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89-604: The arts center is also home to the University of North Dakota Art Collections gallery. The collection includes works by such artists as Andy Warhol , Salvador Dalí and Audrey Flack , and the media includes paintings, sculptures, ceramics, drawings, textiles, jewelry and metalwork. The gallery also hosts changing exhibits of art by regional, national and international artists. 47°55′26″N 97°01′55″W  /  47.92389°N 97.03194°W  / 47.92389; -97.03194 This United States theatre–related article

178-532: A state of emergency , called the office of Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes to seek assistance, and ordered all of the bars to be closed. The decision to close the bars early only increased tensions in the area. Police eventually succeeded in using tear gas to disperse the crowd from downtown, forcing them to move several blocks back to the campus. City officials and downtown businesses received threats, and rumors proliferated that radical revolutionaries were in Kent to destroy

267-600: A $ 124-million Medicine and Health Services building was built on the north end of campus. In 2015, UND's economic impact on the state and region was estimated to be more than $ 1.4 billion a year according to the NDUS Systemwide Economic Study by the School of Economics at North Dakota State University. It was the fourth-largest employer in the state of North Dakota, after the Air Force . In August 2021, UND became

356-399: A 22 Beretta handgun. Before advancing, Company C was instructed to fire only into the air and for only a single guardsman to fire. It is unknown whether the other two National Guard groups received any instructions about firing. As the advancing guardsmen approached the crowd, tear gas was again fired at the crowd, making the protesters retreat. At this point, some protesters threw stones at

445-607: A U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian Bygdeboker , or Norwegian farm and town records. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library. The School of Law operates

534-438: A bullet passes your head, it makes a crack . I hit the ground behind the curve, looking over. I saw a student hit. He stumbled and fell, to where he was running towards the car. Another student tried to pull him behind the car, bullets were coming through the windows of the car. As this student fell behind the car, I saw another student go down, next to the curb, on the far side of the automobile, maybe 25 or 30 yards from where I

623-401: A degree in virtually any course of study. A collection of online classes and degree programs are offered for students around the nation and world. This online program has been highly ranked by US News and other leading online college rankings. On campus, academic classrooms range from smaller rooms capable of seating around twenty students to large lecture bowls capable of seating hundreds at

712-805: A major component of the Red River Valley Research Corridor , UND operates many research units including the Energy and Environmental Research Center , the School of Medicine , the Institute for Energy Studies, the Center for Rural Health, the Center for Innovation, the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium, the Bureau of Governmental Affairs, the Bureau of Educational Services and Applied Research, and

801-464: A request granted immediately. The decision to call in the National Guard was made at 5:00 pm, but the guard did not arrive in town that evening until around 10 pm. By this time, a large demonstration was underway on the campus, and the campus Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) building was burning. The arsonists were never apprehended, and no one was injured in the fire. According to

890-680: A rich history at the University of North Dakota. There are approximately 20 Greek houses on campus. The North Dakota Museum of Art , the official art museum of the state of North Dakota, is in the heart of campus and offers exhibits throughout the year. The Burtness Theater and the Chester Fritz Auditorium regularly feature theater and concert events. The Ralph Engelstad Arena also features non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center hosts several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts

979-540: A secret plan. The Mỹ Lai massacre by American troops of between 347 and 504 Vietnamese villagers, exposed in November 1969, heightened opposition to the war. On April 29, 1970, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces invaded eastern Cambodia in what they claimed was an attempt to defeat the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops based there. The expansion of the war into Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated

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1068-474: A successful amnesty bid for the protesters. On April 1, 1969, SDS members attempted to enter the administration building with a list of demands where they clashed with police. In response, the university revoked the Kent State SDS chapter charter. On April 16, a disciplinary hearing involving two protesters resulted in a confrontation between supporters and opponents of SDS. The Ohio State Highway Patrol

1157-539: A time. All areas have wireless access for laptops and technologically equipped classrooms enable professors to offer interactive lectures. The university has ten academic divisions: UND has three major libraries which, together, form the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota. The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state. It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books. It also serves as

1246-561: A train or a horse and carriage bus, dubbed the "Black Maria", from downtown to the campus. As the university grew, more buildings were constructed on campus and a trolley system was built to connect the growing university to downtown Grand Forks . However, there were several major interruptions in the life of the university. In 1918, UND was the country's hardest-hit single institution by the flu epidemic that killed 1,400 people in North Dakota alone. Later that year, classes were suspended so

1335-721: Is " Stand Up and Cheer ". Two other fight songs are "UND" and It's for You, North Dakota U (or North Dakota U ), composed by Franz Rickaby in 1921. Over 14,000 students attend classes on the UND campus each year. About 34 percent of the student body is from North Dakota and the other 56 percent is made up of students from other states and 99 nations. Students can live on or off campus. On campus, there are 14 residence halls and 700 student apartment units, as well as thirteen fraternities and seven sororities . There are over 275 student organizations at UND as well as an intramural sports program. The fraternity and sorority community has

1424-525: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a building or structure in North Dakota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . University of North Dakota The University of North Dakota ( UND ) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota . It was established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before

1513-550: Is a UND graduate. Ronald Davies , a UND graduate and former federal judge, became a part of history when he ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High School during the Civil Rights Movement . Leigh Gerdine who was president of Webster University and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1989. UND alumni who went on to notable careers in the business world include chairman of TNSE & president of

1602-674: Is also home to the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center , the Student Wellness Center, university apartments, the UND bookstore, a medical clinic, and several residential and commercial properties. The western part of the UND campus has modern styles of architecture. This area is home to the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences , which includes Odegard Hall, Streibel Hall, Clifford Hall, Ryan Hall, and Robin Hall. Directly adjacent to

1691-537: Is bordered by Interstate 29 , the eastern edge is bordered with University Park, the Grand Forks railyards sit on the south side, and the north side is marked by U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks. The central campus area, the oldest part of UND, has many historic buildings. This area is home to most academic buildings on campus. At the heart of campus sits the Chester Fritz Library ,

1780-798: Is edited at UND. The North Dakota Law Review , published by the School of Law since 1924, serves as the journal of the State Bar Association of North Dakota. The Alumni Review is published by the UND Alumni Association and Foundation. Alumni of the University of North Dakota have become notable in a variety of different fields including politics and government, business, science, literature, arts and entertainment, and athletics. Eight Governors of North Dakota were educated at UND, including Fred G. Aandahl , Louis B. Hanna , Lynn Frazier , William Langer , John Moses , Ragnvald A. Nestos , Allen I. Olson , and Ed Schafer , who

1869-731: Is operated by the United States Department of Agriculture , is also in this part of campus. A five-story parking garage sits at the corner of University Avenue and Columbia Road. At the extreme eastern portion of campus sits University Park which is operated by the Grand Forks Park District . To the north of the central campus area, along Columbia Road, sits Columbia Hall, home to the College of Arts & Sciences. A new School of Medicine and Health Sciences building opened in 2016. Other buildings located along Columbia Road include

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1958-412: Is shown in UND's research statistics which, in fiscal year 2006, included program awards that reached $ 94.3 million, sponsored program expenditures that reached $ 81.2 million, and an overall research portfolio that included $ 315 million in total ongoing and committed accounts. Research activity at UND focuses on health sciences, nutrition, energy and environmental protection, aerospace, and engineering. As

2047-572: Is the ROTC building still standing?" A further protest organised by the Black United Students (BUS) also took place during the afternoon, to demonstrate solidarity with antiwar protests at Kent State University and at The Ohio State University; attracting around 400 students, and ending peacefully at 3:45 pm. Further issues arose following President Nixon's arrival at the Pentagon later during

2136-699: The Kent State massacre or May 4 massacre ) were the killing of four and wounding of nine unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on the Kent State University campus. The shootings took place on May 4, 1970, during a rally opposing the expanding involvement of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by United States military forces as well as protesting the National Guard presence on campus and

2225-654: The New York Knicks , Phil Jackson , 1980 Winter Olympics " Miracle on Ice " hockey player Dave Christian , NHL players Ed Belfour and Zach Parise , and professional football players Jim Kleinsasser and Dave Osborn . As of the 2018–19 season, more than 20 former UND players are in the NHL and more than 100 former players have played in the NHL. 47°55′20″N 97°04′24″W  /  47.9222°N 97.0734°W  / 47.9222; -97.0734 Kent State shootings The Kent State shootings (also known as

2314-478: The School of Medicine and Health Sciences , and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". UND was founded in 1883, six years before North Dakota became a state. UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research. Grand Forks native George H. Walsh submitted the bill to

2403-795: The Summit League , except men's hockey, which is in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference , and the football team, which is in the Missouri Valley Football Conference (within the FCS subdivision). The men's ice hockey team has won eight national championships, has been runner-up five times and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena . The football team won the Division II national championship in 2001 and

2492-416: The University of North Dakota Writers Conference . This is a week-long event that brings together prominent American and foreign writers. Participants have included Truman Capote , Tennessee Williams , Eudora Welty , Tom Wolfe , Allen Ginsberg , Louise Erdrich , Chuck Klosterman , and Gary Snyder . The Dakota Student is UND's student newspaper. North Dakota Quarterly , a literary journal ,

2581-623: The Wild Prairie Rose ; however, this combination is rarely employed outside of official or ceremonial applications. From 1904 until 1930, UND's athletic teams bore the name of the Flickertails . Afterward they were the Fighting Sioux, but were without a nickname and mascot from 2012 to 2015, in compliance with the NCAA's policy against the use of Native American nicknames. On November 18, 2015, it

2670-756: The Winnipeg Jets hockey club Mark Chipman , current president and former CEO of Cargill Gregory R. Page , current president and CEO of the Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant chain Sally J. Smith , current CEO of Forum Communications William C. Marcil , former Las Vegas casino owner and UND philanthropist Ralph Engelstad , and former CEO of American Skandia and founder of WealthVest Marketing Wade Dokken . Former Canadian Football League player and founder of Golden Star Resources , Dave Fennell . Founder and chairman of Nygård International , Peter Nygård . In

2759-431: The draft . Twenty-eight National Guard soldiers fired about 67 rounds over 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis . Students Allison Krause , 19, Jeffrey Miller , 20, and Sandra Scheuer , 20, died on the scene, while William Schroeder , 19, was pronounced dead at Robinson Memorial Hospital in nearby Ravenna shortly afterward. Krause and Miller were among

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2848-516: The 2- 107th Armored Cavalry , Ohio National Guard (ARNG), the units on the campus grounds, under the command of Brigadier General Robert Canterbury, attempted to disperse the students. The legality of the order to disperse was debated during a subsequent wrongful death and injury trial. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that authorities did indeed have

2937-461: The 900 that President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent. Lyndon B. Johnson significantly escalated involvement, raising the number of American troops in Vietnam to 100,000 in 1965 , and eventually to more than 500,000 combat troops in 1968 with no tangible results and with increasing opposition and protests at home. When Richard M. Nixon was elected in 1968 , he promised to end the conflict, claiming he had

3026-1042: The Aerospace Complex sits the Skalicky Business Incubator, the Ina Mae Rude Entrepreneur Center, the Tech Accelerator, which houses the University of North Dakota's Center of Excellence in Life Sciences and Advanced Technologies (COELSAT), and a Hilton Garden Inn . The western part of campus is also the location of most residence halls and student apartments. UND operates a satellite campus consisting of several buildings at Grand Forks International Airport where aviation students train. UND Aerospace also operates flight training centers in Crookston, Minnesota , and Phoenix, Arizona . UND owns and operates Ray Richards nine hole golf course south of

3115-541: The Biomedical Research Center and the Neuroscience Research Facility. Also north of the main campus is an area called University Village . This land sat virtually empty for decades, but has recently been developed for UND, commercial, and residential purposes. University Village is anchored by the $ 100 million Ralph Engelstad Arena , which is used by the men's hockey team. University Village

3204-527: The Guard as it retraced its steps up the hill. Some guardsmen claim to have been struck by rocks as they retreated up the hill. The crowd on top of the hill parted to allow the guardsmen to pass through. After reaching the crest of Taylor Hall, the Guard fired at the protesters following them. The guardsmen gave no verbal warning to the protesters before opening fire. During their climb back to Blanket Hill, several guardsmen stopped and half-turned to keep their eyes on

3293-500: The Guard to no significant effect. Some students may have brought rocks to the protest anticipating a confrontation. The students retreated up and over Blanket Hill, heading out of the Commons area. Once over the hill, the students, in a loose group, moved northeast along the front of Taylor Hall, with some continuing toward a parking lot in front of Prentice Hall (slightly northeast of and perpendicular to Taylor Hall). The guardsmen pursued

3382-473: The Highway Patrol. ...this is when we're going to use every part of the law enforcement agency of Ohio to drive them out of Kent. We are going to eradicate the problem. We're not going to treat the symptoms. ...and these people just move from one campus to the other and terrorize the community. They're worse than the brown shirts and the communist element and also the night riders and the vigilantes. They're

3471-755: The Hughes Fine Arts Center. The historic 1907 Adelphi Fountain is next to the Coulee as is the on-campus Spiritual Center. On the eastern edge of the central campus is the Frederick "Fritz" D. Pollard Jr. Athletic Center and the Hyslop Auditorium. The eastern part of campus is also the home of the Energy and Environmental Research Center complex which includes the National Center for Hydrogen Technology . The Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, which

3560-546: The Social Science Research Institute. The Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC), on the eastern fringes of the UND campus, has been recognized as a leader in researching cleaner, more efficient forms of energy. The EERC operates a number of research units at UND including the National Center for Hydrogen Technology . North Dakota's 17 athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I . Teams compete in

3649-526: The Territorial Legislature of Dakota Territory that called for the new state of North Dakota's university to be in Grand Forks. The first classes were held on September 8, 1884. The first building at UND, Old Main, housed all classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library. In the 1880s, UND consisted of only a few acres of property, surrounded by farms and fields, nearly two miles west of the city of Grand Forks. Students living off campus had to take

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3738-658: The Thormodsgard Law Library and the School of Medicine operates the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences. Sanford Health , Altru Health System , Essentia Health partnered with University of North Dakota to further medical education and simulations in a fleet of 4 trucks for North Dakota , allowing continued medical education all across the state. UND is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". This level of research activity

3827-522: The Victory Bell on the Commons, with some 1,000 more gathered on a hill behind the first crowd. The crowd was largely made up of students enrolled at the university, with a few non-students (that included Kent State dropouts and high school students) also present. The crowd appeared leaderless and was initially peaceful and relatively quiet. One person made a short speech, and some protesters carried flags. Companies A and C, 1- 145th Infantry and Troop G of

3916-848: The agency resulted in a theater at NASA Langley in 1995. Alumni who have become notable through literature include the Pulitzer Prize -winning playwright and author Maxwell Anderson , Rhodes scholar and poet Thomas McGrath , essayist and journalist Chuck Klosterman , and novelist Jon Hassler . UND graduates have become editors of major magazines: Carroll Eugene Simcox of The Living Church , former Ebony editor Era Bell Thompson and former LIFE editor Edward K. Thompson . Alumni who have become notable in arts and entertainment include actor Sam Anderson and America's Next Top Model winner Nicole Linkletter . Former UND students who have gone on to notable careers in athletics include former NBA player and coach and former president of

4005-410: The blaze. Several fire engine companies had to be called because protesters carried the fire hose into the Commons and slashed it. The National Guard made numerous arrests, mostly for curfew violations, and used tear gas; at least one student was slightly wounded with a bayonet . During a press conference at the Kent firehouse, an emotional Governor Rhodes pounded on the desk, which can be heard in

4094-731: The campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I. During the Great Depression , UND provided free housing to students willing to do manual labor on campus. "Camp Depression," as it was called, consisted of railroad cabooses that each housed eight male students. "Camp Depression" students did not get regular meals from the cafeteria and had to be satisfied with free leftovers. However, Grand Forks citizens often opened their homes and kitchen tables to many of these young men. After World War II, enrollment quickly grew to more than 3,000. A large amount of housing and several academic buildings had to be built on campus. The 1950s saw

4183-500: The campus landscape. As part of a plan to improve student facilities on campus, UND constructed a Wellness Center, a parking garage, new Memorial Union, renovated library, renovated Gershman Center for graduate students, and an apartment-style housing complex. Other construction projects around campus have included a new LEED Platinum-certified alumni center, a renovated and expanded College of Education and Human Development, and an expanded Energy and Environmental Research Center . In 2016,

4272-442: The canisters fell short and managed only to make the protesters retreat somewhat from their previous positions. The tear gas was also made ineffective by the wind. Some protesters lobbed the canisters back at the Guard to the crowd's merriment. The crowd also began to chant "Pigs off campus". Another demand to disperse was made over the loudspeaker but simply elicited more oppositional chanting. After repeatedly failing to disperse

4361-427: The city and university. Several merchants reported they were told that their businesses would be burned down if they did not display anti-war slogans. Kent's police chief told the mayor that according to a reliable informant, the ROTC building, the local army recruiting station, and the post office had been targeted for destruction that night. There were unconfirmed rumors of students with caches of arms, plots to spike

4450-521: The conflict and violated a neutral nation's sovereignty. Across the U.S., campuses erupted in protests in what Time called "a nation-wide student strike", setting the stage for the events of early May 1970. In April 1970 Nixon told Congress that he would end undergraduate student draft deferments by Executive Order if authorized by Congress to do so. This request was approved by the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 23. After

4539-478: The country. It increased participation in the student strike that began on May 1. Ultimately, more than 4 million students participated in organized walk-outs at hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools. The shootings and the strike affected public opinion at an already socially contentious time over the role of the United States in the Vietnam War . Eight of the shooters were charged with depriving

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4628-470: The crowd dispersed to attend classes by 1 pm, another rally was planned for May 4 to continue the protest of the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia . There was widespread anger, and many protesters called to "bring the war home." A group of history students buried a copy of the United States Constitution to symbolize that Nixon had killed it. A sign was put on a tree asking: "Why

4717-450: The crowd, a group of 96 National Guard troops from A Company and Company C, 145th Infantry, and Troop G, 107th Armored Cavalry, were ordered to advance. The guardsmen had their weapons "locked and loaded" (according to standard Ohio National Guard rules) and affixed with bayonets. Most carried M1 Garand rifles , with some also carrying .45 handguns, a few carrying shotguns with No. 7 birdshot and 00 buckshot munitions, and one officer carrying

4806-477: The day, some students came to downtown Kent to help with clean-up efforts after the rioting, actions which were met with mixed reactions from local business people. Mayor Satrom, under pressure from frightened citizens, ordered a curfew until further notice. Around 8 pm, another rally was held on the campus Commons. By 8:45 pm, the Guardsmen used tear gas to disperse the crowd, and the students reassembled at

4895-474: The day. Upon his arrival he was greeted by a group of Pentagon employees; with one female employee commenting in regards to Nixon's speech announcing the launch of the Cambodian Incursion: "I loved your speech. It made me proud to be an American". This prompted Nixon's controversial response: "You see these bums, you know, blowing up the campuses. Listen, the boys that are on the college campuses today are

4984-688: The devastating 1997 Red River flood inundated numerous buildings on campus and forced the cancellation of the remainder of the school year. The start of the 21st century was marked by the opening of two major venues for UND athletics . The Ralph Engelstad Arena , home of men's and women's hockey, and the Alerus Center , home of UND football, both opened in 2001. The Betty Engelstad Sioux Center opened in August 2004, and serves as home to UND volleyball and men's and women's basketball. Millions of dollars worth of construction and renovation projects have dotted

5073-494: The draft reforms students could only postpone their service until the end of the semester. This is still the law today. During the 1966 Homecoming Parade, protesters walked dressed in military paraphernalia with gas masks. In the fall of 1968, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and Black United Students staged a sit-in to protest against police recruiters on campus. Two hundred fifty black students walked off campus in

5162-404: The establishment of the state of North Dakota . The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operation. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center ,

5251-553: The eternal flame of the Old Main Memorial Sphere mark the location of Old Main, the first building on campus. Other buildings in the central part of campus include the School of Law , the North Dakota Museum of Art , Memorial Union, Gamble Hall, and Burtness Theatre. The English Coulee flows along the western edge of the central campus area and on the western bank of the Coulee sits the Chester Fritz Auditorium and

5340-425: The first participant in the United States Space Force 's University Partnership program. The University of North Dakota's main campus sits in the middle of Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on 521 acres (2.11 km ). The campus stretches roughly one and half miles from east to west and is divided by the meandering English Coulee. The western edge

5429-475: The gathering, handing out 12,000 leaflets stating that the event was canceled. Despite these efforts, an estimated 2,000 people gathered on the university's Commons, near Taylor Hall. The protest began with the ringing of the campus's iron Victory Bell (which had historically been used to signal victories in football games) to mark the beginning of the rally, and the first protester began to speak. According to most estimates, some 200–300 protesters gathered around

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5518-472: The guardsmen formed a loose huddle and appeared to be talking to one another. They had cleared the protesters from the Commons area, and many students had left. Some students who had retreated beyond the practice field fence obtained rocks and possibly other objects with which they again began pelting the guardsmen. The number of rock throwers is unknown, with estimates of 10–50 throwers. According to an FBI assessment, rock-throwing peaked at this point. Tear gas

5607-450: The intersection of Lincoln and Main, holding a sit-in with the hopes of gaining a meeting with Mayor Satrom and University President Robert White. At 11:00 pm, the Guard announced that a curfew had gone into effect and began forcing the students back to their dorms. A few students were bayoneted by Guardsmen. On Monday, May 4, a protest was scheduled to be held at noon, as planned three days earlier. University officials attempted to ban

5696-452: The largest library in North Dakota. The 82-foot (25 m) tower of the library is a familiar landmark on University Avenue. Behind the library is the park-like setting of the central campus mall. The mall includes several statues and is a popular place for students to study. The mall is lined with historic buildings including Merrifield Hall, Twamley Hall, Babcock Hall, Montgomery Hall, and the old Carnegie Library. Old Main Memorial Plaza and

5785-447: The left and front of the guardsmen, approximately 150 to 225 ft (46 to 69 m) away, on the veranda of Taylor Hall. Others were scattered between Taylor Hall and the Prentice Hall parking lot, while still others were standing in the parking lot, or dispersing through the lot as they had been previously ordered. While on the practice field, the guardsmen generally faced the parking lot, about 100 yards (91 m) away. At one point,

5874-420: The local water supply with LSD , and of students building tunnels to blow up the town's main store. Satrom met with Kent city officials and a representative of the Ohio Army National Guard . Because of the rumors and threats, Satrom feared that local officials would not be able to handle future disturbances. Following the meeting, Satrom decided to call Rhodes and request that the National Guard be sent to Kent,

5963-529: The luckiest people in the world, going to the greatest universities, and here they are burning up the books, storming around this issue. You name it. Get rid of the war there will be another one." Trouble exploded in town around midnight when people left a bar and began throwing beer bottles at police cars and breaking windows in downtown storefronts. In the process, they broke a bank window, setting off an alarm. The news spread quickly, and several bars closed early to avoid trouble. Before long, more people had joined

6052-636: The main UND campus. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences operates several clinics throughout North Dakota. The UND football team is a major tenant of the city of Grand Forks-owned Alerus Center . The Gorecki Alumni Center on campus is North Dakota's first LEED Platinum building. A combination of geothermal and solar panels are used to power the building. UND offers more than 225 fields of study, including 108 undergraduate majors, 69 minors, 81 master's programs, 37 doctoral programs, and two professional programs ( medicine and law ). UND also has an interdisciplinary program that allows students to obtain

6141-491: The more than 300 students who gathered to protest the expansion of the Cambodian campaign, which President Richard Nixon had announced in an April 30 television address. Scheuer and Schroeder were in the crowd of several hundred others who had been observing the proceedings more than 300 feet (91 m) from the firing line; like most observers, they watched the protest during a break between their classes. The shootings triggered immediate and massive outrage on campuses around

6230-399: The protesters over the hill, but rather than veering left as the protesters had, they continued straight, heading toward an athletic practice field enclosed by a chain link fence. Here they remained for about 10 minutes, unsure of how to get out of the area short of retracing their path: they had boxed themselves into a fenced-in corner. During this time, the bulk of the students assembled to

6319-421: The realm of science, notable UND alumni include important contributor to information theory Harry Nyquist , pioneer aviator Carl Ben Eielson , Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson , engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg , and leading NASA manager John H. Disher . Pearl I. Young , a UND graduate in 1919, became the first female technical employee at NASA (then NACA ) in 1922, her contributions to

6408-459: The recording of his speech. He called the student protesters un-American, referring to them as revolutionaries set on destroying higher education in Ohio. We've seen here at the city of Kent especially, probably the most vicious form of campus-oriented violence yet perpetrated by dissident groups... they make definite plans of burning, destroying, and throwing rocks at police and at the National Guard and

6497-636: The report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest : Information developed by an FBI investigation of the ROTC building fire indicates that, of those who participated actively, a significant portion weren't Kent State students. There is also evidence to suggest that the burning was planned beforehand: railroad flares, a machete, and ice picks are not customarily carried to peaceful rallies. There were reports that some Kent firemen and police officers were struck by rocks and other objects while attempting to extinguish

6586-414: The right to disperse the crowd. At about noon, the National Guard obtained a bullhorn from the university police department and used it to order the crowd to disperse. However, the announcement was too faint to hear as it elicited no response from the crowd. Campus patrolman Harold Rice, accompanied by three guardsmen, then approached the crowd in a National Guard Jeep, again using the bullhorn to order

6675-526: The rise of the Fighting Sioux hockey tradition. In the 1960s and 1970s, many student protests occurred at UND. The largest was in May 1970 when over 1,500 students protested the Kent State shootings . In 1975, enrollment swelled to a record 8,500. The 1970s also saw the establishment of the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences at UND. During the 1980s and 1990s the university continued to grow. However,

6764-473: The students in the Prentice Hall parking lot. At 12:24 pm, according to eyewitnesses, a sergeant named Myron Pryor turned and began firing at the crowd of students with his .45 pistol. Several guardsmen nearest the students also turned and fired their rifles at the students. In all, at least 29 of the 77 guardsmen claimed to have fired their weapons, using an estimated 67 rounds of ammunition. The shooting

6853-508: The students of their civil rights , but were acquitted in a bench trial . The trial judge stated, "It is vital that state and National Guard officials not regard this decision as authorizing or approving the use of force against demonstrators, whatever the occasion of the issue involved. Such use of force is, and was, deplorable." President John F. Kennedy increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , sending 16,000 advisors in 1963, up from

6942-529: The students to disperse. Students responded by making obscene gestures at the Jeep, singing protest songs, and chanting. At some point, a few rocks were thrown at the Jeep as it drove by the crowd, with one rock striking the Jeep and a second one striking a guardsman, but without causing any damage. The crowd ignored repeated orders to disperse. After the crowd failed to follow the order to disperse, grenadiers were ordered to fire tear gas from M79 grenade launchers , but

7031-469: The vandalism. By the time police arrived, a crowd of 120 had already gathered. Some people from the crowd lit a small bonfire in the street. The crowd appeared to be a mix of bikers, students, and transient people. A few crowd members threw beer bottles at the police and then started yelling obscenities at them. The entire Kent police force was called to duty, as well as officers from the county and surrounding communities. Kent Mayor LeRoy Satrom declared

7120-562: The worst type of people that we harbor in America. Now I want to say this. They are not going to take over [the] campus. I think that we're up against the strongest, well-trained, militant, revolutionary group that has ever assembled in America. Rhodes also claimed he would obtain a court order declaring a state of emergency that would ban further demonstrations and gave the impression that a situation akin to martial law had been declared; however, he never attempted to obtain such an order. During

7209-410: Was again fired at crowds at multiple locations. Just before departing the practice field, some members of Troop G were ordered to kneel and aim their weapons toward the parking lot. The troop did so, but none of them fired. At the same time, one person (likely an officer) fired a handgun into the air. The Guard was then ordered to regroup and move up the hill past Taylor Hall. Protesters began following

7298-560: Was also the US Secretary of Agriculture from 2008 to 2009. Former Deputy National Security Advisor at the White House , Mark Pfeifle is a 1997 graduate in the School of Communications. Many U.S. Senators and Representatives of North Dakota were also graduates of UND, including former Senator Byron Dorgan , former Representative Earl Pomeroy and current-serving Representative Kelly Armstrong . Former House Majority Leader Dick Armey

7387-881: Was announced the new nickname would be "Fighting Hawks", effective immediately. A notable UND athletic alumnus is National Basketball Association (NBA) coach and former player Phil Jackson , widely considered one of the greatest coaches in NBA history. In addition, many UND alumni have played in the National Hockey League (NHL), including: Minnesota Wild wing Zach Parise , New Jersey Devils center Travis Zajac , Los Angeles Kings defensemen Matt Greene and Mike Commodore , Chicago Blackhawks forward and captain Jonathan Toews , Vancouver Canucks wing Brock Boeser , former NHL goalie Ed Belfour , and Washington Capitals forward T. J. Oshie . The school's primary fight song

7476-659: Was called, and fifty-eight people were arrested. Four SDS leaders spent six months in prison due to the incident. On April 10, 1970, Jerry Rubin , a leader of the Youth International Party (also known as the Yippies), spoke on campus. In remarks reported locally, he said: "The first part of the Yippie program is to kill your parents. They are the first oppressors." Two weeks after that, Bill Arthrell, an SDS member and former student, distributed flyers to an event where he said he

7565-669: Was determined to have lasted 13 seconds, although John Kifner reported in The New York Times that "it appeared to go on, as a solid volley, for perhaps a full minute or a little longer." When the Guard began firing, many protesters ran while others dropped to the ground. Some assumed the Guard was firing blanks and reacted only after they noticed the bullets striking the ground around them. Several present related what they saw. An unidentified person told UPI : Suddenly, they turned around, got on their knees, as if they were ordered to, they did it all together, aimed. And personally, I

7654-408: Was going to napalm a dog. The event turned out to be an anti-napalm teach-in . President Nixon announced that the " Cambodian Incursion " had been launched by United States combat forces. At Kent State University, a demonstration with about 500 students was held on May 1 on the Commons, a grassy knoll in the center of campus traditionally used as a gathering place for rallies and protests. As

7743-416: Was lying. It was maybe 25, 30, 35 seconds of sporadic firing. The firing stopped. I lay there maybe 10 or 15 seconds. I got up, I saw four or five students lying around the lot. By this time, it was like mass hysteria. Students were crying, they were screaming for ambulances. I heard some girl screaming, "They didn't have blank, they didn't have blank," no, they didn't. Another witness was Chrissie Hynde ,

7832-484: Was standing there saying, they're not going to shoot, they can't do that. If they are going to shoot, it's going to be blank. Chris Butler , who later formed the band The Waitresses , was there with his friend Jeffrey Miller. Butler said that as the guardsmen formed in a kneeling position and pointed their rifles, "Everybody laughed, because, c'mon, you're not going to shoot us." Another unidentified person told UPI: The shots were definitely coming my way, because when

7921-450: Was the runner-up in 2003, and play at the Alerus Center . The basketball and volleyball teams play in the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center . The women's basketball team has won three national championships in 1997, 1998, and 1999 and was runner-up in 2001. The colors of UND athletics are green and white, which were adopted in the 1920s. The university's official school colors are green and pink, representative of North Dakota's state flower,

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