Misplaced Pages

#641358

135-564: A modified version of the bill became law on August 9, 2022, as the CHIPS and Science Act . Before the full Senate vote, some Republican lawmakers such as Marco Rubio called for provisions that would prevent the allocation of grants to companies with financial ties to the People's Republic of China . Rubio's amendment to limit the Director of National Intelligence from issuing grants to companies invested in

270-1124: A Time article in 2023, "People with disabilities are being neglected". This view has been echoed by a number of DEI leaders and activists. Sara Hart Weir , the former president and CEO of the National Down Syndrome Society and co-founder of the Commission for Disability Employment, argues that when deliberating on the vision of DEI success in the United States, policymakers, and employers need to take proactive measures to engaging with people with disabilities who they historically ignored. Corinne Gray has argued that, "If you embrace diversity, but ignore disability, you're doing it wrong." Diversity hire, equity hire, or DEI hire, are disparaging and controversial labels for persons from underrepresented groups , which are, according to this label, assumed to be less qualified and have supposedly received preferential treatment due to DEI policies. Wording of some DEI initiatives can backfire and contribute to

405-538: A 2018 article, proponents of DEI argued that because businesses and corporations exist within a larger world, they cannot be completely separated from the issues that exist in society. Therefore, the authors argue the need for DEI to improve coworker relations and teamwork. Through a DEI plan, organizations outline measures to be taken, including recruiting and retaining personnel, fostering effective communication channels, imparting relevant training, and regulating workplace conduct. As of 2022, many academic institutions in

540-503: A 2022 survey conducted by the American Association of University Professors , one in five American colleges and universities include DEI criteria in tenure standards, including 45.6% of institutions with more than 5000 students. Some universities have begun to weigh diversity statements heavily in hiring processes. For example, University of California, Berkeley eliminated three-quarters of applicants for five faculty positions in

675-558: A National Secure Data Service per the act's directives. The DOE also issued a press release to commemorate the anniversary, noting materials science, quantum computing and biotechnology had received major attention from the act, as well as efforts to improve energy use, materials sourcing transparency and recycling of computer chips. On the second anniversary of the Act becoming law, the NSF put out an updated fact sheet. The TIP Directorate had now awarded

810-550: A baseline scenario of 8 percent if the Act had not passed). On October 23, 2023, the Biden administration announced that it directed the Economic Development Administration to focus on 31 areas (across 32 states and Puerto Rico ) that it designated "Tech Hubs", for the purposes of spreading development evenly around the country, and incubating advanced technology and research. The Tech Hubs' organizers competed for

945-573: A bill to ban spending on DEI in public universities was also advanced in March 2023. Several prominent Republicans positioned themselves as critics, including Florida Governor Ron DeSantis , Texas Governor Greg Abbott , and 2024 presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy . In January 2024, the Florida Board of Education banned federal or state money being used toward DEI programs in universities. Another significant point of political controversy has been

1080-511: A bipartisan bill (CHIPS for America) to provide the necessary funding. This led to Krach and his team's close collaboration in creating the CHIPS for America component with Senators John Cornyn (R-TX) and Mark Warner (D-VA). In June 2020, Senator Warner joined U.S. Senator John Cornyn in introducing the $ 52 billion CHIPS for America Act. Both bills were eventually merged into the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (USICA). On June 8, 2021,

1215-535: A call for volunteers to select who will serve as board members. In June, the selection committee was announced as Janet Foutty of Deloitte, John L. Hennessy of Alphabet, Jason Gaverick Matheny of RAND Corporation, Don Rosenberg of the University of California, San Diego, and Brenda Darden Wilkerson of AnitaB.org. In September, the selection committee's activities were closed. By the White House's announcement date,

1350-408: A commentator on CNN , has criticized American universities for "[h]aving gone so far down the ideological path" that "these universities and these presidents cannot make the case clearly that at the center of a university is the free expression of ideas." He opines that "[t]he most obvious lack of diversity at universities, political diversity, which clearly affects their ability to analyze many issues,

1485-507: A condition of employment, admission, or promotion. The other Florida law prohibits public colleges from spending state or federal funds on DEI unless required by federal law. One Texas law prohibits DEI practices or programs, including training, that are not in compliance with the state Constitution regarding equality. The other law bans DEI offices and staff, as well as mandatory diversity training. It also bans identity-based diversity statements that give preference regarding race or sex. Within

SECTION 10

#1732855311642

1620-547: A fab in Arizona, which upon completion began producing Apple A16 chips in earnest in mid-September 2024, according to independent journalist Tim Culpan, achieving 4 percent higher production yields than the average in Taiwan by late October. These include (before the act passed on August 9, 2022): After the act passed: The following projects were announced after the Act's first anniversary: On May 13, 2024, Bloomberg News found

1755-534: A five-year period. Investment in basic and advanced research, commercialization, and education and training programs in artificial intelligence , semiconductors , quantum computing , advanced communications, biotechnology and advanced energy, amounts to $ 100 billion. Over $ 10 billion was authorized for appropriation to designate ten regional technology hubs and create a supply chain crisis -response program. The CHIPS for America Act portion stemmed from Under Secretary of State Krach and his team brokering

1890-453: A form of corporate training, it also finds implementation within many types of organizations, such as within academia , schools , and hospitals. Into the 2020s, DEI efforts and policies have generated criticism, some directed at the specific effectiveness of its tools, such as diversity training, and its effect on free speech and academic freedom, as well as more broadly attracting criticism on political or philosophical grounds. In addition,

2025-400: A group of 29 scientists, including Nobel laureates Dan Shechtman and Arieh Warshel , published a paper that outlined what the authors see as a "clash in science between classical liberal values" and a "new postmodern worldview", which, they argue, is "enforced by 'Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion' (DEI) officers and bureaucracies" and "threatens the entire scientific enterprise." Two of

2160-585: A new collaborative advanced research and development center (distinct from traditional fabs) named the "EPIC Center", short for "Equipment and Process Innovation and Commercialization Center", by 2026, next to its existing facility in Sunnyvale, California . The first known CHIPS Act-linked investment in Silicon Valley, the EPIC Center is worth $ 4 billion and is projected to create 2,000 jobs. In June 2023, after

2295-565: A new notice of opportunity for metrology research funding on April 16. In September 2023, the Commerce Department finalized its rule prohibiting Act funding recipients from expanding their manufacturing presence by more than 5 percent for advanced and 10 percent for mid-market chips through deals worth $ 100,000 or more, and brokering licensing agreements for technology transfers in China and other "countries of concern", as well as setting out how

2430-550: A new wave of controversy surrounding DEI in the workplace and its impact on freedom of expression. Bilkszto had earlier filed a lawsuit against the Toronto District School Board in the wake of a 2021 incident at a DEI training seminar; Bilkszto was later diagnosed with "anxiety secondary to a workplace event", and claimed the session and its aftermath had destroyed his reputation. Bilkszto's lawyer has publicly linked this incident and its aftermath with his death. In

2565-436: A number of hypotheses on the business benefits of diversity and of diversity management, known as the business case of diversity. In 2003, corporations spent $ 8 billion annually on diversity. In 2011 Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13583 concerning Diversity and inclusion. After the election of Donald Trump in 2016 and the ascent of the #MeToo and Black Lives Matter movements, Time magazine stated in 2019 that

2700-415: A person's unique circumstances, adjusting treatment accordingly so that the end result is equal." Finally, inclusion refers to creating an organizational culture that creates an experience where "all employees feel their voices will be heard", and a sense of belonging and integration. DEI is most often used to describe certain training efforts, such as diversity training . Although DEI is best known as

2835-675: A piece entitled "Diversity and Free Speech Can Coexist at Stanford" that was published in the Journal the following week. Dean of Stanford Law School Jenny S. Martínez also published a ten-page document addressing the situation and clarifying Stanford's position on free speech. In it, Martinez stated that the university's commitment to DEI "can and should be implemented in ways that are consistent with its commitment to academic freedom and free speech" and that she believed that "the commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion actually means that we must protect free expression of all views." She added that

SECTION 20

#1732855311642

2970-436: A rise in legal challenges and political opposition to systematic endeavors aimed at enhancing racial equity. Diversity management can be seen to "leverage organisational diversity to enhance organisational justice and achieve better business outcomes". Several reports and academic studies, including one by McKinsey & Company , found a correlation between financial benefits and DEI. The study from McKinsey & Company

3105-620: A secondary purpose of encouraging diversity. Diversity in higher education can be difficult, with diverse students often feeling reduced to fulfilling a 'diversity quota,' which can carry a high emotional tax. Within healthcare, DEI reflective groups have been used to enhance the cultural sensitivity within mental health professionals. Such reflective spaces help improve mental health professionals reflexivity and awareness of DEI-related issues both within direct clinical work with clients, their families, and wider systems, as well as within professional supervision and teams. DEI positions also exist with

3240-474: A society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities. The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or exploitation by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups. In

3375-462: A statement supporting the bill saying "I'm heartened by Congress’ bipartisan work so far, and its commitment to quick action to get this to my desk as soon as possible. Together, we have an opportunity to show China and the rest of the world that the 21st century will be the American century – forged by the ingenuity and hard work of our innovators, workers, and businesses." The bill has been described by

3510-515: A talk by Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Kyle Duncan at Stanford Law School sparked criticism and discussion in the media, with many focusing on the role of Associate DEI Dean Tirien Steinbach, who joined protesters in denouncing Duncan's presence on campus. In the wake of the incident, the editorial board of the Wall Street Journal opined that DEI offices have "become weapons to intimidate and limit speech". Steinbach replied with

3645-531: A total of $ 32.8 billion had been allocated from the CaSA's $ 39 billion fund, with federal loans and tax credits set to reach $ 75 billion. Boston Consulting Group and the Semiconductor Industry Association estimated that by 2033, the United States would attain 28 percent of the world's market for advanced logic chips, and its share of the world's fabs would grow to 14 percent of the total (compared to

3780-405: A total of about $ 500 million in implementation grants, the first such appropriation out of a budgeted $ 10 billion over the next five years. The Biden administration also gave out "Strategy Development Grants" to 29 consortia of businesses, labor unions and governments in areas that lost out, encouraging further organizational improvements before trying again to become a Tech Hub. On July 2, 2024,

3915-498: A two-year total of 2,455 grants and signed 25 contracts in research and development, and incentivized $ 8.15 billion in private capital and more than 75 exits from federal seed funding; the NSF also designated 10 new Regional Innovation Engines in January 2024, issued the first 40 awards in the ExLENT program promoting experiential learning in semiconductor engineering at universities, launched

4050-847: A whole but is divided into three divisions with their own short titles: Division A is the CHIPS Act of 2022 (where CHIPS stands for "Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors"); Division B is the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ; and Division C is the Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022 . By March 2024, analysts estimated that the act incentivized between 25 and 50 separate potential projects, with total projected investments of $ 160–200 billion and 25,000–45,000 new jobs. However, these projects are faced with delays in receiving grants due to bureaucratic hurdles and shortages of skilled workers, both during

4185-558: Is a U.S. federal statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022. The act authorizes roughly $ 280 billion in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States, for which it appropriates $ 52.7 billion. The act includes $ 39 billion in subsidies for chip manufacturing on U.S. soil along with 25% investment tax credits for costs of manufacturing equipment, and $ 13 billion for semiconductor research and workforce training, with

United States Innovation and Competition Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

4320-498: Is also called Dilemma of Difference . Some have criticized the focus on equity rather than equality, arguing that the former runs contrary to a focus on merit or non-discrimination. Political scientist Charles Lipson has called "equity" a "mandate to discriminate", threatening the principle of " equality under the law ", while Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson , a frequent critic of DEI, has called equity "the most egregious, self-righteous, historically-ignorant and dangerous" of

4455-691: Is authoritarian and anti- meritocratic . In the 2020s, DEI came into the spotlight in American politics, especially in state legislatures in Texas and other Republican -controlled states. Several states are considering or have passed legislation targeting DEI in public institutions. In March 2023, the Texas House of Representatives passed a bill with a rider banning the use of state funds for DEI programs in universities and colleges. In May 2023, Texas passed legislation banning offices and programs promoting DEI at publicly funded colleges and universities. In Iowa ,

4590-460: Is in line for the largest individual investment (TSMC's $ 65 billion investment, predicted to create 6,000 jobs), the most total jobs created (above 11,000) and the most dollars overall ($ 97.5 billion). Counties that voted for Biden in 2020 received more dollars from the Act ($ 227.9 million) than counties that voted for Donald Trump ($ 44 million). In December 2023, the Financial Times found

4725-496: Is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational settings to ensure that designated groups within

4860-544: Is not addressed." Conservative activists in the United States such as Stephen Miller and Edward Blum have alleged that corporate DEI programs are a form of reverse discrimination against whites. While such complaints have historically been a small fraction of employment discrimination litigation, U.S. courts have seen an increase in reverse discrimination claims since 2020, with some individual plaintiffs being awarded damages against companies such as Starbucks and Novant Health . Author Christine Michel Carter coined

4995-536: Is taking place amid heavy legal pressures. Supreme Court in June 2023 upended established equal protection law with its decision in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard . This ruling, effectively eliminated the use of affirmative action in college admissions but did not directly affect employers. Nevertheless, since then conservative activists have organized in the states to dismantle race-conscious policies in various aspects of

5130-543: Is that many anti-discrimination policies have no effect. What is worse, they often backfire." A regular claim is that these efforts mainly work to protect against litigation . It has also been criticized that there has been limited progress in achieving racial diversity in corporate leadership, particularly for Black professionals, due to a lack of diverse Chief Diversity Officers and a broad DEI focus that overlooks specific issues Black professionals face. A 2007 study of 829 companies over 31 years showed "no positive effects in

5265-453: The 2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism at the University of Pennsylvania , one donor pulled a $ 100 million donation "because he thought the school was prioritizing D.E.I. over enhancing the business school's academic excellence." DEI has according to some critics become a distinct ideology or "political agenda", leading to a politicization of universities. Fareed Zakaria ,

5400-628: The Albany Nanotech Complex in Albany, New York . The second site was announced the next day as a chip design lab in Sunnyvale, California . Arrian Ebrahaimi and Jordan Schneider, writing for the Institute for Progress , recommended the NSTC be structured with more centralization, work quickly and ambitiously to address market failures and externalities in chip research, and follow the management model of

5535-525: The Endless Frontier Act , designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research, and the CHIPS for America Act , designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. The act is aimed at competing with China. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented to Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under Secretary of State Keith Krach in October 2019, as part of

United States Innovation and Competition Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

5670-649: The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), members of the Congress to alter or drop specific bills that seek to enhance U.S. competitiveness. The Chinese embassy explicitly asked companies to oppose the USICA and the Eagle Act ( H.R. 3524 ), and warned that if the legislation passed, U.S. companies would risk losing market shares or revenues in China. CHIPS and Science Act The CHIPS and Science Act

5805-485: The U.S. Senate by a vote of 64–33 on July 27, 2022. On July 28, the $ 280 billion bill passed the U.S. House by a vote of 243–187–1. On August 1, 2022, the magazine EE Times (Electronic Engineering) dubbed Under Secretary of State Keith Krach (as of February 2023 , now the current Chairman of the Krach Institute for Tech Diplomacy at Purdue University ) the architect of the CHIPS and Science Act. The bill

5940-515: The Washington Post reported that there is a trend in corporate America to reduce DEI positions and delegate the work to external consultants. The number of DEI jobs reached its highest point in early 2023, but subsequently decreased by 5 percent that year and has further shrunk by 8 percent in 2024. The attrition rate for DEI roles has been approximately twice as high as that of non-DEI positions. The scaling back of DEI initiatives has aligned with

6075-715: The environmental effects of aviation , integrating unmanned aerial vehicle detection with air traffic control , investigating nuclear propulsion for spacecraft, continuing the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and xenology efforts, and boosting astronomical surveys for Near-Earth objects including the NEO Surveyor project. The law could potentially invest $ 67 billion in accelerating advanced zero-emissions technologies (such as improved energy storage , hydrogen economy technologies, and carbon capture and storage ) to mass markets, advancing building efficiency, and improving climate science research, according to

6210-538: The life sciences exclusively on the basis of their diversity statements in the hiring cycle of 2018–2019. Contrary arguments for training are that, "implicit bias training is crucial for addressing racism, and bypassing it cannot be justified under the First Amendment. While free speech is a fundamental right, it is not absolute and must be balanced against public health needs, including combating systemic racism." The Academic Freedom Alliance (AFA) has called for

6345-457: The murder of George Floyd in May 2020. The Economist has also stated that surveys of international companies indicate that the number of people hired for jobs with "diversity" or "inclusion" in the title more than quadrupled since 2010. As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion, while nine states explicitly ban its use in

6480-565: The $ 12 billion on-shoring of TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) to secure the supply chain of sophisticated semiconductors, on May 15, 2020. Krach's stated strategy was to use the TSMC announcement as a stimulus for fortifying a trusted supply chain by attracting TSMC's broad ecosystem of suppliers; persuading other chip companies to produce in U.S., especially Intel and Samsung; inspiring universities to develop engineering curricula focused on semiconductor manufacturing and designing

6615-419: The 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. From then on, researchers started to test

6750-531: The 2023 Appropriations Act appropriated $ 1.564 billion and the Science Act authorized $ 1.562 billion, saw an 11 percent cut and NASA's budget fell 9 percent short of its request. As of April 2024, CHIPS research agencies have been underfunded by over $ 8 billion. In April, Commerce Secretary Raimondo revealed the CHIPS Program Office would no longer fund commercial research and development investments via

6885-522: The Academy Awards, anonymously expressed their opposition to the new diversity standards to The New York Post , with one describing them as "contrived". Film critic Armond White attacked the new standards as "progressive fascism", comparing them to the Hays Code . Conservative media sources, such as National Review , have also been frequent critics of DEI, with contributor George Leff arguing it

SECTION 50

#1732855311642

7020-596: The Act was insufficient in shoring up American mid-level, consumer market-oriented manufacturing by increasing competition and resiliency there. It recommended that the Commerce Department increasingly involve the Federal Trade Commission and other antitrust agencies in its decision-making, incubate four mid-size competitors to TSMC, require 'fabless' firms to double their source numbers, and strategically levy tariffs and fees on select consumer electronics deemed lacking in American sourcing. In August 2023, around

7155-566: The Act's $ 39 billion fund, due to high demand totaling $ 70 billion, and said applicants must seek other sources of R&D funding. The Act creates a National Semiconductor Technology Center to perform advanced research and development on semiconductors. In order to implement it, the Department of Commerce created a nonprofit public–private partnership within NIST called Natcast in April 2023, putting out

7290-583: The Biden administration announced that it would award $ 504 million in additional grants to 12 of the Tech Hubs to further their research. It also announced that the Tech Hub program had already attracted $ 4 billion in private sector investments. Estimates of the results of the CHIPS Act vary. The trade group Semiconductor Industry Association , which analyzed announced investments from May 2020 to December 2022, claimed

7425-446: The Biden administration, and has established a Workforce Center of Excellence and "Community of Interest", beginning its first $ 100 million grant competition in the summer, with a focus on improving artificial intelligence and making cutting-edge research cheaper. It has prepared its strategic plan for fiscal years 2025-27, outlining goals that range from scaling up multi-process wafer access to computer-aided design of chips to organizing

7560-429: The CHIPS Act had led to more than 50 projects worth more than $ 200 billion that would create 44,000 jobs. By the count of policy researcher Jack Conness, the CHIPS Act led to 37 projects worth $ 272 billion and a predicted 36,300 jobs as of November 14, 2024 ; when considered together with Inflation Reduction Act investments, the total comes out to 218 projects worth $ 388 billion creating 135,800 jobs. Arizona

7695-678: The CHIPS Act, and they were joined by seventeen Republican senators, including Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell , Utah senator Mitt Romney , and South Carolina senator Lindsey Graham . Many legislators and elected officials from across both the federal government and various state governments endorsed the passage. A large group of governors consisting of Pennsylvania's Tom Wolf , Alabama's Kay Ivey , California's Gavin Newsom , Kentucky's Andy Beshear , Michigan's Gretchen Whitmer , Wisconsin's Tony Evers , Illinois' J. B. Pritzker , Kansas' Laura Kelly , and North Carolina's Roy Cooper pushed for

7830-719: The Canadian Antisemitism Education Foundation, antisemitism has been largely ignored in the DEI curriculum. Tabia Lee, a former DEI director at De Anza College in California and DEI critic, has criticized DEI for what she says is fostering antisemitism. According to the Brandeis Center , the DEI committee at Stanford University said that "Jews, unlike other minority group[s], possess privilege and power, Jews and victims of Jew-hatred do not merit or necessitate

7965-402: The Commerce Department would be too friendly to states with right-to-work laws (where the first new fabs would be built), that the bill did not restrictively define a "domestic company" regarding financing, and that fab owners would simply use CHIPS Act money to buy back stocks . In response to these concerns, on February 28, 2023, United States Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo published

8100-599: The DEI industry had "exploded" in size. Within academia, a 2019 survey found that spending on DEI efforts had increased 27 percent over the five preceding academic years. One 2020 estimate placed the size of the global diversity and inclusion market at $ 7.5 billion, of which $ 3.4 billion was in the United States, projecting it to reach $ 17.2 billion by 2027. In 2021, Joe Biden signed several executive orders concerning DEI, including Executive Order 13985 and Executive Order 14035 . In 2021, New York magazine stated "the business became astronomically larger than ever" after

8235-499: The DOC to establish $ 10 billion worth of research hubs in post-industrial rural and urban communities that have been subjected to historical underinvestment. As a national security law, the law contains a variety of provisions related to research ethics, foreign talent recruitment, restrictions on Confucius Institutes , and establishing new research security initiatives in the DOE, NIST, and

SECTION 60

#1732855311642

8370-560: The Global Economic Security Strategy to boost investment in high-tech research vital to U.S. national security. The plan was to grow $ 150 billion in government R&D funding into a $ 500 billion investment, with matching investments from the private sector and a coalition of technological allies dubbed the "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10). On May 27, 2020, Senators Young and Schumer, along with Congressmen Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Mike Gallagher (R-WI.), introduced

8505-487: The IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $ 988 billion in private investment (including $ 446 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $ 180 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $ 184 billion in clean power, $ 84 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $ 48 billion in heavy industry) and over $ 696.3 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $ 96.8 billion in energy aside from tax credits in

8640-691: The IRA and CaSA together catalyzed over $ 224 billion in investments and over 100,000 new jobs by the preceding July. According to the New Democrat -linked think tank Center for American Progress , the CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act have together led to more than 35,000 public and private investments. The Biden administration itself claimed that as of November 15, 2024 ,

8775-534: The IRA). In California , where the semiconductor industry was founded in Silicon Valley , experts say that it is very unlikely that any new manufacturing facilities will be built, due to tight regulations, high costs of land and electricity, and unreliable water supplies. These factors have contributed to the state's 33% decline in manufacturing jobs since 1990. In May 2023, Applied Materials announced it would build

8910-949: The NSF SBIR/SBTT Fast-Track pilot program for certain startups and the APTO program promoting technology prediction, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Commerce Department for further action in workforce development. In September 2024, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine produced a report on NASA's organizational efficiency mandated by the law, which found several critical weaknesses, namely, in long-term planning, workforce retention, headquarters staffing levels, budgetary support from Congress, aging infrastructure, and emphasis on research and development as part of instrument planning. Many companies and ecosystem suppliers have announced investment plans since May 2020, when TSMC announced that it would build

9045-400: The NSF. The law makes extensive recommendations to the NSF to add social, legal, and ethical considerations to the award process in all of its research activities, hinting at an embrace of public participatory technology assessment ; the law does not invoke an NSF doctrine called the "broader impacts criterion" to do so. The law invests roughly $ 90 billion in strengthening and diversifying

9180-588: The New York Times as “the most expansive industrial policy legislation in U.S. history.” Organizations which have supported USICA include the AFL-CIO, National Association of Manufacturers, Semiconductor Industry Association, Thurgood Marshall College Fund and American Association of Universities. A letter organized by the Semiconductor Industry Association which called on Congress to pass the bill

9315-629: The People's Republic of China was tabled 55–40. On June 8, 2021, the USICA passed 68–32 in the Senate with bipartisan support. The America COMPETES Act of 2022 (H.R.4521) passed the House on February 4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R.4521 with the text of the USICA on March 28, 2022. A Senate and House conference was required to reconcile the differences. (D-CA) (D-NY) (D-CA) (D-TX) (D-NY) President Joe Biden released

9450-537: The President's proposal for the 2024 United States federal budget would likely shortchange them by $ 5.1 billion, or 19 percent compared to the Act's intent. Upon reviewing the effects the shortfalls would bring on defense policy and the economy, they recommended that more science and technology spending be moved into the mandatory category, as had been done with some semiconductor spending. In March 2024, Politico contributor Christine Mui cited Hourihan in detailing how

9585-469: The Raimondo guidance as excessive. Harris later reported that as a consequence TSMC and its non-union subcontractors had routinely engaged in alleged wage theft, underreported safety violations, and cut out various installation procedures that would have prevented costly repairs, delaying its projects. In February 2024, the antitrust think tank American Economic Liberties Project released a report evaluating

9720-695: The STEM workforce through 33 programs, many of them incorporated deeply in the aforementioned semiconductor incentive, NSF labor supply, Tech Hubs, and DoD microelectronics R&D efforts; beyond those, the law authorizes $ 2.8 billion for standalone education projects, creates a Chief Diversity Officer position and codifies the Eddie Bernice Johnson INCLUDES Network to serve as the NSF's main diversity, equity, and inclusion program. The law expands NSF demographic data collection and workplace inclusion efforts, and help to grantees in caregiver roles and

9855-537: The Science Act interacted with later spending deals. In the actual 2024 budget, the NSF was underfunded by 42 percent compared to the Act's authorization and by 11 percent compared to its budget request; the Department of Energy's Office of Science was underfunded by 13 percent compared to the Act's authorization, while the Economic Development Administration 's regional hubs program was funded with $ 41 million ($ 541 million since 2022) against an annual authorization of $ 2 billion ($ 4 billion from 2022); NIST's budget, for which

9990-1059: The Secretary would be notified of violations. Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity, equity, and inclusion ( DEI ) are organizational frameworks which seek to promote the fair treatment and full participation of all people, particularly groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to discrimination on the basis of identity or disability . These three notions ( diversity , equity , and inclusion ) together represent "three closely linked values" which organizations seek to institutionalize through DEI frameworks. The concepts predate this terminology and other variations sometimes include terms such as belonging , justice , and accessibility . As such, frameworks such as inclusion and diversity ( I&D ), diversity, equity, inclusion and belonging ( DEIB ), justice, equity, diversity and inclusion ( JEDI or EDIJ ), or diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility ( IDEA , DEIA or DEAI ) exist. Diversity refers to

10125-627: The U.S. Additionally, $ 11 billion would go toward advanced semiconductor research and development, separable into $ 8.5 billion of that total going to the National Institute for Standards and Technology , $ 500 million to Manufacturing USA , and $ 2 billion to a new public research hub called the National Semiconductor Technology Center. $ 24 billion would go to a new 25 percent advanced semiconductor manufacturing tax credit to encourage firms to stay in

10260-510: The US have also started making commitments to DEI in different ways, including creating documents, programs and appointing dedicated staff members especially in the US. Many accreditation agencies now require supporting DEI. As of 2014, information on DEI for both students and professors was widespread in colleges and universities, with many schools requiring training and meetings on the topic. Many scholarships and opportunities at universities even have

10395-577: The US in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by US firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a legal constraint. Basically, their message was, do not promote diversity because it is a legal mandate, but because it is good for business. Following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, some companies made substantial commitments to racial equity by establishing dedicated diversity, equity, and inclusion teams. In early 2024,

10530-581: The USA Telecommunications Act of 2020, which aims to enhance competitiveness of software and hardware supply chains of open RAN 5G networks." (The open RAN research innovation fund is controlled by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration .) Companies are subjected to a ten-year ban prohibiting them from producing chips more advanced than 28 nanometers in China and Russia if they are awarded subsidies under

10665-494: The USICA passed 68–32 in the Senate with bipartisan support. The House version of the Bill, America COMPETES Act of 2022 (H.R. 4521), passed on February 4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R. 4521 with the text of the USICA on March 28, 2022. A Senate and House conference was required to reconcile the differences, which resulted in the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act , or "CHIPS Plus". The bill passed

10800-589: The United States, and $ 200 million would go to the National Science Foundation to resolve short-term labor supply issues. According to McKinsey , "The CHIPS Act allocates $ 2 billion to the Department of Defense to fund microelectronics research, fabrication, and workforce training. An additional $ 500 million goes to the Department of State to coordinate with foreign-government partners on semiconductor supply chain security. And $ 1.5 billion funds

10935-684: The United States, particularly marketing criticized as " woke ", have led to calls for boycotts of certain companies by activists and politicians; with notable examples being Disney , Target , Anheuser-Busch , and Chick-fil-A . Commentator Jonathan Turley of The Hill described such boycotts as possessing "some success". Some of these companies' responses to the controversies have, in turn, sparked criticism from progressives of "walking back" or failing DEI commitments. A June 2024 poll by The Washington Post and Ipsos found that 6 in 10 Americans believed that diversity, equity, and inclusion programs are "a good thing". A September 2024 poll by

11070-475: The United States. The U.S. Department of Commerce was granted the power to allocate funds based on companies' willingness to sustain research, build facilities, and train new workers. For semiconductor and telecommunications purposes, the CHIPS Act designates roughly $ 106 billion. The CHIPS Act includes $ 39 billion in tax benefits, loan guarantees and grants, administered by the DOC to encourage American companies to build new chip manufacturing plants in

11205-535: The Workforce Center of Excellence. The current headquarters of Natcast are in a strip mall in Portola Valley, California . States that have received huge amounts of semiconductor investments such as New York, Ohio, Arizona and Texas are vying as of May 2024 to have the headquarters relocated in them. In October, the first major NSTC site was announced, an extreme ultraviolet lithography research lab at

11340-746: The above technologies as well as promoting social and ethical considerations, and authorizes but does not appropriate $ 12 billion for ARPA-E . For the United States Department of Energy the law creates a new 501(c)(3) organization , the Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation , to leverage philanthropy for improving the workforce and bolstering energy research. It contains annual DOE budget increases for other purposes including supercomputer , nuclear fusion and particle accelerator research as well as minority-serving institution outreach and workforce development for teachers, and directs

11475-490: The attention of the DEI committee" after two students complained about antisemitic incidents on campus. Following a wave of antisemitic incidents on American campuses in 2023–2024 , several Republican congressmen laid the blame on DEI, with Burgess Owens stating DEI programs "are anything but inclusive for Jews". DEI's lack of inclusion of Jews and contribution to antisemitism were similarly criticized by businessman Bill Ackman and columnist Heather Mac Donald . Following

11610-466: The authors, Anna Krylov and Jerry Coyne , subsequently argued in an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal that their emphasis on merit – "once anodyne and unobjectionable [...] now contentious and outré, even in the hard sciences" – led to its refusal by major journals and subsequent publication in the Journal of Controversial Ideas . The 2023 suicide of former Toronto principal Richard Bilkszto led to

11745-1158: The average workplace" from diversity training, while the effect was negative where it was mandatory. According to Harvard University professor in sociology and diversity researcher Frank Dobbin, "[O]n average, the typical all-hands-on-deck, 'everybody has to have diversity training' – that typical format in big companies doesn't have any positive effects on any historically underrepresented groups like black men or women, Hispanic men or women, Asian-American men or women or white women." The use of mandatory "diversity statements" within academia, wherein an applicant or faculty member outlines their "past contributions" and plans "for advancing diversity, equity and inclusion" if hired, has become controversial and sparked criticism. The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE) has called such practices an attack on academic freedom , stating that "[v]ague or ideologically motivated DEI statement policies can too easily function as litmus tests for adherence to prevailing ideological views on DEI" and "penalize faculty for holding dissenting opinions on matters of public concern". According to

11880-783: The basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator Hubert Humphrey , declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences. Affirmative action

12015-615: The bipartisan, bicameral Endless Frontier Act to solidify the United States' leadership in scientific and technological innovation through increased investments in the discovery, creation, and commercialization of technology fields of the future. The United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021 (USICA) (S. 1260), formerly known as the Endless Frontier Act, was United States legislation sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Senator Young authorizing $ 110 billion for basic and advanced technology research over

12150-513: The board of trustees was finalized as Robin Abrams of Analog Devices Inc., Craig Barrett of Intel, Reggie Brothers of the MIT Lincoln Lab, Nick Donofrio of IBM, Donna Dubinsky of Palm and Handspring, and Erica Fuchs of Carnegie Mellon University. They selected Deirdre Hanford of Synopsys to serve as Natcast's CEO. As of October 24, 2024 , Natcast was promised at least $ 5 billion from

12285-608: The climate action think tank Rocky Mountain Institute . The law would invest $ 81 billion in the NSF, including new money for STEM education (it recommends $ 100 million in rural schools, a 50 percent increase in Noyce Teaching Scholarships, and $ 300 million in a "STEM Teacher Corps") and defense against foreign intellectual property infringement , and $ 20 billion in the new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, which would be tasked with deploying

12420-455: The co-sponsors of the bill, has dismissed those threats, saying “No one will stand in the way of America strengthening our innovation capacity and domestic production so that we can launch a new era of leadership.” In November 2021, it was reported that some U.S. executives received letters from China's embassy in Washington, D.C., which pressed U.S. businesses to lobby, in possible violation of

12555-523: The commitment would not take the form of "having the school administration announce institutional positions on a wide range of current social and political issues, make frequent institutional statements about current news events, or exclude or condemn speakers who hold views on social and political issues with whom some or even many in our community disagree." She criticized this definition of an "inclusive environment" by stating it "can lead to creating and enforcing an institutional orthodoxy ." In April 2023,

12690-437: The construction phase and upon completion in the operational/manufacturing stage, where 40% of the permanent new workers will need two-year technician degrees and 60% will need four-year engineering degrees or higher. In addition, Congress had routinely made several funding deals that underfunded key basic research provisions of the Act by tens of billions of dollars. The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills:

12825-546: The criticism. Some schools are removing the word "diversity" from titles of offices and jobs; some are closing campus spaces set up for students according to identity; some are ending diversity training; and some have stopped asking all faculty and staff members for written affirmations of their commitment to diversity. Diversity training, a common tool used in DEI efforts, has repeatedly come under criticism as being ineffective or even counterproductive. The Economist has stated that "the consensus now emerging among academics

12960-423: The demand for DEI statements", stating "I am a scholar on the left committed to struggles for social justice. The realities surrounding mandatory DEI statements, however, make me wince". Several U.S. states have implemented legislation to ban mandatory diversity statements. In 2024, MIT announced that diversity statements "will no longer be part of applications for any faculty positions" at the university, becoming

13095-413: The description of diversity statements as "a justifiable requirement for a job at a university", while the other half saw it as "an ideological litmus test that violates academic freedom". According to Professor Randall L. Kennedy at Harvard University , "many academics at Harvard and beyond feel intense and growing resentment against the DEI enterprise because of features that are perhaps most evident in

13230-536: The dual aim of strengthening American supply chain resilience and countering China . It also invests $ 174 billion in the overall ecosystem of public sector research in science and technology, advancing human spaceflight , quantum computing , materials science , biotechnology , experimental physics , research security, social and ethical considerations, workforce development and diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts at NASA , NSF , DOE , EDA , and NIST . The act does not have an official short title as

13365-558: The economy. The Chronicle of Higher Education in February 2024 is tracking 73 bills introduced in state legislatures in 2023–2024. Of these 8 have become law, 25 failed to pass, and the rest are pending. Two bills became law in Florida and Texas; and one each in North Carolina, North Dakota, Tennessee, and Utah. Florida now prohibits public colleges from requiring “political loyalty tests” as

13500-409: The effect of DEI on the campus environment, academic freedom, and free speech . The 2021 cancelling of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) guest lecture by astrophysicist Dorian Abbot after he criticized DEI programs led to media attention and controversy. As a result, MIT empaneled a committee to investigate the state of academic freedom at the university. The 2023 disruption of

13635-563: The employment process. The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected affirmative action regarding race in college admissions in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard . The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today". In

13770-545: The end of required diversity statements, stating it "encourages cynicism and dishonesty" and erases "the distinction between academic expertise and ideological conformity ". Social psychologist Jonathan Haidt , who resigned from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in protest against mandatory diversity statements, has stated that "most academic work has nothing to do with diversity, so these mandatory statements force many academics to betray their quasi-fiduciary duty to

13905-490: The extensive environmental impact of the chipmaker and data center industry was at odds with the output from the new research programs of the Act. Robert Kuttner , economic nationalist commentator and editor of The American Prospect , expressed concerns that the bill did not provide enough resources to allow local residents near fabs to organize or form a trade union (thereby making unions rely too heavily on community benefits agreements compared to federal policy), that

14040-454: The famous Bakke decision of 1978, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke , diversity now became a factor in constitutional law. The Supreme Court ruled quotas were illegal but it was allowable to consider race as a plus factor when trying to foster "diversity" in their classes. Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in

14175-475: The fight against sexual harassment. The law emphasizes skilled technical jobs that do not require a bachelor's degree, and directs grant applicants to closely integrate workforce initiatives with job training; notably, it does not invest in the United States Department of Labor to carry this out. Every senator in the Senate Democratic Caucus except for Bernie Sanders voted in favor of passing

14310-631: The film industry, several prominent actors and directors have criticized recently implemented diversity standards, such as at the Academy Awards . Beginning in 2024, to be eligible for a best-picture nomination at the Academy Awards, a film must meet two of four diversity standards in order to qualify. Actor Richard Dreyfuss stated the Academy Award's diversity and inclusion standards "make me vomit", arguing that art should not be morally legislated. Several major film directors, who are voting members of

14445-607: The firm. Research suggests that attempts to promote diversity can provoke defensive responses: One study suggested that even incidental allusions to diversity during interviews promoted defensive reactions in White male applicants. Indeed, after diversity was mentioned, their performance during the interview deteriorated and their physiological arousal increased. DEI can also be one component of environmental, social, and governance (ESG). According to The Chronicle of Higher Education , institutions are making defensive adjustments to

14580-404: The first application for CHIPS Act grants, which encourages fab operators to use Project Labor Agreements for facilitating union negotiations during construction, outline their plans to curtail stock buybacks, share excess profits with the federal government, and open or point out nearby child care facilities. The application led to over 200 statements of interest from private companies within

14715-405: The first major university to abandon the practice. According to DEI frameworks, "equity is different than equality in that equality implies treating everyone as if their experiences are exactly the same." A common identification, especially among critics, is of equality as meaning " equality of opportunities " and equity as " equality of outcome ". This difference between equity and equality

14850-532: The first month and a half, looking to invest across the entire semiconductor supply chain in 35 states; by June 2023, the number had reached over 300. The Prospect later covered the lack of progress in PLA talks between key investor TSMC and local unions in Phoenix, and included both author Lee Harris's claim that the Raimondo guidance was insufficient in helping the talks, and liberal commentator Ezra Klein 's criticism of

14985-491: The goal of creating allies for public school students through resources and staff training, in order to support students facing social disparities. Other proponents of allyship consider impromptu speaking a key skill for allies to operate on authenticity in everyday words and reactions. Diversity management as a concept appeared and gained momentum in the US in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan threatened to dismantle equality and affirmative action laws in

15120-661: The implementation of DEI frameworks in the military, with Republican politicians frequently criticizing the efforts as "divisive" and as harming military efficiency and recruiting, while Democrats have defended it as beneficial and strengthening. In July 2023, the House of Representatives voted to ban all DEI offices and initiatives within the Pentagon and military along partisan lines, with all Democrats and four Republican members also opposing. The Senate, under Democratic control, has not acted. Political opposition to corporate DEI efforts in

15255-438: The incident has also been "seized on by a number of prominent right-wing commentators looking to roll-back [DEI] initiatives." The anti-racism trainer involved in the incident has stated they welcome the review by Lecce, and stated that the incident has been "weaponized to discredit and suppress the work of people committed [to DEI]". DEI has been criticized for not focusing on antisemitism . According to Andria Spindel of

15390-561: The innovation cycle. Seven months later, Brookings staffers Martha Ross and Mark Muro also said the act's workforce provisions reflected a fragmented approach and their costs were difficult to determine. Writing in the Substack climate and finance newsletter The Gigaton , Stanford MBA students Georgia Carroll and Zac Maslia criticized the Act for lacking incentives to add renewable energy to chipmakers' base loads , and reclaimed water and PFAS alternatives to their material inputs, and noted

15525-773: The law. The law authorizes $ 174 billion for uses other than semiconductor and telecom technologies. It authorizes, but does not appropriate, extended NASA funding for the International Space Station to 2030, partially funds the Artemis program returning humans to the Moon, and directs NASA to establish a Moon to Mars Program Office for a human mission to Mars beyond the Artemis program. The bill also obligates NASA to perform research into further domesticating its supply chains and diversifying and developing its workforce, reducing

15660-548: The one-year anniversary of the act becoming law, the NSF released a fact sheet outlining what it had done in the first year. Notably, the Technology, Innovation and Partnerships Directorate had awarded more than 760 grants and signed 18 contracts in research and development, and incentivized $ 4 billion in private capital and 35 exits from federal seed funding for private companies; the NSF issued two letters to employees on research security, increased STEM scholarship amounts, and created

15795-484: The organization is more open to a diverse workforce, but to the groups hired it suggests the organization lacks effective diversity management or inclusion. According to some critics, DEI initiatives inadvertently sideline disabled people. Writing for The Conversation in 2017, college professor Stephen Friedman said that, "Organizations who are serious about DEI must adopt the frame of producing shared value where business and social goods exist side-by-side". According to

15930-473: The passage of the debt-ceiling deal , Federation of American Scientists analysts Matt Hourihan and Melissa Roberts Chapman and Brookings Institution analyst Mark Muro noted that the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 had underfunded three key agencies to the Science Act (the NSF, the DOE's Office of Science, and NIST) by $ 2.7 billion, or 12 percent compared to the Act's intent, and that

16065-626: The passage of the bill back in November 2021. Separately, Ohio governor Mike DeWine , whose state became the home of Intel 's newest semiconductor fabrication plant in the Columbus suburb of New Albany , as well as Texas governor Greg Abbott and Texas senator John Cornyn , whose state was the home of a major investment from Samsung , each pushed for the bill to be passed and applauded its advancement through Congress. It has received widespread support from chip firms, though they were concerned about

16200-569: The presence of variety within the organizational workforce, such as in identity and identity politics . It includes gender , ethnicity , sexual orientation , disability , age , culture , class , religion , or opinion . Equity refers to concepts of fairness and justice , such as fair compensation and substantive equality . More specifically, equity usually also includes a focus on societal disparities and allocating resources and "decision making authority to groups that have historically been disadvantaged", and taking "into consideration

16335-724: The protectionist provisions of the CHIPS and Science Act and the risk of a subsidy race with the EU , which proposed its own European Chips Act in 2022. In a piece for Brookings on May 25, 2023, Annelies Goger and Banu Ozkazanc-Pan found the Act was vague in many of its workforce development provisions, and criticized the statute for failing to offer a comprehensive, 'wraparound' approach to workforce development. They focused on its lack of supportive provisions for closing racial and gender gaps in STEM, its lack of requirements for equitable access to child care and non-academic mentorship programs beyond well-resourced communities, and its piecemeal approach to

16470-419: The provision banning them from further investments in China. Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger said during an earnings call on September 30, 2022, that CHIPS Act subsidies were leading the company to explore building empty fab buildings (known as a "shell-first strategy") and aggressively acquire smaller competitors before installing any equipment, to avoid contributing to a predicted semiconductor glut. The bill

16605-593: The self-perception of the hired person that they would not have been hired solely based on formal merit and have only been hired due to a combination of their underrepresented identity and formal merit. The term diversity hire can refer to problematic hiring strategies such as tokenism . The term "DEI", when used as a term to disparage people (particularly Black Americans), has been described as an ethnic slur . Since 2023, Republican-dominated state legislatures are considering bills that are against DEI efforts, primarily at state colleges and universities. The downgrading

16740-597: The similar Belgian company IMEC . The Biden administration will also invest at least $ 200 million in a new Manufacturing USA Institute under the Act, focused on spreading the use of digital twins in semiconductor design, and $ 300 million in the NIST Advanced Packaging Manufacturing Program, focused on researching new substrate chemistries for semiconductor packaging . The Commerce Department also awarded $ 100 million to 29 research projects in advanced metrology by February, and released

16875-411: The state of the semiconductor industry after the CHIPS and Science Act passed. It found that the Act was insufficient in dealing with what it saw as the effective monopolization and monopsony of the American semiconductor industry by TSMC and by ' fabless ' semiconductor firms that practiced routine outsourcing, such as Nvidia and Apple Inc. , the result of shareholder-driven decisions. It also found

17010-560: The term "DEI" has gained traction as an ethnic slur towards minority groups in the United States. DEI policy emerged from Affirmative action in the United States . The legal term "affirmative action" was first used in " Executive Order No. 10925 ", signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". It

17145-411: The term "dog-whistle diversity" for Time in 2017. Influenced by the phrase " dog whistle politics ", dog whistle diversity is defined as the hiring of groups who have historically been underrepresented or subject to discrimination by organizations for the social aspect of environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). To investors and stakeholders, hiring these groups sends a coded message that

17280-445: The three titular notions of DEI. The debate has also branched into the realm of politics. Commenting on Governor of Texas Greg Abbott calling DEI initiatives "illegal", a spokesperson for his office stated: "The issue is not diversity – the issue is that equity is not equality. Here in Texas, we give people a chance to advance based on talent and merit." In the 2020s, high-profile incidents of campus conflict have sparked debate about

17415-478: The truth by spinning, twisting, or otherwise inventing some tenuous connection to diversity". Other criticisms include that it "devalues merit"; is connected to affirmative action ; that it violates the First Amendment ; or functions as a loyalty oath. A 1,500-person survey conducted by FIRE reported that the issue is highly polarizing for faculty members, with half saying their view more closely aligns with

17550-446: The wake of Bilkszto's death, Ontario Minister of Education Stephen Lecce stated he had asked for a review and "options to reform professional training and strengthen accountability on school boards so this never happens again", calling Bilkszto's allegations before his death "serious and disturbing". Bilkszto's death generated international attention and renewed debate on DEI and freedom of speech. According to The Globe and Mail ,

17685-517: Was criticized by Republican House leader Kevin McCarthy and senator Bernie Sanders as a "blank check", which the latter equated to a bribe to semiconductor companies. China lobbied against the bill and criticized it as being "reminiscent of a 'Cold War mentality ' ". In a piece for the Brookings Institution on December 20, 2022, Sarah Kreps and Paul Timmers expressed concerns regarding

17820-532: Was criticized in a paper by Jeremiah Green & John R. M. Hand, who found the impact of DEI programs to be statistically insignificant. At an aggregate level, a 2013 study found that birth country diversity of the labor force positively impacts a nation's long term productivity and income. Firm-level research has provided conditional support to the proposal that workforce diversity per se brings business benefits with it. In short, whether diversity pays off or not depends on environmental factors, internal or external to

17955-517: Was signed by more than 100 CEOs. A poll conducted by the left wing think tank Data for Progress showed that 73% of respondents supported the bill. The editorial boards of the Seattle Times and Buffalo News have both called for the passage of the bill into law. The Chinese government has criticized the bill for its provisions on Taiwan and "Cold War mentality and ideological prejudice", and has warned of retaliation if it becomes law. Schumer, one of

18090-429: Was signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022. The law constitutes an industrial policy initiative which takes place against the background of a perceived AI Cold War between the US and China, as artificial intelligence technology relies on semiconductors. The law was considered amidst a global semiconductor shortage and intended to provide subsidies and tax credits to chip makers with operations in

18225-485: Was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In September 1965, President Lyndon Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on

#641358