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65-600: Arnulf was the illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria and Liutswind, who may have been the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate (now in the area of the Upper Palatinate ), or perhaps the burgrave of Passau , according to other sources. After Arnulf's birth, Carloman married before 861, a daughter of that same Count Ernst, who died after 8 August 879. As it is mainly West-Franconian historiography that speaks of Arnulf's illegitimacy, it

130-621: A dispute between the episcopal sees of Bremen , Hamburg , and Cologne over jurisdictional authority, which saw Bremen and Hamburg remain a combined see, independent of the see of Cologne . Arnulf was more a fighter than a negotiator. In 890, he was successfully battling Slavs in Pannonia. In early/mid-891, Vikings invaded Lotharingia and crushed an East Frankish army at Maastricht . Terms such as "Vikings", "Danes", "Northmen" and "Norwegians" have been used loosely and interchangeably to describe these invaders. In September 891, Arnulf repelled

195-453: A divided and war weary West Francia would be easy prey for the Vikings. In 895, Arnulf summoned both Charles and Odo to his residence at Worms . Charles's advisers convinced him not to go, and he sent a representative in his place. Odo, on the other hand, personally attended, together with a large retinue, bearing many gifts for Arnulf. Angered by the non-appearance of Charles, he welcomed Odo at

260-506: A fever incapacitated his troops. His march northward through the Alps was interrupted by Rudolph I of Burgundy , and it was only with great difficulty that Arnulf crossed the mountain range. In retaliation, Arnulf ordered Zwentibold to ravage Rudolph's kingdom. In the meantime, Lambert and his mother Ageltrude travelled to Rome to receive papal confirmation of his imperial succession, but when Pope Formosus, still desiring to crown Arnulf, refused, he

325-513: A kingdom for his son Zwentibold . In 889, Arnulf supported the claim of Louis the Blind to the kingdom of Provence , after receiving a personal appeal from Louis' mother, Ermengard , who came to see Arnulf at Forchheim in May 889. Recognising the superiority of Arnulf's position in 888, king Odo of France formally accepted the suzerainty of Arnulf. In 893, Arnulf switched his support from Odo to Charles

390-570: A living terror to his enemies. He was charming in speech, humble, and endowed with great cleverness for managing the business of the realm. He was so skilled that he was the very embodiment of royal majesty. Most sources place Carloman's death in March 880, but the Annales Iuvavenses place it on 21 September. He was buried in the chapel of his palace at Ötting. Carloman left one illegitimate son, Arnulf, who continued as margrave of Carinthia during

455-494: A more prominent role in governorship over the frontier regions of his father's realm. Starting from 857, Carloman was an occasional witness to his father's charters, and already in 858 he was appointed to lead a military expedition against the Great Moravia . In 861, Carloman came into conflict with several frontier commanders in southeastern regions, expelled them from their offices, and replaced them with his loyals. That move

520-671: A peace settlement was reached in Forchheim , between king Louis and envoys of Svatopluk, thus concluding the state of war on eastern borders. In order to prevent future dynastic conflicts, king Louis decided to regulate the position of his three sons within the government. In 865, an arrangement on the future succession was reached and promulgated in Frankfurt , thus becoming known as the Division of Frankfurt . Bavaria and southeastern marches were designated to Carloman, Saxony and Franconia to Louis

585-564: A son, Arnulf . This name was chosen because it was distinctly dynastic (the founder of the Carolingian family was Bishop Arnulf of Metz ), yet had never been used by a reigning king and was thus appropriate for an illegitimate eldest son. The choice of the name is the surest evidence that Liutswind and Carloman were not legally married. Around 860, Arnulf and his cousin, Hugh , the illegitimate son of Carloman's brother Louis, were both in Koblenz at

650-738: A stroke, forcing him to call off the campaign and return to Bavaria. Rumours of the time made Arnulf's condition to be a result of poisoning at the hand of Ageltrude. Arnulf retained power in Italy only as long as he was personally there. On his way north, he stopped at Pavia where he crowned his illegitimate son Ratold as sub-king of Italy, after which he left Ratold in Milan in an attempt to preserve his hold on Italy. That same year Pope Formosus died, leaving Lambert once again in power, and both he and Berengar proceeded to kill any officials who had been appointed by Arnulf, forcing Ratold to flee from Milan to Bavaria. For

715-467: A term similar to "the king's son" ( filius regis ), which was the standard title of a legitimate royal son. This policy had supporters, like Abbot Regino of Prüm and the monks of Saint Gall , but also detractors, who appealed to Carloman's brother Louis. In early 879, Carloman was incapacitated by illness, perhaps a stroke . Louis came to Bavaria to receive the recognition of the aristocracy as future king. By Easter he had left, and Arnulf took control of

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780-525: A unified Moravian state. Arnulf had formal relations with the ruler of the Moravian Kingdom, Svatopluk , using them to learn the latter's military and political secrets. Later, these tactics were used to occupy the territory of the Greater Moravian state. Arnulf failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia in wars of 892, 893, and 899. Yet Arnulf did achieve some successes, in particular in 895, when

845-762: Is found in Carloman's charter. In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to Carloman, whom he had previously rejected. It was too late; by then Carloman was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the church of San Sisto , which had been founded by Queen Engelberga in Piacenza. In Italy, Carloman had denarii (pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore

910-762: Is now known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis, the palace of the princes of Thurn und Taxis . He was succeeded as the king of East Francia by his only legitimate son from Ota , Louis the Child . After Louis' death in 911 at age 17 or 18, the East Frankish branch of the Carolingian dynasty ceased to exist. Arnulf had had the nobility recognize the rights of his illegitimate sons, Zwentibold and Ratold, as his successors. Zwentibold continued to rule Lotharingia until his murder in 900. Carloman of Bavaria Carloman ( German : Karlmann , Latin : Carlomannus ; c. 830 – 22 March 880)

975-496: Is quite possible that the two women are actually the same person, Liutswind, and that Carloman married Arnulf's mother, thus legitimizing his son. Arnulf was granted the rule over the Duchy of Carinthia , a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania by his father, after Carloman reconciled with his own father, King Louis the German , and was made king in

1040-515: The Annales Fuldenses , Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy. On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in Pavia . The lure of Italy was "the looting which

1105-671: The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , where he received the homage of the Roman people, who swore "never to hand over the city to Lambert or his mother Ageltrude". Arnulf then proceeded to exile to Bavaria two leading senators, Constantine and Stephen, who had helped Ageltrude to seize Rome. Leaving one of his vassals, Farold, to hold Rome, two weeks later Arnulf marched on Spoleto , where Ageltrude had fled to join Lambert. However at this point, Arnulf had

1170-540: The Carpathian Basin , and with their help he imposed a measure of control over Moravia. In Italy Guy III of Spoleto and Berengar of Friuli fought over the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Berengar had been crowned king in 887, but Guy was then crowned in 889. While Pope Stephen V supported Guy, even crowning him Roman Emperor in 891, Arnulf threw his support behind Berengar. In 893, the new Pope Formosus , not trusting

1235-830: The Duchy of Bavaria . Arnulf spent his childhood in Mosaburch or Mosapurc, which is widely believed to be Moosburg in Carinthia. Moosburg was a few miles away from one of the imperial residences, the Carolingian Kaiserpfalz at Karnburg , which had been the residence of the Carantanian princes. Arnulf kept his seat here, and from later events it may be inferred that the Carantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own duke. Later, after he had been crowned King of East Francia, Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into

1300-464: The Duchy of Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal state. An accord was reached between him and Duke of Bohemia Borivoj I . Bohemia was thus freed from the dangers of Frankish invasion. In 893 or 894 Great Moravia probably lost a part of its territory—present-day western Hungary —to him. As a reward, Wiching became Arnulf's chancellor in 892. In his attempts to conquer Moravia, in 899 Arnulf reached out to Magyars who had settled in

1365-579: The Kingdom of Italy was taken by his uncle Charles the Bald in 875. Carloman only conquered it in 877. In 879 he was incapacitated, perhaps by a stroke , and abdicated his domains in favour of his younger brothers: Bavaria to Louis the Younger and Italy to Charles the Fat . Carloman's birth date is unknown, but was probably around 828 or 830. His naming can be connected to his father's push to rule Alemannia around

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1430-453: The March of Carinthia , a part of the Duchy of Bavaria . After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879, Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria, Charles the Fat was given the Kingdom of Italy , and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman. However, Bavaria was more or less ruled by Arnulf during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession. He

1495-547: The 870s, according to the Annales Bertiniani , at the time being composed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims , Carloman's mother, Emma, was encouraging her husband to favour Carloman over his brothers. This is the first recorded involvement of Emma in politics, and it may relate to Louis's illness during 869–70. On the other hand, historian Ernst Dümmler thought Carloman must have been a "mamma's boy" ( Muttersöhnchen ). On 12 August 875, Louis II of Italy died and his kingdom

1560-565: The Bald) against his other uncle (Lothair). It was the beginning of a warlike career. Notker of Saint Gall , who bewailed the decline of the dynasty a generation later, called Carloman bellicosissimus (literally "most warlike", or in historian Eric Goldberg's words a "real ass-kicker"). In October 848, Carloman was present at his father's council in Regensburg , where the Slavic commander ( dux ) Pribina

1625-464: The Christian religion, just, peaceful, and morally upright. The beauty of his body was exceptional, and his physical strength was a wonder to behold. He possessed a very warlike spirit. He waged numerous wars against the Slavic kingdoms with his father, and even more without him. He always returned the victor in triumph and expanded the borders of his empire with glorious iron. He was mild to his own men and

1690-586: The Diet of Worms in May 895 and again supported Odo's claim to the throne of West Francia. In the same assembly he crowned his illegitimate son Zwentibold as the king of Lotharingia. As early as 880, Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of the Eastern Orthodox priest Methodius , with the aim of preventing any potential for creating

1755-460: The Fat, and put him at war with Svatopluk of Moravia . Pannonia was invaded, but Arnulf refused to give up the young Wilhelminers. Arnulf did not make peace with Svatopluk until late 885, by which time the Moravian ruler was loyal to the emperor. Some scholars see this war as destroying Arnulf's hopes of succeeding Charles the Fat. Arnulf took the leading role in the deposition of Charles the Fat. With

1820-521: The Roman soldiers and traders. According to Irenaeus of Lyons , it was a bishop's see as early as the second century. However, Saint Maternus , a contemporary of Constantine I , is the first historically certain bishop of Cologne. As a result of its favourable situation, the city survived the stormy period around the fall of the Western Roman Empire . When the Franks took possession of the country in

1885-452: The Simple after being persuaded by Fulk, Archbishop of Reims , that it was in his best interests. Arnulf then took advantage of the following fighting between Odo and Charles in 894, harrying some territories of West Francia. At one point, Charles the Simple was forced to flee to Arnulf and ask for his protection. His intervention soon forced Pope Formosus to get involved, as he was worried that

1950-516: The Vikings and essentially ended their attacks on that front. The Annales Fuldenses report that there were so many dead Northmen that their bodies blocked the run of the river. After this victory, Arnulf built a castle on an island in the Dijle river. Arnulf took advantage of the problems in West Francia after the death of Charles the Fat to secure the territory of Lotharingia, which he converted into

2015-399: The Younger , and Alamannia to Charles the Fat . Princes were to become rulers of designated domains only upon their father's death. None of them was given the title of a king during his father's lifetime, but their position within the state affairs was regulated in detail, with king Louis keeping all of the main prerogatives of royal power. At the same time, all of king's sons married into

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2080-558: The archbishopric's territories on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by France , and were formally annexed in 1801. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 secularized the rest of the archbishopric, giving the Duchy of Westphalia to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt . As an ecclesial government, however, the archdiocese remained (more or less) intact: while she lost the left bank including

2145-649: The archdiocese regained Cologne and the right bank of the Rhine (though with a new circumscription reflecting the Prussian subdivisions) and, in 1824, an archbishop was established there again. It remains an archdiocese to the present day, considered the most important one of Germany. Cologne, the largest (in terms of inhabitants non-Catholics included) and reportedly richest diocese in Europe, announced in October 2013 that "in connection with

2210-630: The city by force on 21 February, 896, freeing the pope. Arnulf was then greeted at the Ponte Milvio by the Roman Senate who escorted him into the Leonine City , where he was received by Pope Formosus on the steps of the Santi Apostoli . On 22 February 896, Formosus led the king into the church of St. Peter, anointed and crowned him as emperor, and saluted him as Augustus . Arnulf then proceeded to

2275-517: The court of their grandfather, who was probably overseeing their military education and also holding them to ensure the good behaviour of their fathers. In 856, Louis first associated Carloman with his rule by appointing him governor of Carantania . According to the Annales Fuldenses (863), he was given the title "prelate of the Carantanians " ( Latin : praelatus Carantanis ). Since this

2340-482: The current discussion about Church finances" that its archbishop had reserves amounting to 166.2 million Euro in 2012. It said the 9.6 million Euro earnings from its investments were, as in previous years, added to the diocesan budget of 939 million Euro in 2012, three-quarters of which was financed by the "church tax" levied on churchgoers. In 2015 the archdiocese for the first time published its financial accounts, which show assets worth more than £2bn. Documents posted on

2405-432: The duchies of Spoleto and Camerino . After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes, Lambert I and Guy III , who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope. In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at Olona . Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina

2470-526: The duke personally led an army across the Alps , early in 894. In January 894, Bergamo fell, and Count Ambrose, Guy's representative in the city, was hanged from a tree by the city's gates. Conquering all of the territory north of the Po River , Arnulf forced the surrender of Milan and then drove Guy out of Pavia , where he was crowned King of Italy . Arnulf went no further before Guy died suddenly in late autumn, and

2535-420: The episcopal city itself, Cologne, to the new Diocese of Aachen established under Napoleon's auspices, there still remained a substantial amount of territory on the right bank of the Rhine. After the death of the last Elector-Archbishop in 1801, the see was vacant for 23 years, being governed by vicar capitular Johann Herrmann Joseph v. Caspars zu Weiss and, after his death, by Johann Wilhelm Schmitz. In 1821,

2600-507: The fifth century, it became a royal residence. On account of the services of the bishops to the Merovingian kings, the city was to have been the metropolitan see of Saint Boniface , but Mainz was chosen, for unknown reasons, and Cologne did not become an archbishopric until the time of Charlemagne . The city suffered heavily from Viking invasions , especially in the autumn of 881, but recovered quickly from these calamities, especially during

2665-569: The inscription CARLOMAN REX , while those of Pavia bore HCARLEMANNVS RE . All had a stylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria. In Bavaria, Carloman re-founded the palace and monastery at Ötting . He dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and "numerous other saints whose relics we were able to collect with God's help". He appointed his father's friend, the linguistic scholar Baldo , as his chancellor. In 878, he may have been

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2730-618: The kingdom in his father's name. He dismissed some prominent counts, who appealed to Louis to restore them. Carloman tried to legitimise Arnulf's actions by adding his son's name to the prayer provisions of his charters, but in November Louis came to Bavaria to force a resolution of the succession. He restored the deposed counts and Carloman formally abdicated his Bavarian throne to his brother. He also placed Arnulf under Louis's protection. His brother Charles dated his reign in Italy from November 879, so presumably Carloman abdicated that kingdom at

2795-516: The local aristocracy of the regions marked out for them. Carloman married the daughter of a Bavarian military leader ( dux ) named Ernest , whom the Annales Bertiniani describe as "the greatest of all the king's great men". This marriage must have taken place before Ernest's disgrace and dismissal in 861, for Louis the German strongly disapproved of his second son's seeking a marriage with family that had likewise been disgraced in 858–59. By

2860-512: The new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty. His grant to Bishop Wibod of Parma of the districtio , or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop. By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition. In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in

2925-707: The newly crowned co-emperors Guy and his son Lambert , sent an embassy to Omuntesberch , where Arnulf was meeting with Svatopluk, to request that Arnulf come and liberate Italy, where he would be crowned emperor in Rome. Arnulf met the Primores of the Kingdom of Italy, dismissed them with gifts and promised to assist the pope. Arnulf then sent Zwentibold with a Bavarian army to join Berengar. They defeated Guy but were bought off and left in autumn. When Pope Formosus again asked Arnulf to invade,

2990-483: The object of an assassination attempt. According to the Annales Iuvavenses , the king "was surrounded by Count Ermenpert and some of his soldiers" at Ergolding , but the count apparently fled to West Francia , where he was received by Louis the Stammerer . Carloman groomed his illegitimate son Arnulf for the succession in Bavaria. In a charter issued at Regensburg, he called him "regal son" ( filius regalis ),

3055-451: The problems besetting his reign. Italy was lost, raiders from Moravia and Magyars were continually harassing his lands, and Lotharingia was in revolt against Zwentibold. He was also plagued by escalating violence and power struggles among the lower Frankish nobility. On December 8, 899, Arnulf died at Ratisbon , in present-day Bavaria . He is entombed in St. Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg, which

3120-670: The reign of the Ottonian emperors. From the mid-13th century, the Electorate of Cologne —not to be confused with the larger Archdiocese of Cologne—was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire . The city of Cologne as such became a free city in 1288 and the archbishop eventually moved his residence from Cologne Cathedral to Bonn to avoid conflicts with the Free City, which escaped his jurisdiction. After 1795,

3185-599: The reigns of Carloman's brothers, but in 887 became king of East Francia and in 896 emperor. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne The Archdiocese of Cologne ( Latin : Archidioecesis Coloniensis ; German : Erzbistum Köln ) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany . At an early date Christianity came to Cologne with

3250-420: The rest of his life Arnulf exercised very little control in Italy, and his agents in Rome did not prevent the accession of Pope Stephen VI in 896. The pope initially gave his support to Arnulf but eventually became a supporter of Lambert. In addition to aftereffects from the stroke, Arnulf contracted morbus pediculosis (infestation of pubic lice on his eyelid), which prevented him from effectively dealing with

3315-433: The same time as Bavaria. Regarding Carloman's condition, the Annales Fuldenses (879) record that he lost his voice, but was still able to communicate by writing. Regino of Prüm, writing in his chronicle for the year 880, recalls that he was "erudite in letters" ( litteris eruditus ), which meant he could write Latin . Regino's entire encomium on Carloman goes: That most excellent king was learned in letters, devoted to

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3380-510: The support of the Frankish nobles, Arnulf called a Diet at Tribur and deposed Charles in November 887, under threat of military action. Charles peacefully agreed to this involuntary retirement, but not without first chastising his nephew for his treachery and asking for a few royal villas in Swabia on which to live out his final months, which Arnulf granted him. Arnulf, having distinguished himself in

3445-603: The time of his father's assembly of Worms in 829. The first member of the Carolingian dynasty named Carloman had ruled Alemannia in 741–48, and subjugated it to the Franks. Carloman was old enough to participate in the civil war of 840–43, waged between his father and his uncles, Lothair and Charles the Bald . His first record public appearance is as the leader of an army of reinforcements from Bavaria and Alemannia which he brought to his father at Worms in 842. He subsequently led them in battle alongside his father and uncle (Charles

3510-534: The war against the Slavs , was then elected king by the nobles of East Francia (only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish Empire ). West Francia , the Kingdom of Burgundy , and the Kingdom of Italy elected their own kings from the Carolingian family. Like many rulers of the period, Arnulf was heavily involved in ecclesiastical disputes. In 895, at the Diet of Tribur, he presided over

3575-405: Was a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty . He was the eldest son of Louis the German , king of East Francia , and Hemma , daughter of a Bavarian count. His father appointed him governor of Carantania in 856, and commander of southeastern frontier marches in 864. Upon his father's death in 876 he became king of Bavaria . He was appointed by King Louis II of Italy as his successor, but

3640-448: Was also captured and sent to Carloman. In 871, he managed to capture Svatopluk, thus establishing direct control over the entire principality, but soon decided to reinstall him, in order to pacify the country. That proved to be disastrous, since Svatopluk, as soon as reaching Moravia, turned against Carloman, inflicting severe losses on Frankish army. In 873, after several interventions of Pope John VIII , including those made to Carloman,

3705-494: Was also granted " Pannonia ," in the words of the Annales Fuldenses , or "Carantanum," in the words of Regino of Prüm . The division of the realm was confirmed in 880 after Carloman's death. When Engelschalk II of Pannonia in 882 rebelled against Margrave Aribo and ignited the Wilhelminer War , Arnulf supported him and accepted his and his brother's homage. This ruined Arnulf's relationship with his uncle, Emperor Charles

3770-616: Was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps. Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a capitulary at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government. In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent missi dominici (royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to

3835-482: Was appointed governor of eastern marches by king Louis (863), prince Carloman remained in his father custody until 864, when he escaped and returned to Carantania. Welcomed by supporters, he assumed power in the province. At that time, king Louis was campaigning against Moravia, but ceased further operations and moved south, towards Carantania. Conflict was avoided by reconciliation. Father and son met and reached an agreement. Carloman submitted to his father and in return he

3900-431: Was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald. Pope John VIII , dealing with the constant threat of raiders from Muslim Sicily , sided with Charles the Bald. Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of San Clemente a Casauria , one of Louis II's most favored houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor. According to

3965-432: Was granted governorship over eastern marches. Carloman's letter to his father from 869 survives, describing conditions on the frontier. In 870, he succeeded in establishing Frankish domination over Great Moravia , through arrangement with Svatopluk , who captured his uncle Rastislav of Moravia , ruling prince of Moravia, and gave him over to Carloman. During the following Frankish invasion, Moravian archbishop Methodius

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4030-474: Was his first governorship, Louis did not give him rule over the entire March of Pannonia , with traditional seat of frontier governor (prefect) at Tulln . Instead, Carloman was given rule over the inner region (Carantania), in order do gain experience, and perhaps because his father wanted to keep him from trying to seize too much power. Gaining the first foothold of power in Carantania, Carloman moved to assume

4095-571: Was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo . In September 895, a new papal embassy arrived in Regensburg beseeching Arnulf's aid. In October, Arnulf undertook his second campaign into Italy. He crossed the Alps quickly and again took Pavia, but then he continued slowly, garnering support among the nobility of Tuscany . Maginulf, Count of Milan , and Walfred of Friuli joined him. Eventually even Adalbert II of Tuscany abandoned Lambert. Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude, Arnulf had to take

4160-449: Was made without his fathers consent, and by 862 an open conflict erupted, with Carloman siding with Rastislav of Moravia and taking control over all southeastern regions, advancing further into Bavaria , up to the river Inn . An attempted reconciliation and truce between father and son failed, and in 863 king Louis invaded his son's territory, forced Carloman into submission, and took him into custody. Replaced by count Gundachar , who

4225-474: Was rewarded for his service in defending the Bavarian frontier. In the charter confirming the grant, Carloman signed his name first among the secular magnates (after the ecclesiastics). In the 840s, Carloman had a liaison with Liutswind, daughter of the Bavarian count Ratolt and sister-in-law of Count Sigihard of the Kraichgau . This was Carloman's first politically independent action, and it confirms his close connection to Bavaria. Around 850, Liutswind bore him

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