be very few people who would say the time had yet come when it was essential that so great a change should be made". Powell later told Paul Foot that the statement was made "out of loyalty to

4956-407: A recluse and devoted his time to studying: On days without lectures or supervisions, he would read from 5:30 in the morning until 9:30 at night. Granta called him "The Hermit of Trinity". He later said "I thought the only thing to do was to work. I thought that was what I was going to Cambridge for, because I never knew of anything else". At the age of eighteen his first paper to a classical journal

5133-717: A self-created myth ... The spiritual homeland had not been a spiritual homeland after all, since nothing can be a homeland, let alone a spiritual homeland, where there is no justice, where justice does not reign". In 1935, Powell met the German–Jewish classical scholar Paul Maas in Venice, who confirmed Powell's belief about the nature of Nazi Germany , and he had a "furious" argument with an adherent of Oswald Mosley 's British Union of Fascists , who had tried unsuccessfully to persuade Powell of Mosley's merits. He spent his time at Trinity teaching and supervising undergraduates, and worked on

5310-506: A somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but Brian Mulroney (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan governments. As Mulroney took the Progressive Conservative Party further in this direction, with policy initiatives in

5487-668: A speech that Indian independence from the British Empire would mean that the "USA will really have won the greatest war in the world for democracy". After the Axis defeat at the Second Battle of El Alamein, Powell's attention increasingly moved to the Far East theatre, and he wanted to go there to take part in the campaign against the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) because: "the war in Europe

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5664-632: A strong Tory tradition and political culture. Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the House of Commons of Canada and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the Senate of Canada . Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. Joe Clark returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down

5841-710: A text on Cyfraith Hywel , the medieval Welsh law), modern Greek , and Portuguese . After graduating from Cambridge, Powell stayed on at Trinity College as a fellow , spending much of his time studying ancient manuscripts in Latin and producing academic works in Greek and Welsh. He won the Craven travelling scholarship, which he used to fund travels to Italy, where he read Greek manuscripts in libraries. He also learned Italian. On his first trip to Italy, during 1933–1934, he visited Venice , Florence and Parma , and on his second excursion in 1935 he went to Venice, Naples and Turin . Powell

6018-689: A world power. On 21 December 1955, Powell was appointed parliamentary secretary to Duncan Sandys at the Ministry of Housing . He called it "the best ever Christmas box". In early 1956, he spoke for the Housing Subsidies Bill in the Commons and argued for the rejection of an amendment that would have hindered slum clearances. He also spoke in support of the Slum Clearances Bill , which provided entitlement for full compensation for those who purchased

6195-514: Is "nonetheless valuable" and demonstrated Powell's "sharp, clear and nit-picking mind". Robin Waterfield , in his translation of Herodotus' Histories for Oxford World's Classics , said Powell's lexicon was "absolutely indispensable". The Australian academic Athanasius Treweek called it "the most fantastically accurate work of this type that I have ever handled". Soon after arrival in Australia, he

6372-428: Is Monarch of a certain territory and his other realms and territories is as good as to say that he is king of his kingdom. We have perpetrated a solecism in the title we are proposing to attach to our Sovereign and we have done so out of what might almost be called an abject desire to eliminate the expression 'British'. The same desire has been felt ... to eliminate this word before the term 'Commonwealth' ... Why

6549-442: Is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties. The terms " Blue Tory " and " Red Tory " describe two factions of Canada's federal and provincial conservative parties. The former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , Tim Hudak , adopted the term " Purple Tory " to characterize himself, aiming to avoid the strong ideological stance and instead provide

6726-512: Is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal is nicknamed "the Gong", and comes in both full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and semi-formal black-tie occasions. A lapel pin for everyday wear

6903-492: Is it, then, that we are so anxious, in the description of our own Monarch, in a title for use in this country, to eliminate any reference to the seat, the focus and the origin of this vast aggregate of territories? Why is it that this "teeming womb of royal Kings", as Shakespeare called it, wishes now to be anonymous? Powell said that the answer was that because the British Nationality Act 1948 had removed allegiance to

7080-884: Is not a member of the College of Arms , as are many other heraldic officers; and the Lady Usher of the Purple Rod does not – unlike the Order of the Garter equivalent, the Lady Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords . Since the Second World War, several Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals. A number, though, continue to make recommendations for appointments to

7257-539: Is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the Australian Labor Party to refer to conservative members of the Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia parties (who are in a long-standing coalition ). The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as 'Tories'. Writing in

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7434-416: Is that we are doing it for the sake not of our friends but of those who are not our friends. We are doing this for the sake of those to whom the very names 'Britain' and 'British' are repugnant. ... We are doing this for the sake of those who have deliberately cast off their allegiance to our common Monarchy. For the rest of his life, Powell regarded this speech as the finest he ever delivered (rather than

7611-650: The Australian Dictionary of Biography , Michael Persse notes the impact of 'Liberal Toryism' on the colonial era Australian statesman William Charles Wentworth when he was in Britain. Chief Justice Garfield Barwick titled his memoir A Radical Tory . The newspaper of the University of Sydney Conservative Club is named The Sydney Tory . A moderate faction of the Australian Greens has been pejoratively dubbed

7788-699: The Browne Medal and delivered his winning essay in the Senate House, Cambridge . The Chancellor of Cambridge University, the Conservative Party leader Stanley Baldwin , told the Master of Trinity J. J. Thomson : "Powell reads as if he understands". Shortly before his finals in May 1933, Powell became ill with tonsillitis and then suffered pyelitis . His neighbour in Trinity Great Court , Frederick Simpson , arranged that

7965-412: The Cavaliers , a royalist faction which supported the House of Stuart during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Tories , a British political party which emerged during the late 17th century, was a reaction to the Whig-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the Cavalier Parliament . As a political term, Tory was a term derived from the Irish language , that was first used in English politics during

8142-405: The Democratic-Republican Party ) described the conservative Federalist Party as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition". However, that was clearly

8319-423: The Earl of Rochester , the second by Lord Belasyse . A significant faction took part in the Glorious Revolution the military coup d'état that ousted James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive Protestantism . A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the Hanoverian Succession by George I ,

8496-430: The Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681. It also has exponents in other parts of the former British Empire , such as the Loyalists of British America , who opposed secession during the American War of Independence . Loyalists who fled to the Canadas at the end of the conflict, known as the United Empire Loyalists , formed the support base for political cliques in Upper and Lower Canada . Toryism remains prominent in

8673-459: The Family Compact and the Château Clique , an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the United Empire Loyalists . The United Empire Loyalists were American loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies who resettled elsewhere in British North America during or after the American Revolutionary War . In post-Confederation Canada, the terms " Red Tory " and " Blue Tory " have long been used to describe

8850-462: The House of Commons , speaking on a white paper on defence and beginning by saying, "There is no need for me to pretend those feelings of awe and hesitation which assail any honourable Member who rises to address this House for the first time." On 3 March 1953, Powell spoke against the Royal Titles Bill in the House of Commons. He said he found three major changes to the style of the United Kingdom, "all of which seem to me to be evil". The first one

9027-404: The Intelligence Corps . He was soon promoted to captain and posted as GSO3 (Intelligence) to the 1st (later 9th) Armoured Division. During this time he taught himself the Portuguese language to read the poet Camões in the original; as insufficient Russian-speaking officers were available at the War Office , his knowledge of the Russian language and textual analysis skills were used to translate

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9204-417: The Order of Canada . On the other hand, the Australian Honours System unilaterally created in 1975 did not achieve bi-partisan support until 1992, which was when Australian federal and state governments agreed to cease Australian recommendations for British honours; the last Australian recommended Order of the British Empire appointments were in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours . New Zealand continued to use

9381-456: The Oxford University Press in 1938, and his most lasting contribution to classical scholarship was his Lexicon to Herodotus , published by Cambridge University Press the same year. William Lorimer reviewed the lexicon in the Classical Review and praised Powell's "amazing industry, much thought and care, and fine scholarship". The classicist Robin Lane Fox said the lexicon is "an entirely mechanical production with no intellectual power" but

9558-487: The Scottish Labour Party (especially those from the " Blairite and Brownite " factions) may be referred to as Red Tories by traditional Labour members and advocates of an independent Scotland such as members and supporters of the Scottish National Party , the Alba Party (formerly Solidarity ), the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Greens . Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to SNP members and supporters as being Tartan Tories . In Australia, Tory

9735-448: The Tripos examination papers be sent to the nursing home where he was convalescing. Despite having a temperature of 104 degrees (40 °C) when he sat the last of the seven papers, Powell gained a first class with distinction. The Cambridge classical scholar Martin Charlesworth said after Powell's graduation: "That man Powell is extraordinary. He is the best Greek scholar since Porson ". As well as his education at Cambridge, Powell took

9912-411: The United Kingdom should end any remaining pretence that it was a world power. After unsuccessfully contesting the Labour Party's safe seat of Normanton at a by-election in 1947 (when the Labour majority was 62 per cent), he was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton South West at the 1950 general election . On 16 March 1950, Powell made his maiden speech in

10089-546: The civil service . It comprises five classes of awards across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or a dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. The order was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , who created the order to recognise 'such persons, male or female, as may have rendered or shall hereafter render important services to Our Empire'. Equal recognition

10266-402: The politics of Canada and the United Kingdom . The British Conservative Party and Conservative Party of Canada , and their supporters, continue to be referred to as Tories. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as High Tories , who typically defend the ideas of hierarchy , natural order , and aristocracy . The word Tory originates from an Irish term that

10443-518: The " Phoney War " the War Office did not want men with no military training. Rather than waiting to be called up, he claimed to be Australian, as Australians, many of whom had travelled to Britain at great expense to join up, were allowed to enlist straight away. In a poem, he wrote of men joining the army like "bridegrooms going to meet their brides", but his biographer points out that it is unlikely that many other men shared his joy, particularly not those who were leaving actual brides behind. He purchased

10620-404: The 1680s, emerging as a pejorative term to describe supporters of James II of England during the Exclusion Crisis and his hereditary right to inherit the throne despite his Catholic religion. After this, the term Tory began to be used as a colloquial term, alongside the word Whig , to describe the two major political factions/parties in British politics. Initially, both terms were used in

10797-486: The 1830s, as Robert Peel 's followers began to re-interpret elements of Tory tradition under a banner of support for social reform and free trade. The party was eventually succeeded by the Conservative and Unionist Party , with the term Tory enduring to become an interchangeable phrase with Conservative . Provincial Provincial The term Tory was first used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada , known as

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10974-401: The 21st century quotas were introduced to ensure consistent representation among recipients across nine categories of eligibility: with the largest proportion of awards being reserved for community, voluntary and local service. Non-military awards of the British Empire Medal resumed in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee . In 2017 the centenary of

11151-739: The British Empire . Rather than using this chapel, the Order now holds its great services upstairs in the nave of the cathedral. In addition to the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire, St Paul's Cathedral also houses the Chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George . Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame , to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when

11328-443: The British Empire for Gallantry. Any individual made a member of the order for gallantry after 14 January 1958 wears an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same ribbon as the badge, with a miniature version on the ribbon bar when worn alone. When the ribbon only is worn the emblem is worn in miniature. It could not be awarded posthumously , and was replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM). If recipients of

11505-417: The Catholic Duke of York. The Tory political faction originally emerged within the Parliament of England to uphold the legitimist rights of James II to succeed his brother Charles II to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the Catholic Church —this was an issue for the Exclusion Crisis supporting Patricians ,

11682-435: The Chancellor of the Exchequer Peter Thorneycroft and his Treasury colleague Nigel Birch , in protest at government plans for increased expenditure; he was a staunch advocate of disinflation, or, in modern terms, a monetarist , and a believer in market forces. Powell was also a member of the Mont Pelerin Society . The by-product of this expenditure was the printing of extra money to pay for it all, which Powell believed to be

11859-399: The Confederates, Southern Unionists symbolized a direct challenge to their political aspirations and were viewed as "traitors to the white race". Conversely, Unionists regarded Southern Unionists as a loyal segment of the Southern population, swept by the tide of succession, and whom the foundations of Reconstruction would be built. In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the Texas Revolution

12036-459: The Crown during the conflict. The term contrasts the colloquial term used to describe supporters of the revolution, " Patriots " or "Whigs". Towards the end of Charles II 's reign (1660–1685) there was some debate about whether his brother, James, Duke of York , should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James's Catholicism. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic Covenanters ),

12213-418: The Crown, and who signified a desire to be in the future as were in the past; if it were our friends who had come to us and said: "We want this," I would say: "Let it go. Let us admit the divisibility of the Crown. Let us sink into anonymity and cancel the word 'British' from our titles. If they like the conundrum 'Head of the Commonwealth' in the Royal style, let it be there." However, the underlying evil of this

12390-423: The Government line". Powell also spoke for the Rent Bill, which ended wartime rent controls when existing tenants moved out, thereby phasing out regulation. At a meeting of the 1922 Committee on 22 November 1956, Butler made a speech appealing for party unity in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. His speech did not go down well and Harold Macmillan , whom Butler had taken along for moral support, addressed them and

12567-415: The Lightfoot Thucydides Prize. In December 1929, aged seventeen, he sat the classics scholarship paper at Trinity College, Cambridge , and won the top award. Sir Ronald Melville , who sat the exams at the same time, recalled that "the exams mostly lasted three hours. Powell left the room halfway through each of them". Powell later told Melville that, in one-and-a-half hours on the Greek paper, he translated

12744-740: The Military Division of the order from the UK and across the Empire. Recommendations for all appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the King's United Kingdom ministers (recommendations for overseas awards were made by the Foreign Office , the Colonial Office , the India Office and the Dominions Office ); but in the early 1940s the system was changed to enable

12921-481: The Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as Quebec , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia that had never had

13098-436: The Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves; however, they used only the post-nominal letters of the higher grade. When the order was founded in 1917, badges, ribands and stars were appointed for wear by recipients. In 1929 mantles, hats and collars were added for recipients of

13275-456: The Order of the British Empire. In 2024 appointments to the order were made by the governments of: Most members of the order are citizens of the United Kingdom or Commonwealth realms that use the UK system of honours and awards. In addition, honorary awards may be made to citizens of nations where the monarch is not head of state ; these permit use of post-nominal letters, but not the title of Sir or Dame . Honorary appointees who later become

13452-404: The Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, only wives and children of male recipients are afforded privileges. Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters . They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of

13629-729: The Parliament of Confederate Ireland. It was later used to refer to dispossessed Catholic Irish in Ulster following the Restoration . Tory was also used to refer to a rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term Tory was first introduced in England by Titus Oates , who used the term to describe individuals from Ireland sent to assassinate him and his supporters. Oates continued to refer to his opponents as Tories until his death. The word entered English politics during

13806-459: The Powells were financially comfortable, and their home included a library. By the age of six, Powell was addicted to reading, predominantly history books. Powell's Toryism and regard for institutions was formed at an early age: Around this time, his parents took him to Caernarfon Castle , and he removed his cap when he entered one of the rooms. His father asked him why, to which Powell replied that it

13983-575: The UK , especially rapid immigration from the New Commonwealth , and opposed the anti-discrimination Race Relations Bill (which ultimately became law). The speech was criticised by some of Powell's own party members and The Times . Heath, who was then the leader of the Conservative Party and the leader of the Opposition , dismissed Powell from the Shadow Cabinet the day after the speech. In

14160-460: The United Kingdom; those who would formerly have met the criteria for the medal were instead made eligible for the MBE. In 2004, a report entitled A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System by a Commons select committee recommended phasing out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of

14337-744: The Whig Party, giving rise to what would be called the Second Party System . Although the Whig Party adopted its name from its British counterpart, the term "Tories" had already completely fallen out of favour in the US. During the American Civil War , Confederate forces commonly referred to Southern Unionists as Tories , drawing a parallel with the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. To

14514-651: The Whig's true vocation of detecting trends in events and riding them skilfully so as to preserve the privileges, property and interests of his class". However, when Macmillan replaced Eden as Prime Minister, Powell was offered the office of Financial Secretary to the Treasury on 14 January 1957. This office was the Chancellor of the Exchequer 's deputy and the most important job outside the Cabinet. In January 1958 he resigned, along with

14691-450: The addition of a vertical pearl grey stripe in the centre for awards in the military division). From time to time the order was expanded: there was an increase in the maximum permitted number of recipients in 1933, and a further increase in 1937. During the Second World War, as had been the case during and after World War I, the number of military awards was greatly increased; between 1939 and 1946 there were more than 33,000 appointments to

14868-582: The aftermath of the speech several polls suggested that 67 to 82 per cent of the British population agreed with Powell's opinions. His supporters argued that Powell's large public following helped the Conservatives to win the 1970 general election , and perhaps cost them the February 1974 general election , when Powell turned his back on the Conservatives by endorsing a vote for the Labour Party , which returned as

15045-529: The areas of deregulation , privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the Goods and services tax (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party. The 1986 creation of the Reform Party of Canada attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of

15222-575: The assignment. Having declined two posts carrying the rank of full colonel (in Algiers and Cairo, which would have left him in the now moribund North African theatre "indefinitely"), and despite expecting to have to accept a reduction in rank to major in order to get the transfer, he secured a posting to the British Indian Army in Delhi as a lieutenant-colonel in military intelligence in August 1943. Within

15399-468: The cathedral. That year, Commonwealth awards made up 40% of all OBEs and MBEs awarded (and 35% of all living recipients of the higher awards). Gradually that proportion reduced as independent states within the Commonwealth established their own systems of honours . The last Canadian recommendation for the Order of the British Empire was an MBE for gallantry gazetted in 1966, a year before the creation of

15576-527: The cause of inflation, and in effect a form of taxation, as the holders of money find their money is worth less. Inflation rose to 2.5 per cent, a high figure for the era, especially in peacetime. Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside

15753-418: The circlet. In 1929, to bring the order into line with the other orders of chivalry, members of the first class of the order (GBE) were provided with mantles, hats and collars. Only Knights/Dames Grand Cross wear these elaborate vestments; the hat is now rarely, if ever, worn. Use of the mantle is limited to important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations ). The mantle is always worn with

15930-449: The coast of Burma. Orde Wingate , also involved in planning that operation, had taken such a dislike to Powell that he asked a colleague to restrain him if he were tempted to "beat his brains in". On one occasion, Powell's yellow skin (he was recovering from jaundice ), over-formal dress and strange manner caused him to be mistaken for a Japanese spy. During this period, he declined to meet a Cambridge academic colleague, Glyn Daniel , for

16107-444: The collar. Although the mantle was introduced in 1929, very few mantles would have been produced prior to the 1937 design changes, as there were few occasions for wearing them in the intervening years. On certain days designated by the sovereign, known as " collar days ", members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, evening wear or robes of office. Collars are returned upon

16284-621: The combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada. By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal Party majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The Canadian Alliance party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed

16461-526: The coming war with Germany. During his time in Australia as a professor, he grew increasingly angry at the appeasement of Germany and what he saw as a betrayal of the UK's national interests. After Neville Chamberlain 's first visit to Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden , Powell wrote in a letter to his parents on 18 September 1938: I do here in the most solemn and bitter manner curse the Prime Minister of England for having cumulated all his other betrayals of

16638-479: The country's population". The committee further suggested changing the name of the award to the Order of British Excellence, and changing the rank of Commander to Companion (as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring"), as well as advocating for the abolition of knighthoods and damehoods; the government, however, was not of the opinion that a case for change had been made, and the aforementioned suggestions and recommendations were not, therefore, pursued. In

16815-421: The crown as the basis of citizenship and replaced that with nine separate citizenships combined together by statute. Therefore, if any of these nine countries became republics the law would not change, as happened with India when it became a republic. Furthermore, Powell went on, the essence of unity was "that all the parts recognise they would sacrifice themselves to the interests of the whole." He denied that there

16992-403: The death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained. The six office-holders of the order wear pearl-grey mantles lined with rose-pink, having on the right side a purple shield charged with the roundel from the badge. Each of these office-holders wears a unique badge of office, suspended from a gold chain worn around the neck. The British Empire Medal is made of silver. On the obverse

17169-458: The desks had subsequently died in the conflict. Powell also read books on the war, which helped form his opinion that Britain and Germany would fight again. The head of classics at the school saw that Powell had an interest in the subject and agreed to transfer him to the classics side of the school. Powell's mother taught him Greek in just over two weeks during the Christmas break in 1925, and, by

17346-670: The distinction between ranks in military operational gallantry awards will cease'. The reforms affected the order at various levels: for example the automatic award each year of a GBE to the Lord Mayor of London ceased; the OBE replaced the Imperial Service Order as an award for civil servants and the number of MBEs awarded each year was significantly increased. As part of these reforms the British Empire Medal stopped being awarded by

17523-446: The family moved to Kings Norton , Birmingham, where Powell remained until 1930. The Powells were of Welsh descent and from Radnorshire (a Welsh border county), having moved to the developing Black Country during the early 19th century. His great-grandfather was a coal miner , and his grandfather had been in the iron trade. Powell read avidly from a young age; as early as three, he could "read reasonably well". Though not wealthy,

17700-741: The first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings , this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole , Lord Bute 's premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Under the Corn Laws (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at

17877-464: The former was to be responsible for recording all proceedings connected with the order, issuing warrants under the seal of the order and making arrangements for investitures, while the latter (at that time the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury ) was responsible for collecting and tabulating the names of those who were to receive an award. The office of Dean was added in 1957. The King of Arms

18054-401: The governments of overseas dominions to make their own nominations; Canada and South Africa began doing so in 1942, followed by Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth realms. In May 1957, forty years after the foundation of the order, it was announced that St Paul's Cathedral was to serve as the church of the order, and in 1960 a chapel was dedicated for its use within the crypt of

18231-450: The highest class of the order (GBE). The designs of all these items underwent major changes in 1937. The badge is worn by all members of the order; the size, colour and design depends on the class of award. The badge for all classes is in the form of a cross patonce (having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end) with a medallion in the centre, the obverse of which bears a crowned image of George V and Queen Mary within

18408-589: The honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade". The order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinct British Empire . Benjamin Zephaniah , a British poet of Jamaican and Barbadian descent, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He also said that "it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised". Toryism The philosophy originates from

18585-608: The horizon the greater peril than Germany or Japan ever were... our terrible enemy, America". Powell's suspicion of the anti-British Empire demeanour of the U.S. Government's foreign policy continued for the remainder of the war and into his subsequent post-war political career. He cut out and retained an article from the New Statesman magazine published on 13 November 1943 in which the American writer and congresswoman Clare Boothe Luce said in

18762-446: The insignia to Buckingham Palace and by ceasing to make reference to their honour, but they still hold the honour unless and until annulled by the monarch. In 2003, The Sunday Times published a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, including David Bowie , John Cleese , Nigella Lawson , Elgar Howarth , L. S. Lowry , George Melly , and J. G. Ballard . In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to

18939-624: The junior post-nominal letters. The British sovereign is the sovereign of the order and appoints all other officers of the order (by convention, on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms ). The second-most senior officer is the Grand Master (a 'Prince of the Blood Royal, or other exalted personage' appointed by the sovereign, who, by virtue of their appointment, becomes 'the First or Principal Knight Grand Cross of

19116-720: The last four years at King Edward's School, he was top of his form and won a number of prizes in Greek and Divinity. In 1929, he was awarded the Higher School Certificate with a distinction in Latin , Greek and ancient history, and won the school's Lee Divinity Prize for an essay on the New Testament after having memorised St Paul 's Epistle to the Galatians in Greek. Powell also won the Badger Prize for English Literature twice and

19293-542: The late 18th century—it synthesised moderate Whig economic policies and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the French Revolution . Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this. Interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent prime ministers. The word Conservative began to be used in place of Tory during

19470-519: The latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. See List of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of the British Empire Only the monarch can annul an honour. The Honours Forfeiture Committee considers cases and makes recommendations for forfeiture. An individual can renounce their honour by returning

19647-463: The left breast, by Knights and Dames Grand Cross; Knights and Dames Commander wear a smaller star composed of 'four equal points and four lesser'. The star is not worn by the more junior classes. Prior to 1937 each star had in the centre a gold medallion with a figure of Britannia, surrounded by a crimson circlet inscribed with the motto of the order ('For God and the Empire'); since 1937 the effigies of King George V and Queen Mary have been shown within

19824-523: The liberal Clear Grits . Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Manitoba . By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of

20001-569: The medal 'for gallantry', which had come to be known as the Empire Gallantry Medal , were given permission to use the postnominal letters EGM (and at the same time to add a laurel branch emblem to the ribbon of the medal); however, in 1940, awards of the EGM ceased and all holders of the medal were instructed to exchange it for a new and more prestigious gallantry award: the George Cross . In 1941,

20178-594: The medal of the order 'for meritorious service' was renamed the British Empire Medal , and the following year its recipients were granted the right to use the postnominal letters BEM. During the war, the BEM came to be used to recognise acts of bravery which did not merit the award of a George Cross or George Medal , a use which continued until the introduction of the Queen's Gallantry Medal in 1974. The designs of insignia of

20355-449: The medal. The colour of the riband was also changed: twenty years earlier, prior to the order's establishment, Queen Mary had made it known that pink would be her preferred colour for the riband of the proposed new order, but, in the event, purple was chosen. Following her appointment as Grand Master of the order in 1936 a change was duly made and since 9 March 1937 the riband of the order has been 'rose pink edged with pearl grey’ (with

20532-747: The merger. They formed the rival Progressive Canadian Party . The term "Loyalist" was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, Quebec , the Bahamas , or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists. On 12 February 1798, Thomas Jefferson (of

20709-519: The much more well-known 1968 anti-immigration speech). In mid-November 1953, Powell secured a place on the 1922 Committee 's executive at the third attempt. Butler also invited him onto the committee that reviewed party policy for the general election, which he attended until 1955. Powell was a member of the Suez Group of MPs who were against the removal of British troops from the Suez Canal , because such

20886-469: The names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir (unless they were knighted before being ordained) as they do not receive the accolade (they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters ; dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use

21063-499: The national interest and honour, by his last terrible exhibition of dishonour, weakness and gullibility. The depths of infamy to which our accurst "love of peace" can lower us are unfathomable. During the winter of 1938–1939 he travelled to Britain to arrange his appointment as professor of Greek and classical literature at Durham University , which he was due to take up in 1940. After his arrival in Britain he visited Germany and later remembered his "sensation of embarrassment on producing

21240-449: The necessity of the welfare state . By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of stagflation in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in the United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions . In Canada, these Tories have been labelled neoconservatives —which has

21417-1065: The next forty years was ever to be so intoxicating". Powell won a number of prizes, including the Percy Pemberton Prize, the Porson Prize , the Yeats Prize and the Lees Knowles. He won a distinction in Greek and Latin for Part I of his Classical Tripos and was awarded the Members' prize for Latin prose and the First Chancellor's Classical Medal. He also won the Cromer Greek essay prize of the British Academy in March 1933, having written on "Thucydides, his moral and historical principles and their influence in later antiquities". Also in 1933, Powell won

21594-582: The notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada. After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to

21771-399: The numbers restricted to the order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British orders of chivalry, with more than 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders. From time to time, individuals may be promoted to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of

21948-548: The order alongside its own honours until the establishment of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 1996. Other Commonwealth realms have continued to use the Order of the British Empire alongside their own honours. In 1993 the Prime Minister, John Major , instituted a reform of the honours system with the aim 'that exceptional service or achievement will be more widely recognised; that greater importance will be given to voluntary service; that automatic honours will end; that

22125-408: The order and medal were altered in 1937, prior to the coronation of King George VI , 'in commemoration of the reign of King George V and Queen Mary, during which the Order was founded'. The figure of Britannia at the centre of the badge of the order was replaced with an image of the crowned heads of the late King and Queen Mary, and the words 'Instituted by King George V' were added to the reverse of

22302-409: The order was celebrated with a service at St Paul's Cathedral. The order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 officers and 1,464 members may be appointed per year. Foreign appointees, as honorary members, do not contribute to

22479-426: The order, to which serving personnel would in future be appointed. The classes were the same as for the Civil Division (as it was now termed), but military awards were distinguished by the addition of a central vertical red stripe to the purple riband of the civil awards. In 1920 appointment as an MBE 'for an act of gallantry' was granted for the first time, to Sydney Frank Blanck Esq, who had rescued an injured man from

22656-487: The other smarmy traitors". At the outbreak of war, Powell immediately returned to the UK, but not before buying a Russian dictionary, since he thought "Russia would hold the key to our survival and victory, as it had in 1812 and 1916 ". During October 1939, almost a month after returning home from Australia, Powell enlisted as a private in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment . He had trouble enlisting, as during

22833-538: The party (in the manner of John Farthing and George Grant ). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada. Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy , Empire-Commonwealth , parliamentary government , nationalism , protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of

23010-512: The party are also often referred to as "Tories" as well. The British Broadcasting Corporation 's own style guide permits the use of the term Tory , although requires the term Conservative be used in its first instance. In Scotland , the term Tory is used to describe members and supporters of the Scottish Conservatives , or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of

23187-622: The political heirs to the nonconformist Roundheads and Covenanters . During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in the Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the Abhorrers . The word "Tory" had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. There were two Tory ministries after James II acceded to the throne: the first led by

23364-490: The question of an inspecting brigadier with a Greek proverb; on several occasions, he told colleagues that he expected to be at least a major-general by the end of the war. He passed out top from his officer training. On 18 May 1940, Powell was one of the cadets from the 166th, 167th, 168th, and 170th Officer Cadet Training Units commissioned as a second lieutenant onto the General List . He was almost immediately transferred to

23541-460: The resigned, masculine gloom of the Trinity ethos into which he had been inducted". A further collection of poems, Dancer's End and The Wedding Gift , were published in 1951, and all his poems were published in one volume in 1990. Powell said the first two volumes were "dominated by the War – the War foreseen, the War imminent, and the War actual", and the second group were a "response to a brief period...of intense emotional excitement". In 1937, he

23718-435: The resulting 470-page report was almost entirely written by Powell. For a few weeks he was the youngest brigadier in the British Army, and he was one of only two men in the entire war to rise from private to brigadier (the other being Sir Fitzroy Maclean ). He was offered a regular commission as a brigadier in the Indian Army, and the post of assistant commandant of an Indian officers' training academy, which he declined. He told

23895-426: The same Order'). The position of Grand Master has been held by the following people: In addition to the sovereign and the grand master , the order has six further officers: At its foundation the order was served by three officers: the King of Arms, the Registrar & Secretary and the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod. In 1922 the Prelate was added, and the office of Registrar was separated from that of Secretary:

24072-518: The second time since the scholarship was established in 1647 that a freshman had won it. It was at Cambridge that Powell fell under the influence of the poet A. E. Housman , then Professor of Latin at the university. He attended Housman's lectures during his second year in 1931, and he later recalled that he was "gripped by the spectacle of that rigorous intellect dissecting remorselessly the textual deformation of poetry which his sensitivity would not permit him to read without betraying his emotions"; it

24249-401: The standard of the George Medal (even though, as appointments to an order of chivalry, they were listed before it on the Order of Wear . In contrast to awards for meritorious service, which usually appear without a citation, there were often citations for gallantry awards, some detailed and graphic. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of

24426-406: The term lost its original signification with English-speakers and was used to describe "an outlaw papist" or a "robber that is noted for outrages and cruelty". The Irish peasantry also used the term Tory to refer to an outlaw or a miscreant of any kind into the 19th century. However, because later Conservative and anti-revolutionary parties assumed the term Tory , it has also been suggested that

24603-407: The term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the 2004 leadership convention . Stephen Harper , former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement. However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against

24780-496: The text into Thucydides's style of Greek and then in the style of Herodotus. For another paper, Powell also had to translate a passage from Bede , which he did into Platonic Greek. In the remaining time, Powell later remembered, "I tore it up and translated it again into Herodotean Greek – Ionic Greek – (which I had never written before) and then, still having time to spare, I proceeded to annotate it". He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1930 to 1933. Powell became almost

24957-448: The time for higher food prices , self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment. English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Act 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England and hostility to radical reform, while the Tory party was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period. Conservatism began to emerge in

25134-453: The time that he started the next term, he had attained fluency in Greek that most pupils would reach after two years. Within two terms, Powell was top of the classics form. His classmate, Christopher Evans , recalled that Powell was "austere" and "really unlike any schoolboy one had known ... He was quite a phenomenon". Another contemporary, Denis Hills , later said that Powell "carried an armful of books (Greek texts?) and kept to himself ... he

25311-506: The title Dame . Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM. Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in the order of precedence . Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of

25488-471: The titles Sir for men and Dame for women before their forenames, except with honorary awards. King George V founded the order to fill gaps in the British honours system : In particular, George V wished to create an order to honour the many thousands of individuals from across the Empire who had served in a variety of non-combat roles during the First World War . From its foundation the order consisted of five classes (GBE, KBE/DBE, CBE, OBE and MBE) and

25665-416: The two wings of the Conservative and previously the Progressive Conservative (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the monarchist and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and annexationist tendencies within

25842-554: The upper sixth, recalled in 1952: "Of all my pupils, he always insisted on the highest standards of accuracy and knowledge in those who taught him ... He was a pupil from whom I learnt more than most". It was during his time in the sixth form that Powell learned German and began reading German books, which would influence his move towards atheism. Aged thirteen, he also read James George Frazer 's The Golden Bough and Thomas Carlyle 's Sartor Resartus , which led him towards Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Nietzsche . During

26019-510: The war". Though he voted for the Labour Party in their 1945 landslide victory , because he wanted to punish the Conservative Party for the Munich Agreement , after the war he joined the Conservative Party and worked for the Conservative Research Department (CRD) under Rab Butler , where his colleagues included Iain Macleod and Reginald Maudling . Powell's ambition to be Viceroy of India crumbled in February 1947, when Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that Indian independence

26196-441: The way for that other remaining unity—the last unity of all—that of the person, to go the way of the rest?" The second change he objected to was "the suppression of the word 'British', both from before the words 'Realms and Territories' where it is replaced by the words 'her other' and from before the word 'Commonwealth', which, in the Statute of Westminster , is described as the 'British Commonwealth of Nations ' ": To say that he

26373-416: The word originated from the Irish word toir , meaning to give, grant and bestow; or toirbhearl , meaning efficiency, bounty or munificence. By the 1640s, the term was used in the English language to refer to dispossessed Irish Catholics. It was also used to refer to isolated Irish rebels and guerrillas resisting Oliver Cromwell 's conquest of Ireland , who were allied with Cavaliers through treaty with

26550-520: Was Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from 1965 to 1968 in the Shadow Cabinet of Ted Heath . Before entering politics he was a classical scholar . He served in both staff and intelligence positions during the Second World War , reaching the rank of brigadier . Powell also wrote poetry, and several books on classical and political subjects. In 1968, while serving as Shadow Defence Secretary, Powell attracted attention nationwide for his "Rivers of Blood" speech , in which he criticised immigration to

26727-436: Was "that in this title, for the first time, will be recognised a principle hitherto never admitted in this country, namely, the divisibility of the crown." Powell said that the unity of the realm had evolved over centuries and included the British Empire: "It was a unit because it had one Sovereign. There was one Sovereign: one realm." He feared that by "recognising the division of the realm into separate realms, are we not opening

26904-491: Was Housman's "ruthless and fearless logic with which he dissected the text" in an atmosphere of "suppressed emotion" that impressed him. Powell also admired Housman's lectures on Lucretius , Horace , Virgil and Catullus . Powell sent him a correction of Virgil's Aeneid and received the reply: "Dear Mr Powell. You analyse the difficulties of the passage correctly, and your emendation removes them. Yours sincerely, A. E. Housman". In later life, Powell claimed that "no praise in

27081-467: Was a great success. In Powell's view this was "one of the most horrible things that I remember in politics ... seeing the way in which Harold Macmillan, with all the skill of the old actor-manager, succeeded in false-footing Rab. The sheer devilry of it verged upon the disgusting". After Macmillan's death in 1986, Powell said "Macmillan was a Whig, not a Tory ... he had no use for the Conservative loyalties and affections; they interfered too much with

27258-487: Was appointed Curator of the Nicholson Museum at the University of Sydney. He stunned the vice-chancellor by informing him that war would soon begin in Europe and that when it did, he would be heading home to enlist in the army. He later recalled that his attitude towards Germany was of "great hatred as well as fear ... a fear of my country being defeated" and in his inaugural lecture as professor of Greek on 7 May 1938 he condemned Britain's policy of appeasement and prophesied

27435-416: Was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney aged 25 (failing in his aim of beating Nietzsche's record of becoming a professor at 24). He was the youngest professor in the British Empire . Among his students was future Labor Prime Minister of Australia , Gough Whitlam , who described his lectures as 'dry as dust'. He revised Henry Stuart Jones 's edition of Thucydides ' Historiae for

27612-451: Was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his military service. It was in Algiers that the beginning of Powell's distrust of the United States began. After socially mixing with senior American officers that he met and exploring their cultural views of the world, he became convinced that one of America's war aims was to destroy the British Empire . Writing home on 16 February 1943, Powell stated: "I see growing on

27789-402: Was first announced at the end of December 2006, and is available to recipients of all levels of the order, as well as to holders of the British Empire Medal . The pin design is not unique to any level. The pin features the badge of the order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the order. The creation of such a pin

27966-416: Was imminent. Powell was so shocked by the change of policy that he spent the whole night after it was announced walking the streets of London. He came to terms with it by becoming fiercely anti-imperialist, believing that once India had gone the whole empire should follow it. This logical absolutism explained his later indifference to the Suez Crisis , his contempt for the Commonwealth and his urging that

28143-583: Was in India that "recognition of belonging to a greater whole which involves the ultimate consequence in certain circumstances of self-sacrifice in the interests of the whole." Therefore, the title 'Head of the Commonwealth', the third major change, was "essentially a sham. They are essentially something which we have invented to blind ourselves to the reality of the position." These changes were "greatly repugnant" to Powell: ... if they are changes which were demanded by those who in many wars had fought with this country, by nations who maintained an allegiance to

28320-469: Was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan). Although initially intended to recognise meritorious service, the order began to also be awarded for gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant navy, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach

28497-467: Was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war. The Tories wanted to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize those gains. Tory has become shorthand for

28674-458: Was open to both women and men; provision was also made for conferring honorary awards on foreign recipients. At the same time, alongside the order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. The first investiture took place at Ibrox Stadium , as part of a royal visit to the Glasgow shipyards, with the appointment of Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde as

28851-509: Was phonetically anglicised. Several Irish words have been suggested as the etymological root for the word Tory . The Irish word toruidhe or toruighe , meaning "to pursue" or "to hunt", is suggested as the origin for the term Tory . From the 1500s to 1600s, the term Tory first emerged to refer to the Irish who were dispossessed of their lands and took to the woods, forming themselves into bands that subsisted on wild animals and goods taken from settlers. After these activities were suppressed,

29028-430: Was posted to Cairo and transferred back to the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. As secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee, Middle East, he was soon doing work that would normally have been done by a more senior officer and was promoted to major in May 1942 (backdated to December 1941). He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in August 1942, telling his parents that he was doing the work of three people and expected to be

29205-508: Was printed in 1939. In its review, The Times Literary Supplement said Powell's "lyrical feeling, reflection, and an epigrammatic conciseness are pleasantly balanced, and he is particularly happy perhaps in saluting the blossoms of spring". Maurice Cowling appraised Powell's poems as "restrained and pessimistic, and written out of a high sense of human destiny. It expressed the position of youth and had an eschatological overtone characteristic of Housman's repressed tombstone emotion. It registered

29382-408: Was promoted to full colonel at the end of March 1944, as assistant director of military intelligence in India, giving intelligence support to the Burma campaign of Sir William Slim . Having begun the war as the youngest professor in the British Empire, Powell ended it as a brigadier . He was given the promotion to serve on a committee of generals and brigadiers to plan the postwar defence of India:

29559-407: Was published (in German) in the Philologische Wochenschrift , on a line of Herodotus. While studying at Cambridge, Powell became aware that there was another classicist who signed his name as "John U. Powell". Powell decided to use his middle name and, from that moment, referred to himself as "Enoch Powell". Powell won the Craven scholarship at the beginning of his second term in January 1931, only

29736-497: Was published in 1937 and was influenced by Housman. The Times Literary Supplement reviewed them and said they possessed to a degree "the tone and temper" of Housman's A Shropshire Lad . The Poet Laureate John Masefield told Powell he read them "with a great deal of admiration for their concision and point", and Hilaire Belloc said "I have read them with the greatest pleasure and interest ... I shall always retain them". His second volume of poems, Casting Off, and Other Poems ,

29913-404: Was recommended in Sir Hayden Phillips ' review of the honours system in 2004. The Chapel of the Order of the British Empire is in St Paul's Cathedral . It occupies the far eastern end of the cathedral crypt and was dedicated in 1960. The only heraldic banners normally on display in the chapel are those of the Sovereign of the Order of the British Empire and of the Grand Master of the Order of

30090-445: Was remembered as a hard-working student; his contemporary, Roy Lewis , recalled that "we thought that the masters were afraid of him". Powell also won a medal in gymnastics and gained a proficiency in the clarinet. He contemplated studying at the Royal Academy of Music but his parents persuaded him to try for a scholarship at Cambridge . Duggie Smith, Powell's form-master in the lower classical sixth and his principal classics master in

30267-416: Was reputed to be cleverer than any of the masters". Powell won all three of the school's classics prizes (in Thucydides , Herodotus and Divinity ) in the fifth form, two or three years younger than anyone else had won them. He also began to translate Herodotus's Histories and completed the translation of the first part when he was fourteen. He entered the sixth form two years before his classmates, and

30444-462: Was still convinced of the inevitability of war with Germany after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933: he told his father in 1934, "I want to be in the army from the first day that Britain goes to war". He suffered a spiritual crisis when he heard of the Night of the Long Knives in July 1934, which shattered his vision of German culture. He later recalled that he sat for hours in a state of shock: "So it had all been illusion, all fantasy, all

30621-413: Was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled " Abhorrers " and later "Tories". Titus Oates applied the term Tory , which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his Popish Plot and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with

30798-487: Was the only child of Albert Enoch Powell, a primary school headmaster, and his wife, Ellen Mary. Ellen was the daughter of Henry Breese, a Liverpool policeman, and his wife Eliza, who had been a teacher. His mother did not like his name, and as a child he was known as "Jack". At the age of three, Powell was nicknamed "the Professor" because he used to stand on a chair and describe the stuffed birds that his grandfather had shot, which were displayed in his parents' home. In 1918,

30975-418: Was the room where the first Prince of Wales had been born. Every Sunday, Powell would give lectures to his parents on the books that he had read, and he would also conduct evensong and preach a sermon. Once he was old enough to go out on his own, Powell would walk around rural Worcestershire with the aid of Ordnance Survey maps, which instilled in him a love for landscape and cartography. Powell attended

31152-526: Was to be given for services rendered in the UK and overseas. Today the majority of recipients are UK citizens, though a number of Commonwealth realms outside the UK continue to make appointments to the order. Honorary awards may be made to citizens of other nations of which the order's sovereign is not the head of state. The five classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade: The senior two ranks of Knight or Dame Grand Cross and Knight or Dame Commander entitle their members to use

31329-466: Was won now", and he wanted to see the Union Flag back in Singapore before, Powell feared, the Americans beat the British Empire to it and secured an imperial domination of their own over the region. He had at this time an ambition to be assigned to the Chindits units operating in Burma , and secured an interview with their commander, Orde Wingate , to this end while the latter was on a temporary stop-over in Cairo, but Powell's duties and rank precluded

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