A riot or mob violence is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority , property or people .
66-453: The Youth International Party ( YIP ), whose members were commonly called Yippies , was an American youth-oriented radical and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the late 1960s. It was founded on December 31, 1967. They employed theatrical gestures to mock the social status quo , such as advancing a pig called " Pigasus the Immortal " as
132-625: A British Whig Party parliamentarian who in 1797 proposed a 'radical reform' of the electoral system to provide universal manhood suffrage , thereby idiomatically establishing the term ' Radicals ' as a label denoting supporters of the reformation of British Parliament. Throughout the 19th century, the concept of radical politics broadened into a variety of political notions and doctrines. Party politics in England began to favour moderate positions, marginalising other movements into more politically aggressive factions. As open advocacy of republicanism
198-600: A society or political system , often through social change , structural change , revolution or radical reform . The process of adopting radical views is termed radicalisation . The word radical derives from the Latin radix ("root") and Late Latin rādīcālis ("of or pertaining to the root, radical"). Historically, political use of the term referred exclusively to a form of progressive electoral reformism , known as Radicalism , that had developed in Europe during
264-558: A January 2007 article in the Los Angeles Times : We needed a name to signify the radicalization of hippies, and I came up with Yippie as a label for a phenomenon that already existed, an organic coalition of psychedelic hippies and political activists. In the process of cross-fertilization at antiwar demonstrations, we had come to share an awareness that there was a linear connection between putting kids in prison for smoking pot in this country and burning them to death with napalm on
330-487: A black background with a red five pointed star in the center and a green marijuana leaf superimposed over it (same as the YIP flag). The Chicago History Museum shows a different flag for the new nation. It is not the marijuana leaf. It has the word NOW under what looks like the all-seeing eye on a pyramid seen on the back of a dollar bill. The Yippies often paid tribute to rock 'n' roll and irreverent pop-culture figures such as
396-462: A candidate for President of the United States in 1968. They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian , and anarchist youth movement of "symbolic politics". Since they were well known for street theater , protesting against the criminalization of cannabis in the United States with smoke-ins , and politically themed pranks , they were either ignored or denounced by many of
462-527: A celebration of the counterculture and a protest against the state of the nation. This was supposed to counter the "Convention of Death." This promised to be "the blending of pot and politics into a political grass leaves movement – a cross-fertilization of the hippie and New Left philosophies." Yippies' sensational statements before the convention were part of the theatrics, including a tongue-in-cheek threat to put LSD in Chicago's water supply. "We will fuck on
528-400: A job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969 a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an SDS activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abbie Hoffman or his friends. Yippie theatrics culminated at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. YIP planned a six-day Festival of Life –
594-497: A mockery of the proceedings: Rubin came to one session dressed as an American Revolutionary War soldier, and passed out copies of the United States Declaration of Independence to people in attendance. On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing an American flag . Hoffman quipped for the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country", paraphrasing
660-501: A number of people have died or been injured as a result of their use. For example, seventeen deaths were caused by rubber bullets in Northern Ireland over the thirty five years between 1970 and 2005. A high risk of being arrested is even more effective against rioting than severe punishments. As more and more people join the riot, the risk of being arrested goes down, which persuades still more people to join. In India, rioting
726-866: A radicalized hippie culture would spread until they supplanted the existing system. Many of these ideas/practices came from other (overlapping and intermingling) counter-cultural groups such as the Diggers , the San Francisco Mime Troupe , the Merry Pranksters / Deadheads , the Hog Farm , the Rainbow Family , the Esalen Institute , the Peace and Freedom Party , the White Panther Party and The Farm . There
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#1732854572272792-472: A self-proclaimed communist whose heroes included Castro, Chairman Mao , and Ho Chi Minh . It's not that the yippies swallowed pop culture uncritically. (Hoffman kept a sign attached to the bottom of his TV that said "bullshit.") It's that they saw the mass media's dream-world as another terrain to fight in. At demonstrations and parades, Yippies often wore face paint or colorful bandannas to keep from being identified in photographs. Other Yippies reveled in
858-857: A shout for joy (with an exclamation mark to express exhilaration). "What does Yippie! mean?" Abbie Hoffman wrote. "Energy – fun – fierceness – exclamation point!" The Yippies held their first press conference in New York at the Americana Hotel March 17, 1968, five months before the August 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Judy Collins sang at the press conference. The Chicago Sun-Times reported it with an article titled: "Yipes! The Yippies Are Coming!" Active Defunct Publications Works Progressive Era Repression and persecution Anti-war and civil rights movements Contemporary The Yippie "New Nation" concept called for
924-551: A specific religion, or those believed to belong to that religion. Sports riots such as the Nika riots can be sparked by the losing or winning of a specific team or athlete. Fans of the two teams may also fight. Sports riots may happen as a result of teams contending for a championship, a long series of matches, or scores that are close. Sports are the most common cause of riots in the United States, accompanying more than half of all championship games or series. Almost all sports riots in
990-571: A tour of the New York Stock Exchange , where they threw fistfuls of real and fake US$ from the balcony of the visitors' gallery down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. The visitors' gallery was closed until a glass barrier could be installed, to prevent similar incidents. On the 40th anniversary of the NYSE event, CNN Money editor James Ledbetter described
1056-599: A violent clash with police that Don McNeill of The Village Voice called a "pointless confrontation in a box canyon ". A month later, Yippies organized a "Yip-Out," a be-in style event in Central Park that went off peacefully and drew 20,000 people. In his book A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America , author David Armstrong points out that the Yippie hybrid of performance art , Guerilla theater and political irreverence
1122-423: Is a riot for political purposes or that develops out of a political protest . A prison riot is a large-scale, temporary act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners. It is often done to express a grievance, force change or attempt escape. In a race riot , race or ethnicity is the key factor. The term had entered
1188-565: Is an offense under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). In 1988 the Israeli army issued rules of engagement for the use of plastic bullets which defined a "violent riot" as a disturbance with the participation of three or more persons, including stone throwing, erection of a barrier or barricade, burning a tire. Riot is a statutory offence in England and Wales . It is created by section 1(1) of
1254-421: Is often a difficult task for police forces. They may use tear gas or CS gas to control rioters. Riot police may use less-than-lethal methods of control, such as shotguns that fire flexible baton rounds to injure or otherwise incapacitate rioters for easier arrest. Food riots are caused by harvest failures, incompetent food storage, hoarding, poisoning of food, or attacks by pests like locusts . When
1320-467: Is shown there were at least twelve present using or threatening unlawful violence. The word "violence" is defined by section 8. The violence can be against the person or against property. The mens rea is defined by section 6(1). In the past, the Riot Act had to be read by an official – with the wording exactly correct – before violent policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after
1386-520: Is that it is boring, and one of the reasons that the peace movement has not grown into a mass movement is that the peace movement—its literature and its events—is a bore. Good theatre is needed to communicate revolutionary content." The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman of the Yippies in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the 1968 Democratic National Convention . The Yippies used media attention to make
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#17328545722721452-402: Is the destruction of life, the accumulation of profit." The goal was a decentralized, collective, anarchistic nation rooted in the borderless hippie counterculture and its communal ethos. Abbie Hoffman wrote: We shall not defeat Amerika by organizing a political party. We shall do it by building a new nation—a nation as rugged as the marijuana leaf. The flag for the "new nation" consisted of
1518-729: The 2005 civil unrest in France lasted over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed and over 300 buildings burned. Over 2,800 suspected rioters were arrested and 126 police and firefighters were injured. Estimated damages were over €200 Million. Riots are typically dealt with by the police, although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include attack dogs , water cannons , plastic bullets , rubber bullets , pepper spray , flexible baton rounds , and snatch squads . Many police forces have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations. Some examples are
1584-661: The Democratic convention , Chicago police repeatedly clashed with protesters, as many millions of viewers watched the extensive TV coverage of the events. On the evening of August 28 the police attacked the protesters in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel as the demonstrators chanted " The whole world is watching ". This was a "police riot," concluded the US National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence , stating: "On
1650-600: The Marx Brothers , James Dean and Lenny Bruce . Many Yippies used nicknames which contained Baby Boomer television or pop references, such as Pogo or Gumby . (Pogo was notable for creating the famous slogan: " We have met the enemy and he is us "—first used on a 1970 Earth Day poster.) The Yippies' love of pop-culture was one way to differentiate the Old and New Left, as Jesse Walker writes in Reason magazine: Forty years ago,
1716-529: The Old Left . According to ABC News , "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the ' Groucho Marxists '." The Yippies had no formal membership or hierarchy . The organization was founded by Abbie and Anita Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , Nancy Kurshan , and Paul Krassner , at a meeting in the Hoffmans' New York apartment on December 31, 1967. According to his own account, Krassner coined
1782-569: The Public Order Act 1986 . Sections 1(1) to (5) of that Act read: (1) Where 12 or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot. A single person can be liable for an offence of riot when they use violence, provided that it
1848-467: The Territorial Support Group ( London ), Special Patrol Group ( London ), Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité ( France ), Mobiele Eenheid ( Netherlands ), and Arrest units ( Germany ). The policing of riots has been marred by incidents in which police have been accused of provoking rioting or crowd violence. While the weapons described above are officially designated as non-lethal ,
1914-513: The Tyne to riot in 1709, tin miners to plunder granaries at Falmouth in 1727." In the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots , hundreds of thousands of people rioted after food subsidies stopped and prices rose. A police riot is a term for the disproportionate and unlawful use of force by a group of police against a group of civilians. This term is commonly used to describe a police attack on civilians or provoking civilians into violence. A political riot
1980-411: The 18th and 19th centuries. However, the denotation has changed since its 18th century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum , though retaining the connotation of "change at the root". The Oxford English Dictionary traces usage of 'radical' in a political context to 1783. The Encyclopædia Britannica records the first political usage of 'radical' as ascribed to Charles James Fox ,
2046-416: The 1980s. Under United States federal law , a riot is defined as: A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of
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2112-582: The Act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd. See also the Black Act . Riot is an indictable-only offence . A person convicted of riot is liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding ten years, or to a fine , or to both. See the following cases: In the case of riot connected to football hooliganism, the offender may be banned from football grounds for a set or indeterminate period of time and may be required to surrender their passport to
2178-691: The Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962. There is an offence under the law of Scotland which is known both as " mobbing " and "mobbing and rioting". In July 1981, both Dundee and Edinburgh saw significant disorder as part of the events of that July, while in 1994 and in 2013, two years after the English riots of August 2011, Edinburgh saw rioting, albeit localised to one specific area and not part of any bigger 'riot wave'. Events in 1981 were very similar to those in England, although sources are severely limited. Both Niddrie and Craigmillar saw riots in
2244-408: The English language in the United States by the 1890s. Early use of the term referred to riots that were often a mob action by members of a majority racial group against people of other perceived races. In a religious riot , the key factor is religion . Historically, these riots could involve groups arguing who possesses the primate of orthodoxy . The rioting mob targets people and properties of
2310-588: The October, 1967 March on the Pentagon , and a mass protest/mock levitation at the building organized by Rubin, Hoffman and company at the event, helped to set the tone for Yippie when it was established a couple of months later. Another famous prank just before the term "Yippie" was coined was a guerrilla theater event in New York City on August 24, 1967. Abbie Hoffman and a group of future Yippies managed to get into
2376-660: The Public Order Act 1986 now provides: As to this provision, see pages 84 and 85 of the Law Commission's report. The common law offence of riot was abolished for England and Wales on 1 April 1987. The Riot Act 1414 ( 2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1 . c. 8) was an Act of the Parliament of England . Section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 repealed: The whole chapter, so far as unrepealed,
2442-541: The United States and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. The common feature to all radical political forms is a view that some fundamental change is required of the status quo . For an array of anti-capitalist forms, this manifests in anti-establishment reactions to modern neoliberal regimes. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes the radical concept of ideology to be that: This view reflects "a consensus among radicals of all stripes on
2508-502: The United States occur in the winning team's city. The economic and political effects of riots can be as complex as their origins. Property destruction and harm to individuals are often immediately measurable. During the 1992 Los Angeles riots , 2,383 people were injured, more than 12,000 were arrested, 63 people were killed and over 700 businesses burned. Property damage was estimated at over $ 1 billion. At least ten of those killed were shot by police or National Guard forces. Similarly,
2574-658: The beaches! ... We demand the Politics of Ecstasy! ... Abandon the Creeping Meatball! ... And all the time 'Yippie! Chicago – August 25–30.'" First on a list of Yippie demands: "An immediate end to the war in Vietnam." Yippie organizers hoped that well-known musicians would participate in the Festival of Life and draw a crowd of tens if not hundreds of thousands from across the country. The city of Chicago refused to issue any permits for
2640-405: The commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to
2706-406: The creation of alternative, counterculture institutions: food co-ops ; underground newspapers and zines ; free clinics and support groups ; artist collectives ; potlatches , "swap-meets" and free stores ; organic farming / permaculture ; pirate radio , bootleg recording and public-access television ; squatting ; free schools ; etc. Yippies believed these cooperative institutions and
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2772-449: The environment." This flag is also mentioned in Hoffman's Steal This Book . Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin became the most famous Yippies—and bestselling authors—in part due to publicity surrounding the five-month Chicago Seven Conspiracy trial of 1969. They both used the phrase "ideology is a brain disease" to separate the Yippies from mainstream political parties that played the game by
2838-498: The festival and most musicians withdrew from the project. Of the rock bands who had agreed to perform, only the MC5 came to Chicago to play and their set was cut short by a clash between the audience of a couple thousand and police. Phil Ochs and several other singer-songwriters also performed during the festival. In response to the Festival of Life and other anti-war demonstrations during
2904-512: The ground before guards began removing the group from the building, but news photos had been taken and the Stock Exchange "happening" quickly slid into iconic status. Once outside, the activists formed a circle, holding hands and chanting "Free! Free!" At one point, Hoffman stood in the center of the circle and lit the edge of a $ 5 bill while grinning madly, but an NYSE runner grabbed it from him, stamped on it, and said: "You're disgusting." If
2970-440: The last words of revolutionary patriot Nathan Hale ; meanwhile Rubin, who was wearing a matching Viet Cong flag, shouted that the police were Communists for not arresting him also. According to The Harvard Crimson : In the fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the ' blacklist .' Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without
3036-859: The name. "If the press had created ' hippie ,' could not we five hatch the 'yippie'?" Abbie Hoffman wrote. Other activists associated with the Yippies include Stew Albert , Judy Gumbo , Ed Sanders , Robin Morgan , Phil Ochs , Robert M. Ockene , William Kunstler , Jonah Raskin , Wavy Gravy , Steve Conliff , Jerome Washington, John Sinclair , Jim Retherford, Dana Beal , Betty (Zaria) Andrew, Joanee Freedom, Danny Boyle, Ben Masel , Tom Forcade , Paul Watson , David Peel ,Bill Weinberg, Aron Kay, Tuli Kupferberg , Jill Johnston , Daisy Deadhead, Leatrice Urbanowicz, Bob Fass , Mayer Vishner , Alice Torbush, Patrick K. Kroupa , Judy Lampe, Steve DeAngelo , Dean Tuckerman, Dennis Peron , Jim Fouratt , Steve Wessing, John Penley, Pete Wagner and Brenton Lengel. A Yippie flag
3102-437: The now-famous incident: [The] group of pranksters began throwing handfuls of one-dollar bills over the railing, laughing the entire time. (The exact number of bills is a matter of dispute; Hoffman later wrote that it was 300, while others said no more than 30 or 40 were thrown.) Some of the brokers, clerks and stock runners below laughed and waved; others jeered angrily and shook their fists. The bills barely had time to land on
3168-420: The other side of the planet. Anita Hoffman liked the word, but felt that The New York Times and other "strait-laced types" needed a more formal name to take the movement seriously. That same night she came up with Youth International Party, because it symbolized the movement and made for a good play on words. Along with the name Youth International Party, the organization was also simply called Yippie!, as in
3234-510: The outcome of a sporting event (e.g., sports riot , football hooliganism ) or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots typically consist of disorganized groups that are frequently "chaotic and exhibit herd behavior ." There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that riots are not irrational, herd-like behavior (sometimes called mob mentality ), but actually follow inverted social norms. Dealing with riots
3300-407: The part of the police there was enough wild club swinging, enough cries of hatred, enough gratuitous beating to make the conclusion inescapable that individual policemen, and lots of them, committed violent acts far in excess of the requisite force for crowd dispersal or arrest." Radical politics Radical politics denotes the intent to transform or replace the fundamental principles of
3366-582: The police for a period of time in the event of a club or international match, or international tournament, connected with the offence. This prevents travelling to the match or tournament in question. (The measures were brought in by the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 after rioting of England fans at Euro 2000 . ) See the Riot (Damages) Act 1886 and section 235 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 . Section 10 of
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#17328545722723432-414: The prank accomplished nothing else, it helped cement Hoffman's reputation as one of America's most outlandish and creative protestors ... the "Yippie" movement quickly became a prominent part of America's counterculture. There was a clash with police on March 22, 1968, where a large group of countercultural youths led by the Yippies descended into Grand Central Station for a "Yip-In". The night erupted into
3498-489: The public becomes desperate from such conditions, groups may attack shops, farms, homes, or government buildings to obtain bread or other staple foods like grain or salt. T. S. Ashton , in his study of food riots among colliers , noted that "the turbulence of the colliers is, of course, to be accounted for by something more elementary than politics: it was the instinctive reaction of virility to hunger." Charles Wilson noted, "Spasmodic rises in food prices provoked keelmen on
3564-470: The riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops , cars , restaurants , state-owned institutions, and religious buildings. Riots often occur in reaction to a grievance or out of dissent . Historically, riots have occurred due to poverty, unemployment, poor living conditions , governmental oppression , taxation or conscription , conflicts between ethnic groups ( race riot ) or religions (e.g., sectarian violence , pogrom ),
3630-754: The role of law as a dissembling force to safeguard the unjust relations of the status quo." This radical critique of ideology is especially prominent within post-leftism . In addressing specific issues, some radical politics may completely forgo any overarching ideological plan. Astrid Bötticher identifies several differences between radicalism and extremism , among them in goals (idealistic vs. restorative , emancipatory vs. anti-democratic), morals (particular vs. universal), approach towards diversity (acceptance vs. disdain), and use of violence (pragmatic and selective vs. legitimate and acceptable). Riot Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The property targeted varies depending on
3696-453: The rules. Hoffman and Rubin were arguably the most colorful of the seven defendants accused of criminal conspiracy and inciting to riot at the August 1968 Democratic National Convention . Hoffman and Rubin used the trial as a platform for Yippie antics—at one point, they showed up in court attired in judicial robes. The term Yippie was invented by Krassner, as well Abbie and Anita Hoffman, on New Year's Eve 1967. Paul Krassner wrote in
3762-441: The spotlight, allowing their stealthier comrades the anonymity they needed for their pranks. One cultural intervention that misfired was at Woodstock , with Abbie Hoffman interrupting a performance by The Who , trying to speak against the incarceration of John Sinclair , sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1969 after giving two joints to an undercover narcotics officer. Guitarist Pete Townshend used his guitar to bat Hoffman off
3828-664: The stage. The Yippies were the first on the New Left to make a point of exploiting mass media. Colorful, theatrical Yippie actions were tailored to attract media coverage and also to provide a stage where people could express the "repressed" Yippie inside them. "We believe every nonyippie is a repressed yippie," Jerry Rubin wrote in Do it! "We try to bring out the yippie in everybody." Yippies were famous for their sense of humor. Many direct actions were often satirical and elaborate pranks or put-ons. An application to levitate The Pentagon during
3894-747: The styles of Andy Warhol and Fidel Castro . Jerry Rubin dedicated Do it! not just to his girlfriend but to "Dope, Color TV, and Violent Revolution." Even when praising a form of mass culture that had earned some grudging respect from the late-'60s left— rock 'n' roll —Rubin's list of musicians who "gave us the life/beat and set us free" included not just raucous originals like Jerry Lee Lewis and Bo Diddley but Fabian and Frankie Avalon , commercial confections that most lefty rock intellectuals disdained as insufficiently authentic. In one chapter, Rubin complained that if "the white ideological left" took over, "Rock dancing would be taboo, and miniskirts , Hollywood movies and comic books would be illegal." All this from
3960-695: The term is used pejoratively among conservatives and moderates to denote political extremism , with the 19th-century Cyclopaedia of Political Science describing it as "characterized less by its principles than by the manner of their application". During the 20th century, radical politicians took power in many countries across the world. Such radical leaders included Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin in Russia, Mao Zedong in China, Adolf Hitler in Germany, as well as more mainstream radicals such as Ronald Reagan in
4026-483: The yippies seemed unusual because they fused the political radicalism of the New Left with the long-haired, grass-smoking lifestyle of the counterculture. Today that combination is so familiar that many people don't even realize that the protesters and the hippies initially distrusted each other. What seems most curious about the yippies today is the way they mixed hard left politics with a deep appreciation for pop culture. Abbie Hoffman announced that he wanted to combine
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#17328545722724092-586: Was illegal in France following the Napoleonic Wars , Radicals emerged under similar reformist ideals as their British counterparts, though they later branched out to form the Radical-Socialist movement with a focus on proletarian solidarity. With the rise of Marxism , the notion of radical politics shifted away from reformism and became more associated with revolutionary politics. In United States politics ,
4158-439: Was much overlap, social interaction and cross-pollination within these groups and the Yippies, so there was much crossover membership, as well as similar influences and intentions. "We are a people. We are a new nation," YIP's New Nation Statement said of the burgeoning hippie movement. "We want everyone to control their own life and to care for one another ... We cannot tolerate attitudes, institutions, and machines whose purpose
4224-465: Was often in direct conflict with the sensibility of the 60s American Left/peace movement: The Yippies' unorthodox approach to revolution, which emphasized spontaneity over structure, and media blitz over community organizing, put them almost as much at odds with the rest of the left as with mainstream culture. Wrote (Jerry) Rubin in the Berkeley Barb , "The worst thing you can say about a demonstration
4290-448: Was often seen at anti-war demonstrations. The flag had a black background with a five-pointed red star in the center, and a green cannabis leaf superimposed over it. When asked about the Yippie flag, an anonymous Yippie identified only as "Jung" told The New York Times that "The black is for anarchy. The red star is for our five point program . And the leaf is for marijuana, which is for getting ecologically stoned without polluting
4356-655: Was repealed by section 10(2) of, and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967 . The statute 2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1, of which this chapter was part, was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by section 1 of, and Part 2 of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1983 . Riot is a serious offence for the purposes of Chapter 3 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008. See paragraph 13 of Schedule 5 to
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