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93-424: Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876, the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln holding a copy of his Emancipation Proclamation freeing an enslaved African American man modeled on Archer Alexander . The formerly enslaved man is depicted on one knee, about to stand up, with one fist clenched, shirtless, with broken shackles at the president 's feet. The wages of formerly enslaved people funded

186-546: A liberty cap , the enslaved person in the revised monument is depicted bare-headed with tightly curled hair . The face was re-sculpted to look like Archer Alexander , a formerly enslaved man whose life story was popularized by a biography written by William Greenleaf Eliot . In the final design, as in Ball's original design, Lincoln holds a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation in his right hand. The document rests on

279-406: A plinth bearing patriotic symbols, including George Washington 's profile, the fasces of the U.S. republic , and a shield emblazoned with the stars and stripes . The plinth replaces the pile of books in Ball's original design. Behind the two figures is a whipping post draped with cloth . A vine grows around the pillory and around the ring where the chain was secured. The monument

372-528: A London periodical, as to the origin of the U.S. flag. The flag very closely resembles the East India Company flag of the era. Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design of the U.S. flag. Both flags could easily have been constructed by adding white stripes to a red ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time. However,

465-566: A U.S. flag and Moon rocks to Mao Zedong during his visit to China in 1972. They are now on display at the National Museum of China . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787–1790 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase "Old Glory", took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831–32. The flag attracted the notice of the Japanese when an oversized version

558-651: A blue field, representing a new constellation." Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . Both the stripes (barry) and the stars (mullets) have precedents in classical heraldry. Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry. However, an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating

651-413: A flag act specified an official arrangement of the stars in the canton, namely six rows of eight stars each, where each star would point upward. The U.S. Army and U.S. Navy, however, had already been using standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century, different star patterns, both rectangular and circular, had been abundant in civilian use. In 1960, the current 50-star flag was adopted, incorporating

744-573: A flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company." This was a way of symbolizing American loyalty to the Crown as well as the colonies' aspirations to be self-governing, as was the East India Company . The theory that the Continental Union Flag was a direct descendant of the East India Company flag has been criticized as lacking written evidence; on the other hand, the resemblance to

837-627: A four-footed animal, but erect on his feet like a man. There is room in Lincoln park for another monument, and I throw out this suggestion to the end that it may be taken up and acted upon. Jonathan White and Scott Sandage, two historians who rediscovered the letter, detailed their findings in Smithsonian Magazine in June 2020. They saw in it "a solution to the current impasse" over the Emancipation Memorial. Since no one statue could provide

930-604: A house and sign painter, and Elizabeth Wyer Hall. His father died when he was twelve. After several odd jobs to help support his family, he spent three years working at the New England Museum, the precursor to the Boston Museum . There, he entertained the visitors by drawing portraits , playing the violin, singing, and repairing mechanical toys. He then became an apprentice for the museum wood-carver Abel Brown. He taught himself oil painting by copying prints and casts in

1023-529: A monument to his memory Frederick Douglass spoke as the keynote speaker at the dedication service on April 14, 1876, the eleventh anniversary of Lincoln's death. President Ulysses S. Grant attended the service with members of his cabinet, Congress, and the Supreme Court. A procession preceded the service, where the Howard University law school dean, John Mercer Langston, was in attendance. The dedication

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1116-610: A practice never to attend the unveiling of his public works. In Boston, he managed to avoid receiving the invitation to the ceremonial dedication of his statue of Governor John Albion Andrew . Instead, he saw the work later, viewing it from different angles. He later wrote: "It was a mean thing to do. I am ashamed of it now, but I could not bring myself to stand on that platform and face the multitude." Dartmouth College awarded him an honorary Master of Arts degree. When he returned to America, he lived in Montclair, New Jersey , while keeping

1209-507: A proper narrative for the trauma it represents. The future state of this statue has not been decided. Still, it was removed from the Boston park on December 29, 2020. Architect Edward Francis Searles purchased an early miniature demonstration version from Ball and brought it to Methuen, Massachusetts , where it rests in the Town Hall atrium. The Chazen Museum of Art , located on the campus of

1302-583: A state's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the Betsy Ross flag . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different, hand-crafted flags. As late as 1779, Captain John Manley believed that

1395-525: A studio in New York City. In 1880, Ball published an autobiographical volume, My Threescore Years , which he updated in 1890 as My Three Score Years and Ten . He died at the Montclair home of his daughter, Eliza Chickering Ball, and son-in-law, sculptor William Couper . The monument was sold in 1958, disassembled, and moved to Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Hollywood Hills, California. Flag of

1488-617: A symbol of opposition to the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter . It came to symbolize the Union side of the American Civil War ; Union victory solidified its status as a national flag. Because of the country's emergence as a superpower in the 20th century, the flag is now among the most widely recognized symbols in the world. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and

1581-463: A wave of "Flagmania". The Stars and Stripes, which had had no real place in the public conscious, suddenly became a part of the national identity. The flag became a symbol of the Union, and the sale of flags exploded at this time. Historian Adam Goodheart wrote: For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As

1674-468: Is a monument representing the negro, not couchant on his knees like a four-footed animal, but erect on his feet like a man." Rodney Young of American University wrote that: If there is one slavery monument whose origins are highly political, the Freedman's memorial is it. The development process for this memorial started immediately after Abraham Lincoln's assassination and ended, appropriately enough, near

1767-720: Is also called nước Mỹ (or simpler Mỹ ) colloquially in Vietnamese before the name Měiguó was popular amongst Chinese, Hoa Kỳ is always recognized as the formal name for the United States with the Vietnamese state officially designates it as Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kỳ ( chữ Hán : 合眾國花旗 , lit.   ' United states of the Flower Flag ' ). By that, in Vietnam, the U.S. is also nicknamed xứ Cờ Hoa ("land of Flower Flag") based on

1860-502: Is called flower flag ginseng ( simplified Chinese : 花旗参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗參 ) in Chinese, and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902, is known as Flower Flag Bank ( 花旗银行 ). Similarly, Vietnamese also uses the borrowed term from Chinese with Sino-Vietnamese reading for the United States, as Hoa Kỳ from 花旗 ("Flower Flag"). Even though the United States

1953-662: Is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem" at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view. On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which

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2046-400: Is that an Ohio teenager and later mayor of Napoleon, Ohio , named Robert G. Heft had designed the 50-star flag, but this was debunked by Alec Nevala-Lee in his investigative article "False Flag" on June 30, 2022. Before the publication of said article the myth had been cited as fact in numerous sources, including Misplaced Pages. On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became the version of the flag in

2139-516: The Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton, much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world, bearing a flag "as beautiful as a flower". Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen [ 花旗船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ], or "flower flagship". This name at once established itself in

2232-586: The Boston Evening Transcript . He then turned his attention back to sculpture. He stayed in Boston until 1865 when he returned to Florence to stay there until 1897 as a member of an artistic colony that included Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Hiram Powers . Notables he met in Europe included Franz Liszt , whom he met at the Vatican in 1865 and of whom he produced a portrait bust. He made it

2325-484: The National Republican five days after the dedication, he said that the monument did not tell the "whole truth of any subject which it might be designed to illustrate". Douglass also says that while Lincoln breaks the enslaved person's chains in the monument, the granting of his U.S. citizenship is not represented. What I want to see before I die is a monument representing the negro, not couchant on his knees like

2418-724: The Hoa Kỳ designation. Additionally, the seal of Shanghai Municipal Council in Shanghai International Settlement from 1869 included the U.S. flag as part of the top left-hand shield near the flag of the U.K. , as the U.S. participated in the creation of this enclave in the Chinese city of Shanghai. It is also included in the badge of the Gulangyu Municipal Police in the International Settlement of Gulangyu , Amoy . President Richard Nixon presented

2511-800: The Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of

2604-463: The Star-Spangled Banner . The Pledge of Allegiance and the holiday Flag Day are dedicated to it. The number of stars on the flag is increased as new states join the United States. The last adjustment was made in 1960, following the admission of Hawaii . The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag

2697-574: The University of Wisconsin-Madison , was gifted a version of the statue in white marble by Dr. Warren E. Gilson in 1976. Thomas Ball (artist) Thomas Ball (June 3, 1819 – December 11, 1911) was an American sculptor and musician. His work has had a marked influence on monumental art in the United States, especially in New England . He was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts , to Thomas Ball,

2790-445: The 20th century, the flag is among the most widely recognized symbols in the world, and is used to represent the United States. The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion-like fervor : in 1919 William Norman Guthrie 's book The Religion of Old Glory discussed "the cult of

2883-656: The Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Remnants of Hopkinson's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President's seal. The stripe arrangement would have been consistent with other flags of

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2976-550: The Cambridge Flag and Grand Union Flag; the terms domain did not come into use until the 19th century. Although it has been claimed that the more recent moniker, Grand Union Flag, was first applied to the Continental Union Flag by G. Henry Preble in his Reconstruction era book Our Flag; the first substantiated use of the name came from Philadelphia resident T. Westcott in 1852 when replying to an inquiry made in Notes and Queries ,

3069-570: The Continental Union Flag, first American flag, Cambridge Flag, and Grand Union Flag ) used between 1775 and 1777. It consisted of 13 red-and-white stripes, with the British Union Flag in the canton . It first appeared on December 3, 1775, when Continental Navy Lieutenant John Paul Jones flew it aboard Captain Esek Hopkins ' flagship Alfred in the Delaware River . Prospect Hill

3162-577: The East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the East India Company flag by the United Colonies . He said to George Washington, "While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use

3255-663: The Emancipation Memorial statue. The statue initially faced west towards the United States Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 to face the newly erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial . The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. , on the National Register of Historic Places . The funding drive for the monument began, according to much-publicized newspaper accounts from

3348-466: The Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroborating evidence for his grandmother's story. George Henry Preble states in his 1882 text that no combined stars and stripes flag was in common use prior to June 1777, and that no one knows who designed the 1777 flag. Historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich argues that there was no "first flag" worth arguing over. Researchers accept that

3441-503: The Spring of 1776. On 10 May 1779, a letter from the War Board to George Washington stated that there was still no design established for a national standard, on which to base regimental standards, but also referenced flag requirements given to the board by General von Steuben . On 3 September, Richard Peters submitted to Washington "Drafts of a Standard" and asked for his "Ideas of the Plan of

3534-595: The Standard," adding that the War Board preferred a design they viewed as "a variant for the Marine Flag." Washington agreed that he preferred "the standard, with the Union and Emblems in the center." The drafts are lost to history but are likely to be similar to the first Jack of the United States . The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing one of

3627-447: The U.S. flag is the Valais 1618 coat of arms, where seven mullets stood for seven districts . Another widely repeated theory is that the design was inspired by the coat of arms of George Washington's family , which includes three red stars over two horizontal red bars on a white field. Despite the similar visual elements, there is "little evidence" or "no evidence whatsoever" to support

3720-567: The United States The national flag of the United States , often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag , consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on

3813-467: The United States "had no national colors" so each ship flew whatever flag pleased the captain. Some of the early flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in an October 3, 1778, letter to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of "13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next to

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3906-550: The United States , and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the "great Naval Flag of the United States" in the first bill; the "Naval Flag of the United States" in the second bill; and "the Naval Flag of the States" in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for

3999-549: The United States flag evolved, and did not have one design. Marla Miller writes, "The flag, like the Revolution it represents, was the work of many hands." The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag. Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star-Spangled Banner Flag . She was assisted by Grace Wisher, a 13-year-old African American girl. In 1795, the number of stars and stripes

4092-467: The United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects". When the flag was officially adopted in 1777, the colors of red, white and blue were not given an official meaning. However, when Charles Thomson , Secretary of the Continental Congress, presented a proposed U.S. seal in 1782, he explained its center section in this way: The colours of

4185-485: The White House, "But for your presence amongst us, there would be no war." Douglass had many complaints about Lincoln's treatment of African Americans willing to fight in the war. But in the end, he judged Lincoln on his accomplishment rather than his motivation, saying: "It was enough for us that Abraham Lincoln was at the head of a great movement, and was in living and earnest sympathy with that movement." After delivering

4278-435: The army was not officially sanctioned to carry the United States flag into battle. It was not until 1834 that the artillery was allowed to carry the American flag; the army would be granted to do the same in 1841. However, in 1847, in the middle of the war with Mexico , the flag was limited to camp use and not allowed to be brought into battle.) Some wanted to remove the stars of the states which had seceded but Abraham Lincoln

4371-564: The baritone role in Boston's first performance of Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony with the Germania Orchestra on April 2, 1853. As commissions started to come in, he moved from studio to studio until he settled in a studio in Tremont Row in Boston , where he remained for twelve years. There, he painted several religious pictures and a portrait of Cornelia Wells (Walter) Richards , editor of

4464-657: The claimed connection with the flag design. The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington , published by the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon , calls it an "enduring myth" backed by "no discernible evidence." The story seems to have originated with the 1876 play Washington: A Drama in Five Acts , by the English poet Martin Farquhar Tupper , and

4557-433: The company flag is obvious, and some of the founding fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule . On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: " Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in

4650-403: The end of Reconstruction in 1876. In many ways, it exemplified and reflected the hopes, dreams, striving, and ultimate failures of reconstruction. The monument has been criticized for its paternalistic character and for not doing justice to the role that African Americans played in their liberation. While the funds for the monument were raised from formerly enslaved people, a white artist conceived

4743-417: The era, with $ 5 given by former slave Charlotte Scott of Virginia , then residing with the family of her former master in Marietta, Ohio, to create a memorial honoring Lincoln. The Western Sanitary Commission , a St. Louis –based volunteer war-relief agency, joined the effort and raised some $ 20,000 before announcing a new $ 50,000 goal. Another group that attempted to raise funds for the monument in 1865

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4836-487: The first flags from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No such evidence exists either in George Washington's diaries or the Continental Congress's records. Indeed, nearly a century passed before Ross's grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested the story in 1870. By her family's own admission, Ross ran an upholstery business, and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776. Furthermore, her grandson admitted that his own search through

4929-459: The flag represent the 50 U.S. states , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that won independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War . The flag was created as an item of military equipment to identity US ships and forts. It evolved gradually during early American history, and was not designed by any one person. The flag was mostly unknown to the American public until 1861, when it exploded in popularity as

5022-415: The flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following the admission of one or more new states. In 1912, the 48-star flag was adopted. This was the first time that

5115-412: The flag were not standardized until 1934. The flag of the United States is the nation's most widely recognized symbol. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins. Owing to the United States's emergence as a superpower in

5208-464: The flag" and formally proposed vexillolatry . Despite a number of attempts to ban the practice, desecration of the flag remains protected as free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Scholars have noted the irony that "[t]he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest". Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that

5301-434: The flagstaff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation." John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with red, white, and blue stripes. However, the flag for the Alliance had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and

5394-440: The language, and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh [ 花旗國 ; Fākeìgwok ], the "flower flag country"—and an American, kwa kee kwoh yin [ 花旗國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ]—"flower flag countryman"—a more complimentary designation than that of "red headed barbarian"—the name first bestowed upon the Dutch. In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in

5487-415: The long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for. In the Civil War, the flag was allowed to be carried into battle, reversing the 1847 regulation which prohibited this. (During the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812

5580-424: The longest use, surpassing the 48-star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959. The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation "Flower Flag" ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ). According to a pseudonymous account first published in

5673-427: The masthead of William Lloyd Garrison 's abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator . On June 23, 2020, U.S. Delegate for D.C. Eleanor Holmes Norton announced plans to introduce legislation to remove the memorial. That same day, protesters on site vowed to dismantle the statue on Thursday, June 25, at 7:00 p.m. local time. A barrier fence was installed around the memorial to protect it from vandalism, which

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5766-503: The monument to serve a didactic purpose as a school where freedmen could elevate themselves through learning. Frederick Douglass disagreed and thought the goal of education was incommensurate with that of remembering Lincoln. Harriet Hosmer proposed a grander monument than that suggested by Thomas Ball. Her design, which was ultimately deemed too expensive, posed Lincoln atop a tall central pillar flanked by smaller pillars topped with black Civil War soldiers and other figures. Mr. Ball

5859-430: The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 had prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag. When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some were 49-star versions,

5952-484: The naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed: a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson's flag for the United States had seven white stripes and six red ones – in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in

6045-489: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Chinese now refer to the United States as Měiguó from Mandarin ( simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ). Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono-semantic matching of "American") and "guó" means "country", so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the "flower flag" terminology persists in some places today: for example, American ginseng

6138-416: The original design. An alternative design depicting Lincoln with uniformed black Union soldiers was rejected as too expensive. According to historian Kirk Savage, a witness to the memorial's dedication recorded Frederick Douglass as saying that the statue "showed the Negro on his knees when a more manly attitude would have been indicative of freedom". In a recently uncovered letter from Douglass that appeared in

6231-404: The period that had seven stripes below the canton, or blue area with stars. For example, two of the earliest known examples of Stars and Stripes flags were painted by a Dutch artist who witnessed the arrival of Navy Lieutenant John Paul Jones' squadron in Texel, The Netherlands, in 1779. The two flags have seven stripes below the canton. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position

6324-411: The red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Congress paid Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County for his coat for the flag. The 1777 resolution was probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century, the notion of a national flag did not yet exist or

6417-442: The speech, Frederick Douglass immediately wrote a letter to the editor of the National Republican newspaper in Washington, which was published five days later on April 19, 1876. In his letter, Douglass criticized the statue's design and suggested the park could be improved by more dignified monuments of free Black people. "The negro here, though rising, is still on his knees and nude", Douglass wrote. "What I want to see before I die

6510-572: The studio of the museum superintendent. His earliest work was a bust of Jenny Lind , whom he saw on her 1850 tour of the United States. Copies of his Lind work and his bust of Daniel Webster sold widely before being widely copied by others. His work includes many early cabinet busts of musicians. His first statue of a figure was a two-foot high statue of Daniel Webster, on which he worked from photographs and engravings until he managed to see him pass his studio shortly before his death. At thirty-five, in 1854, he travelled to Florence to study. Ball

6603-416: The time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own life when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in

6696-591: The traditional version of events. The Continental Union Flag remained the national flag until June 14, 1777. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, there were no flags with any stars on them; the Continental Congress did not adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. It has historically been referred to as the first national flag of the United States. Often referred to as

6789-476: The vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design. The 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively. A popular myth

6882-668: The white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars. Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed a flag in 1777 while he was the chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and

6975-399: The whole truth, they suggested enriching the memorial group by adding statues of Charlotte Scott, whose contribution began the process, and Frederick Douglass, who dedicated the original monument, to create a new "Emancipation Group", as the monument was sometimes called. Lincoln biographer Sidney Blumenthal noted that the kneeling enslaved man was a widespread abolitionist motif, appearing on

7068-551: Was an accomplished musician from his teenage years, working as a paid singer in Boston churches. He performed as an unpaid soloist with the Handel and Haydn Society beginning in 1846 and with that organization, sang the title role in the first United States performance of Mendelssohn's Elijah , and the baritone solos in Rossini's Moses in Egypt . On a visit to Boston years later, he performed

7161-533: Was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round-the-world journey in 1871. Prior to the Civil War , the American flag was rarely seen outside of military forts, government buildings and ships. This changed following the Battle of Fort Sumter in 1861. The flag flying over the fort was allowed to leave with the Union troops as they surrendered. It was taken across Northern cities, which spurred

7254-518: Was cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington the following year. Congress accepted the statue as a gift from the "colored citizens of the United States" and appropriated $ 3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. The statue was erected in Lincoln Park, where it still stands. A plaque on the monument names it as "Freedom's Memorial in grateful memory of Abraham Lincoln" and reads: This monument

7347-413: Was declared a federal holiday. Douglass explained that Lincoln's legacy was complex. "Truth compels me to admit, even here in the presence of the monument we have erected to his memory. Abraham Lincoln was not, in the fullest sense of the word, either our man or our model. In his interests, in his associations, in his habits of thought, and in his prejudices, he was a white man." He pointed out that Lincoln

7440-499: Was erected by the Western Sanitary Commission of Saint Louis Mo: With funds contributed solely by emancipated citizens of the United States declared free by his proclamation January 1 A.D. 1863. The first contribution of five dollars was made by Charlotte Scott. A freedwoman of Virginia being her first earnings in freedom and consecrated by her suggestion and request on the day she heard of President Lincoln's death to build

7533-468: Was further popularized through repetition in the children's magazine St. Nicholas . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlet material to form

7626-461: Was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50-star flag was ordered by then president Eisenhower on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest-used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 64 years. The first official flag resembling the "Stars and Stripes" was the Continental Navy ensign (often referred to as

7719-448: Was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "Defence of Fort M'Henry", later known as " The Star-Spangled Banner ", which

7812-529: Was later removed. Norton reintroduced her bill on February 18, 2021. In 1879, Moses Kimball , for whom Ball had once worked at the Boston Museum , donated a copy of the statue to Boston . It was located in Park Square . In July 2020, the Boston Art Commission voted to remove the statue after conducting a public debate on the statue's meaning. The statue made many feel uncomfortable; many felt it lacked

7905-463: Was like that of today's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, most likely, because other people had contributed to designing the Great Seal of the United States , and because it was determined he already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag at the request of the government in

7998-520: Was more motivated to save the union than to free enslaved people, telling the New York Tribune : "If I could save the union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that." Douglass said that Lincoln "strangely told us that we were the cause of the war"—in 1862, Lincoln had told African-American leaders visiting

8091-414: Was not a reference to the national or naval flag. The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced

8184-535: Was not the only effort of the time to build a monument to Lincoln; however, as the only one soliciting contributions exclusively from those who had most directly benefited from Lincoln's act of emancipation it had a special appeal ... The funds were collected solely from freed slaves (primarily from African American Union veterans) ... The turbulent politics of the reconstruction era affected the fundraising campaign on many levels. The Colored People's Educational Monument Association, headed by Henry Highland Garnet , wanted

8277-614: Was only nascent. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern that "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States." However, the term "Standard" referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard

8370-526: Was opposed, believing it would give legitimacy to the Confederate states. In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of

8463-600: Was the National Lincoln Memorial Association. It was briefly considered merging the original funds with the National Lincoln Memorial Association, but that mission soon failed due to conflicting visions. According to the National Park Service, the monument was paid for solely by formerly enslaved people: The campaign for the Freedmen's Memorial Monument to Abraham Lincoln, as it was to be known,

8556-525: Was the location of George Washington 's command post during the Siege of Boston in the American Revolution . On New Year's Day in 1776, Washington conducted a flag-raising ceremony to raise the morale of the men of the Continental Army . The standard account features the Continental Union Flag flying, although in 2006, Peter Ansoff advanced a theory that it was actually a British Union Flag instead. Others, such as Byron DeLear, have argued in favour of

8649-513: Was well known through several works when, in 1865, under his first influence of the news of Lincoln's assassination, he'd individually conceived and completed an original half-life-size work in Italian marble. When Ball's design was finally chosen, on the order of the Freedman's Memorial Association, this design, with certain changes, was to be "expanded" to about nine feet high, as the final "Emancipation" group in Lincoln Park in 1876. Instead of wearing

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