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110-591: Elm Park is a suburban planned community in East London and part of the London Borough of Havering . Located 14.3 miles (23.0 km) east-northeast of Charing Cross , it is identified as a district centre in the London Plan with several streets of shops and a priority for regeneration. Prior to the construction of the extensive Elm Park Garden City development in the 1930s it was a scattered settlement of farms in

220-407: A port and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan are Shoham , Karmiel and Arad . Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It

330-519: A bridge over the railway line, and the donation of land for Harrow Lodge Park . Costain built an estate office at the corner of Coronation Drive and Maylands Avenue that later became occupied by a real estate solicitor . Costain negotiated with the London, Midland and Scottish Railway to have a station built on the London to Southend railway that ran through the area and Elm Park Underground station , served by

440-489: A form of planning are as follows: A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom , Sasolburg and Secunda . Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as

550-470: A group of knights flying kites laden with a black-powder filled firebomb over the wall of city. In the 17th century, the forces of Thai king Phetracha tied gunpowder barrels to kites used for airborne assault. In 1849, Austrian forces besieging Venice during the First Italian War of Independence launched some 200 incendiary balloons , each carrying a 24- to 30-pound bomb that was to be dropped from

660-428: A list of Iran's modern planned cities see: List of Iran's planned cities . According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known as Development Towns . The most successful is Ashdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants,

770-890: A miracle, as, if the bombs had exploded, the eastern half of the Cathedral would have been completely destroyed. During the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Japanese widely used airplanes to indiscriminately bomb key targets and cities, such as Mukden . After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service , in conjunction with the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service , began relentlessly bombing Shanghai , Beijing (Peking), Tianjin (Tientsin) and several cities on

880-526: A post office. The unit sizes are fairly small, with a Tesco Express and The Co-operative Food forming some of the larger stores. In 2013 an M local branded Morrisons convenience store opened and a Sainsbury's replaced the former Elm Park Hotel. There is a library which has recently been rebuilt. There is a number of takeaways, cafes and restaurants. Elm Park is served by Elm Park Underground station and has London Bus services to nearby Romford , Rainham and Hornchurch town centre. Regeneration linked to

990-700: A prelude. Both cities were reduced to ruins even though Harar had been declared an " open city ". During the Spanish Civil War , the Nationalists under Francisco Franco made extensive use of aerial bombing on civilian targets. Nazi Germany gave aircraft to Franco to support the overthrow of the Spanish Republican government. The first major example of this came in November 1936, when German and Spanish aircraft bombed Republican-held Madrid ; this bombardment

1100-522: A primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American Garden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development. In 2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment. Sources: Naypyidaw

1210-451: A remote corner on Hong Kong Island , with similar concepts in a smaller scale. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin , Tsuen Wan , Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O . Tuen Mun

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1320-701: A result, Nationalist forces constructed several military dependents' villages that were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families to regain Mainland China from the Communists . Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today. Beginning in the 1950s, the Taiwan Provincial Government was moved out of Taipei to central Taiwan for security reasons. Several new planned communities were created to house these government employees. The first planned community under

1430-479: A village 8 km west of the capital Tripoli . Adrianople (presently Edirne ) was bombed by Bulgaria in 1912 in the First Balkan War . Historically, it was the first bombardment of a city from a heavier-than-air aircraft. In the morning of 29 October 1912 at 9:30 a.m. the plane Albatros F-3 took off from an airfield near the village of Mustafa Pasha – present day Svilengrad , Bulgaria. The pilot

1540-512: Is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030. Tatu City is also another planned city located in Kiambu county. The capital, Abuja , is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include: Eko Atlantic City , a planned city of Lagos State being constructed on land reclaimed from

1650-567: Is an ancient town in Tekes County , Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , Xinjiang, with a shape of a ba gua . In modern China, many special economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example, Pudong , a new district of Shanghai. Quezon City was the planned city of President Manuel L. Quezon , who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of the City of Manila . Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of

1760-590: Is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically. The term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom . It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on

1870-613: Is flanked by the Station Parade and Tadworth Parade precincts, and continues along parts of Elm Park Avenue and Saint Nicholas Avenue. There are 196 units in the town centre. As of November 2012, 13.91% are convenience goods, 30.43% comparison goods, 42.61% services, and 13.04% vacant. These include a variety of independent and high street brand shops, including banks, clothes shops, pharmacies, bakers, greengrocers, fishmongers, florists, opticians, bicycle shops, butchers, hairdressers, grocery stores, off licence, dry cleaners, travel agents, and

1980-506: Is the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by the Naypyidaw Union Territory , as per the 2008 Constitution . On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana , and approximately 300 km north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, coinciding with Myanmar's Armed Forces Day . Much of

2090-562: Is within Dagenham and Rainham UK Parliament constituency, but the area to the east of The Broadway and north of the railway is part of the Hornchurch and Upminster constituency. All of Elm Park is within the Havering and Redbridge London Assembly constituency. Open spaces in the area include Harrow Lodge Park , Hornchurch Country Park, Swallow Walk, Brettons Park and Eastbrookend Country Park of

2200-498: The Al-A'amiriya neighborhood of Baghdad, killing at least 408 civilians sheltering there. U.S. officials subsequently claimed that the shelter also served as a communications center for the Iraqi military. BBC correspondent Jeremy Bowen , who was one of the first television reporters on the scene, was given access to the shelter and claimed that he did not find any evidence of it being used by

2310-858: The Battle of Stalingrad and bombing Leningrad during the siege of the city of 1941–1943. The Soviet bombing of the German cities was limited in comparison with the RAF bombing (destruction caused by the Soviet army was mainly due to the land artillery ). The Soviet Air Force also bombed Budapest in Hungary. In the Asiatic-Pacific Theater , Japan continued to bomb Chinese cities and expanded its air operations towards others in Asia such as Singapore , Rangoon , and Mandalay . In

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2420-627: The Cristero War in Mexico in 1929, Irish pilot and mercenary Patrick Murphy mistakenly dropped several improvised "suitcase bombs" on the border town of Naco, Arizona , while bombing government forces in the adjacent town of Naco, Sonora , for the Cristero revolutionaries. The bombing, which caused damage to many buildings and injured several bystanders on the American side of the international border, became

2530-741: The District line of the London Underground , opened in 1935. The station and the Elm Park Garden City were officially opened by Hilton Young , Minister of Health in May 1935. Celebrations to mark the opening included a performance by the Dagenham Girl Pipers . The Assembly Hall, intended to be used as a recreation space and theatre, was given to the Elm Park Residents' Association , which

2640-654: The First and Second Chechen Wars . Although the Russian pilots and soldiers were ordered to attack designated targets only, such as the Presidential Palace , due to their inexperience and lack of training, Russian soldiers and pilots bombed and shelled random targets inside the city. In 2003, the UN still called Grozny the most destroyed city on earth. In 2003 Invasion of Iraq , the U.S.-led coalition aircraft again bombed Iraq, including

2750-807: The Israeli aircraft during the Siege of Beirut in 1982, and during the 2006 Lebanon War (using guided munitions). Israel also conducted air strikes targeting Palestinian targets during the Second Intifada , including against Hamas in Gaza . In March 1979, in response to an uprising , the Khalq -control army of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan carpet-bombed the Afghanistan 's third-largest city of Herat , causing massive destruction and some 5,000 to 25,000 deaths. Herat

2860-911: The Korean War of 1950–1953, U.S.-led UN air forces heavily bombed the cities in North Korea and the North-occupied South Korea , including their respective capital cities. There were also plans to use nuclear weapons against North Korea and the People's Republic of China . From 1965 to 1968, during the Vietnam War , the United States Air Force conducted an aerial campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder . The campaign began with interdiction of supply lines in rural areas of southern North Vietnam but incrementally spread northward throughout

2970-523: The Persian Gulf region are also planned cities. Sejong was constructed to be a planned-administrative capital of South Korea. The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s. Company towns During the construction of the Suez Canal in the 1860s, and after, new towns were planned and built to serve the new international shipping canal. Other smaller company towns were built during

3080-462: The Shock and Awe campaign of precision bombing of government targets in the city centers. From 2003 to 2011 and 2014 to 2018, coalition aircraft attacked Iraqi insurgent targets, including in urban locations like Najaf , Fallujah , Mosul , Basra , and Baghdad . There are frequent reports of civilian casualties, though it is often hard to distinguish guerrillas and civilians. Syrian MiG-23s bombed

3190-610: The Thames Chase forest. Nearest places are Dagenham , Rainham , and Romford . The 2001 census shows the Elm Park ward has a population density higher than the borough of Havering, lower than all of London, but much higher than England as a whole. The population is predominately White, 92% within the White British classification, which is typical for the borough, and both higher than London and England. The mean and median average age of

3300-460: The Thames Gateway project has been mooted and recent changes such as the installation of new street lighting have been made. The East London Transit includes an option to serve the area. Elm Park was the site of a derailment of a British Rail commuter service on 29 March 1965 resulting in two deaths and 15 people being injured: an act of vandalism by unknown persons (placing an obstruction on

3410-740: The U.S.-led war in Afghanistan . Saddam Hussein 's Iraq attacked civilian targets in Iranian cities in the War of the Cities during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, with Iranians retaliating in kind (both sides soon switched to ballistic missile attacks). Iraqi aircraft also bombed the Iraqi Kurdistan city of Halabja in 1988 with conventional and chemical weapons in 1988, killing more than 5,000 people in

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3520-515: The Vietnam People's Air Force attacked Southern cities (including the capital city of Saigon ) in 1975. Israeli cities were bombed by Egyptian , Syrian and Jordanian aircraft during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and the Six-Day War . The bombing included attacks on some of Israel's largest cities, such as Tel Aviv , Jerusalem and Haifa . The Lebanese capital of Beirut was attacked by

3630-420: The largest aerial poison gas attack in history. In 1988 Somali Air Force aircraft conducted intense aerial bombardment of major Isaaq cities targeting civilian Isaaqs during its campaign against Somali National Movement in the north of the country. Civilians were also strafed by Somali Air Force aircraft as they were fleeing the aerial bombardment. The artillery shelling and aerial bombardment caused

3740-539: The 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment. In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on

3850-550: The 20th Century to serve oil exploration sites and factories. The larger towns have since been incorporated into mainstream local government. New urban communities In the late 1970s, it became national policy to construct new desert towns in Egypt, managed by the New Urban Communities Authority . In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala . Konza Technology City

3960-524: The Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development, is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters. Centenary City , in the Federal Capital Territory , is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country. A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through

4070-702: The British Mandate for Iraq. The Iraqi revolt against the British began, with peaceful demonstrations in May 1920. Initial demands were rejected by the British administration, and fighting broke out in June 1920. This was suppressed, with many deaths, and at very high costs to the Empire. A policy of 'aerial policing', an invention of Winston Churchill's was brought in. This amounted to aerial bombing of rebelling tribesmen, followed up by pacification by ground troops. This continued up to

4180-854: The Chinese coast from the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. The bombing campaigns on Nanjing and Canton which started in September 1937 evoked protests from the Western powers culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . An example of the many expressions of indignation came from Lord Cranborne, the British Under-Secretary of State For Foreign Affairs: Words cannot express

4290-527: The Coalition as part of the ceasefire agreement that ended hostilities of the Gulf War but not the war itself). UN-led coalition aircraft attacked targets in Iraqi cities, including in the capital Baghdad and the largest southern city of Basra during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 13 February 1991, a United States Air Force (USAF) warplane fired two laser-guided missiles at an air raid shelter in

4400-427: The Costain plans to provide higher density social housing through compulsory purchase of the land, using loans from the Public Works Loan Board . By 1964 the council had created 1,146 council houses in Elm Park. Since the 2022 election , Elm Park is contained within the Elm Park ward of the London Borough of Havering. The ward elects three councillors to Havering London Borough Council . The majority of Elm Park

4510-435: The German government allowed directed raids against urban centers, sparking 23 airship raids in 1916 in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defenses improved and the Germans also introduced large bomber aircraft for bombing Britain. In 1917 and 1918 there were only eleven Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on 5 August 1918, which resulted in

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4620-512: The German hinterland. Oil remained the main British objective until the summer of 1941, although German cities and towns were regularly bombed from May 1940. Previous raids had been carried out by the RAF, but when targets were not found, the bombers returned without making an attack. After the Fall of France , the Luftwaffe redirected its full attention to the United Kingdom. The scale of the attack increased greatly in July 1940, with 258 civilians killed, and again in August with 1,075 dead. During

4730-442: The German invasion of the Low Countries, and military targets in the rest of Germany after the bombing of Rotterdam. On 9 September 1940 RAF crews were instructed that due to the "indiscriminate" nature of German bombing, if they failed to find their assigned targets they were to attack targets of opportunity rather than bring their bombs home. On the 15/16 December the RAF carried out its first area bombing attack (destroying 45% of

4840-515: The Iraqi military. His claims were later contradicted by Iraqi general Wafiq al-Samarrai , who claimed that the shelter was used by the Iraqi Intelligence Service , and that Saddam Hussein had personally made visits to it. The day after the bombing of the shelter, a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter jet fired two laser-guided missiles which were aimed at a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an Iraqi military supply line. The missiles malfunctioned and struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which

4950-423: The NATO campaign appearing to violate NATO's charter, the UNSC rebutted the case on March 24 and March 26, 1999. In addition to purely military targets NATO targeted the national power grid (leaving many cities in the dark), water purification plants, oil refineries, fertilizer factories, and a petrochemical plant in Pancevo. The 78-day bombing campaign is assessed as having been an 'economic catastrophe', cutting

5060-460: The South Korea's government facilities. New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $ 40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in

5170-447: The UK. On 7 September the Luftwaffe began massed attacks on London. The bombing campaign was known in the UK as " the Blitz ", and ran from September 1940 through to May 1941. The Coventry Blitz and the Belfast Blitz were two of the heaviest of all bombings by the Luftwaffe, killing 568–1,000 civilians of Coventry, killing over 1,100 civilians in Belfast , and destroying much of both city centres. British bombing policy evolved during

5280-401: The United States, the modern parts of Astana in Kazakhstan, and Ankara in Turkey. In Indonesia, Nusantara is planned to be inaugurated on 17 August 2024, and in Egypt a new capital city (to the east of Cairo) is under construction. Putrajaya , the federal administrative and judicial centre of Malaysia , is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in

5390-413: The Yugoslav economy in half. Post-Soviet Russia heavily bombed the Chechen capital of Grozny from the air with mostly unguided munitions (including fuel-air explosives ) as well as bombarding it with a massive artillery barrages (1994–1995, 1996 and 1999–2000), killing thousands of people (some estimates say 27,000 civilians were killed during the 1994–1995 siege alone ) including civilians during

5500-430: The annex of the Elm Park Community Assembly Hall on Eyhurst/St.Nicholas Avenue, Christ Life Church and Eagles Christian Connections. It is also in Elm Park that the London Metropolitan Assembly convened by Apostle George Akalonu meets each month to discuss issues of common interest to faith, civic and community leaders. Planned community A planned community , planned city , planned town , or planned settlement

5610-428: The attack was called off, but this did not reach the already flying bombers. Germany began aerial bombing of British cities immediately after the British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939, while the first British bombing raids against Germany were on the night of 15/16 May 1940, with 78 bombers against oil targets, 9 against steelworks and 9 against marshalling yards, all military and industrial targets in

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5720-482: The background was Guangfu New Village , located in Wufeng, Taichung . After Guangfu New Village, other communities were created as well: Aerial bombing of cities Incendiary kites were first used in warfare by the Chinese. During the Song dynasty the Fire Crow , a kite carrying incendiary powder, a fuse, and a burning stick of incense was developed as a weapon. Walter de Milemete 's 1326 De nobilitatibus, sapientiis, et prudentiis regum treatise depicts

5830-486: The balloon with a time fuse over the besieged city. The balloons were launched from land and from the Austrian navy ship SMS Vulcano that acted as a balloon carrier , though the attack ended in failure as winds blew the balloons away, none reaching their intended target. The first ever air raid was conducted during the Italo-Turkish War by Italian forces against the Ottoman province of Libya on November 1, 1911. Giulio Gavotti dropped 1.5 kg of bombs on Ain Zara ,

5940-403: The bloodiest and longest-running conflicts in the history of sub-Saharan Africa and the Somali forces are noted for concurrently repelling the invading British, Italian and Abyssinian forces for a period of 25 years. In the United States during the Tulsa race massacre of May 31 – June 1, 1921, private aircraft flown by white men dropped kerosene bombs on the Greenwood neighborhood. During

6050-401: The bombing. After the successful Operation Meetinghouse raid, the USAAF went on to firebomb other Japanese cities in effort to pulverize the Japanese war industry and shatter Japanese civilian morale . From March to August 1945, the U.S. firebombing of 67 Japanese cities had killed 350,000 civilians. In addition, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 120,000 people. During

6160-402: The capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area called Metro Manila , which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan. Other planned cities (in order of foundation): King Abdullah Economic City , a future planned city along the Red Sea located in Saudi Arabia. In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as Jubail ,

6270-573: The city of Aleppo on 24 July 2012, the first use of aerial bombing in the Syrian Civil War . Over the course of the war, the Syrian government has dropped tens of thousands of bombs, mostly unguided barrel bombs , on the cities of Aleppo , Damascus , Homs , Hama , Deir ez-Zor , Hasakah , Daraa , Darayya , and Al-Bab . Russia has strategically bombed the Ukrainian civilian power grid , with low or null military purpose, in order to weaken Ukraine resistance or distract it from attacking and taking back Russian occupied territories. This

6380-403: The city of Mannheim ), officially in response to the raid on Coventry. In 1942, the goals of the British attacks were defined: the primary goal was the so-called "morale bombing", to weaken the will of the civil population to resist. Following this directive intensive bombing of highly populated city centers and working class quarters started. On 30 May 1942, the RAF Bomber Command launched

6490-489: The city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Myanmar's third largest city, after Yangon and Mandalay . Many ancient cities in China , especially those on the North China Plain , were carefully designed according to the fengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples are Chang'an in Tang dynasty and Beijing. An exception to that

6600-501: The country. In 1966, restrictions against bombing the capital city of Hanoi and the country's largest port, Haiphong , were lifted, and they were bombed by the USAF and Navy . The bombing of the city centers continued to be prohibited. However, the South Vietnamese cities seized by the communists were bombed, including the former capital of Huế during the 1968 Tet Offensive . The Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombed contested cities in South Vietnam in 1968, 1972 and 1975, while

6710-413: The creation of the world's largest refugee camp then (1988), with another 400,000 being internally displaced. The scale of destruction led to Hargeisa being known as the 'Dresden of Africa'. The Iraqi Air Force attacked Kuwait City in 1990 and bombed their own cities during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq , targeting civilians with the use of bomb-carrying helicopters (use of airplanes was banned by

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6820-465: The deadliest conventional bombing in history, known as Operation Meetinghouse . In a few hours, 100,000 people who were in Tokyo including civilians died either by the bombing or the conflagration that followed the bombing by 325 B-29's night attacks. The bombing was meant to burn wooden buildings and indeed the bombing caused fire that created a 50 m/s wind that is comparable to tornadoes. A total of 381,300 bombs amounting to 1783 tons, were used in

6930-616: The death of KK Peter Strasser , commander of the German Naval Airship Department. By the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. In the course of the Zeppelin raids the Germans lost more than half their airships and 40% of their crew. It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond material damage inflicted, in diverting and hampering wartime production, and diverting twelve squadrons and over 10,000 men to air defenses. The British developed an Independent Force of long-range bombers that could bomb Berlin, but

7040-402: The deaths of estimated 50,000–200,000 Isaaq civilians, as well as the complete destruction of Somalia's second and third largest cities. It also caused up to 500,000 Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee and cross the border into Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees in what was described as "one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa", and resulted in

7150-430: The downtown area of Mazatlán in order to take the city. The bomb landed not on target but in a city street and in the process killed four civilians, including a French diplomat, and wounded several others. The first civilian target to be bombed from the air was the Belgian city of Antwerp . This city, at that moment the National Redoubt of Belgium, was bombed during the night of 24–25 August 1914. Instead of targeting

7260-449: The feelings of profound horror with which the news of these raids had been received by the whole civilized world. They are often directed against places far from the actual area of hostilities. The military objective, where it exists, seems to take a completely second place. The main object seems to be to inspire terror by the indiscriminate slaughter of civilians ... At the beginning of World War II, bombing of cities prior to invasion

7370-434: The first "1,000 bomber raid" when 1,046 aircraft bombed Cologne in Operation Millennium, dropping over 2,000 tons of high explosive and incendiaries on the medieval town and burning it from end to end. 411 civilians and 85 combatants were killed, more than 130,000 had to leave the city. Two further 1,000 bomber raids were executed over Essen and Bremen , but to less effect than the destruction at Cologne. The effects of

7480-402: The first aerial bombardment of the Continental United States by a foreign power in American history. The Italians used aircraft against the Ethiopian cities in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War . For example, in February 1936, the Italian invasion forces in the south prepared for a major thrust towards the city of Harar . On 22 March, the Regia Aeronautica bombed Harar and Jijiga as

7590-418: The first few months of the war with the Western Powers, Japan projected its airpower on settlements as distant as Honolulu , Darwin , and Unalaska . The capture of the Mariana Islands in 1944 enabled the United States Army Air Forces to reach the Japanese home islands using the Boeing B-29 Superfortress . The U.S. firebombed Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, and killed more than 100,000 people in

7700-406: The former homeland capital of Bisho . The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in the New Territories have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong . Wah Fu Estate was built in

7810-401: The front-page headlines of the Diario de Almeria , dated June 3, 1937, referred to the press in London and Paris carrying the news of the "criminal bombardment of Almeria by German planes". Barcelona was bombarded for three days beginning on 16 March 1938, at the height of the Spanish Civil War . Under the command of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , Italian aircraft stationed on

7920-468: The ideas of the garden city movement . Costain purchased the land of Wyebridge, Elm and Uphavering farms for the development in 1933. Plans were announced for 7,000 houses on 600 acres (2.4 km) of land for private sale in May 1933, and were submitted to Hornchurch Urban District Council in June. Costain negotiated a higher density of development than was usually permitted. In return the council achieved some improvements, including provision of wider roads,

8030-904: The island of Majorca attacked 13 times dropping 44 tons of bombs, aimed at the civil population. The medieval Cathedral of Barcelona suffered bomb damage and more than one thousand people died, including many children. The number of people injured is estimated to be in the thousands. Many others Spanish towns and cities were bombed by the German Legion Condor and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria among them Jaen , Durango , Granollers and Alicante . The Spanish Republican government also used aerial bombings, but not as extensively, as they did not have as many planes available. Cities such as Valladolid , Granada , Sevilla , Zaragoza or Burgos were bombarded, killing some people. The biggest aerial attack against civil population

8140-546: The line) derailed a London Fenchurch St. to Shoeburyness passenger train travelling at 70 m.p.h. Regeneration in the area is led by Havering London Borough Council and the Elm Park Regeneration Partnership. Elm Park is served by several churches - the Elm Park Baptist Church, St Albans Catholic Church, and St. Nicholas Church of England. It is also home to Arise Metropolitan Assembly which meets at

8250-485: The massive raids using a combination of blockbuster bombs and incendiaries created firestorms in some cites. The most extreme examples were caused by the bombing of Hamburg in Operation Gomorrah (45,000 dead), and the bombings of Kassel (10,000 dead), Darmstadt (12,500 dead), Pforzheim (21,200 dead), Swinemuende (23,000 dead), and Dresden (25,000 dead ). The Allies also bombed urban areas in

8360-505: The mid 1920s. The aerial campaign included Sir Arthur Harris , who commanded a Vickers Vernon squadron engaged in the bombing and strafing of revolting tribesmen. Harris once remarked that "the only thing the Arab understands is the heavy hand." Following the end of World War I, the British stepped up their efforts in their war against the Dervish movement , their sultan Diiriye Guure and emir,

8470-432: The new urban fringe). Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations ( sangyo-shuseki ) ( Tsukuba Science City , Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with Uzō Nishiyama 's "life-spheres" principle. Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopolis . The technopolis program of

8580-523: The night of 25 August, British bombers raided targets in and around Greater Berlin for the first time, in response to the misdirected bombing of Oxford Street and the West End by the Luftwaffe while it was bombing the London docks. On 4 September 1940 Hitler, frustrated by the RAF's superiority over the Luftwaffe and enraged by its bombing of German cities, decided to retaliate by bombing London and other cities in

8690-656: The original Burnham Plan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes the University of the Philippines ), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8. President Elpidio Quirino proclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with President Ferdinand Marcos restoring Manila as

8800-610: The other countries, including occupied France ( Caen ) and the major industrial cities of northern Italy, like Milan and Turin . Some cities were bombed at the different times by the Luftwaffe and the Allies, for example Belgrade in Yugoslavia and Bucharest in Romania . The Luftwaffe also bombed cities in the Soviet Union, destroying Stalingrad in a massive air raid at the start of

8910-560: The parish council became Hornchurch Urban District Council. The council, based in Langtons House from 1929, was the planning authority during the transition of Elm Park from farms to suburban development. The Hornchurch Urban District was abolished in 1965 and Elm Park became part of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London. Elm Park Garden City was a planned community by the developer Richard Costain and Sons Ltd. , drawing on

9020-535: The period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the big cities in Kansai region. Some towns, ( Senri New Town , Tama New Town ) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby cities. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from

9130-693: The period of the Persian Safavid Empire, Isfahan , the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it. In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz and Tabriz . Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as: 576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by 2005. For

9240-459: The population is 40, which is typical for the borough, about five years above London as a whole and slightly above the average for England. Elm Park is identified as a district centre in the London Plan and a priority for regeneration. Within Havering it is near to the major centre at Hornchurch and metropolitan centre at Romford. The compact retail area extends along the whole of The Broadway, which

9350-567: The provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. Since 2007 Sejong

9460-904: The ruins of earlier Native American villages. A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854. A planned capital is a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world's national capitals are planned capitals, including Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, Belmopan in Belize, New Delhi in India, Abuja in Nigeria, Islamabad in Pakistan, Naypyidaw in Myanmar (Burma), Washington, D.C. in

9570-518: The so-called " Mad Mullah ", whom they had been fighting for the control the area formerly known as British Somaliland . However, they had been unable to defeat the Dervish movement for nearly 25 years. In January 1920, the British launched a combined aerial and land attack against the Dhulbahante garesas , bombarding Taleeh , the capital of the revolt. The Somaliland Campaign has been described as one of

9680-402: The south of the parish of Hornchurch. Elm Park has been connected to central London by the electrified District line service since 1935 and the planned development of the area formed part of the interwar private housing boom that was interrupted by World War II . After the war Elm Park expanded with social housing and it has formed part of Greater London since 1965. The place name Elm Park

9790-639: The surrounding fortresses, the Zeppelin LZ 25's intention was to bomb the clearly distinguishable historical centre of the city. The zeppelin dropped approximately ten bombs, killing ten people and injuring forty. The British Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914 and 8 October, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Cologne and Düsseldorf . The aeroplanes carried twenty-pound bombs, and at least one airship

9900-527: The vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country. Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with

10010-406: The village of Karaagach . The plane was equipped with two bombs, which were released at 10:00 am over the station. The crew landed successfully at the airfield with 4 holes on the hull. A number of journalists and military attachés attended the site. In May 1914, during the revolution of 1910–17 , General Venustiano Carranza , later president, ordered a biplane to bomb Neveria Hill adjacent to

10120-458: The war ended before these raids began. After the war, bombers' increasing sophistication led to the general belief that aerial bombing would both destroy cities and be impossible to stop; as Stanley Baldwin stated in a 1932 speech, " The bomber will always get through ". After World War I, there were protests in Iraq against continued British rule. Many Iraqis across a wide spectrum of opinion opposed

10230-566: The war. In the beginning, the RAF was forbidden to attack urban targets in Germany due to the risk of accidental civilian casualties. Following a German attack on military targets in the Orkney Islands on 16 March 1940 that killed a civilian, the RAF mounted an attack on the seaplane base on the island of Sylt . The RAF began attacking transport targets west of the Rhine on the night of 10 May following

10340-668: The world. Gwanggyo newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure

10450-614: Was abolished in 1892 and the parish vestry in 1894. Elected local government was incorporated by the Local Government Act 1894 . Hornchurch civil parish was governed by Hornchurch Parish Council and formed part of the Romford Rural District , governed by Romford Rural District Council. As the population was increasing, in 1926 the Hornchurch parish was removed from the rural district to become Hornchurch Urban District and

10560-583: Was also repeatedly bombed during the following Soviet involvement in the Afghan civil war . Following the September 11, 2001 attacks , the U.S.-led coalition attacked the urban targets in Afghanistan using mainly precision-guided munitions (or "smart bombs"). The United States government maintains that it has a policy of striking only significant combatant targets while doing all possible to avoid what it terms " collateral damage " to civilians and non-combatants during

10670-573: Was an integral part of Nazi Germany 's strategy . In the first stages of war, the Germans carried out many bombings of towns and cities in Poland (1939), including the capital Warsaw (also bombed in 1944), with Wieluń being the first city destroyed by 75% . The Soviet Union also attempted strategic bombing against Poland and Finland, bombing Helsinki . Rotterdam was bombed by Germany at 14 May 1940. The city had already surrendered an hour earlier and

10780-498: Was built from 1868, following an American grid plan , and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-based Japanese addressing system . Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during

10890-489: Was captain Radul Mikov with spotter and bombardier Prodan Tarakchiev. The airfield was specially created to carry out the take off and landing. According to the report weather conditions were perfect. The flight lasted for 1 hour and 20 minutes and the altitude was 500m. During the flight the crew flew over the city of Edirne , discovered hidden Ottoman forces in the nearby villages and flew towards to city railroad station, near

11000-498: Was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government . It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf . The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown , from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board . Today,

11110-542: Was designed and planned by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie . Many Israeli settlements follow this model, including towns like Modi'in Illit and Betar Illit . The city of Kyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called Heian-kyō ), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as 4th street ( 四条 , shi-jō ) . In modern times, Sapporo

11220-474: Was destroyed. On 19 January 1915 two German Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty-kilogram (110 lb) high-explosive bombs and ineffective three-kilogram incendiaries on the English towns of Great Yarmouth , Sheringham , King's Lynn , and the surrounding villages; in all, four people were killed, 16 injured, and monetary damage was estimated at £7,740. London was bombed for the first time on 30 May 1915. In July 1916,

11330-462: Was devised in 1933. It was derived from Elm Farm, which is first recorded in 1777 and was known as Elms in 1883. The area that became Elm Park formed part of the South End ward of the parish of Hornchurch; the large ancient parish occupied the same area as the royal manor and liberty of Havering . The Havering courts and Hornchurch vestry were the principal local government in the area. The liberty

11440-520: Was established in July 1935. The estate was marketed as "Elm Park Romford", with Romford approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north. A frequent bus service was provided from 1939. House building on the estate was halted by World War II . Because of the proximity of RAF Hornchurch the area was subject aerial bombing with some damage to the housing stock. After the war national housing policy had changed and Hornchurch Urban District Council deviated from

11550-558: Was in Cabra , a small town away from the war front, and with no strategic value, that was bombed due to an error. 109 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. Planes coming from Barcelona launched three bombs against the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar on August 3, 1936. The bombs failed to detonate, but did damage one of the cupolas painted by Goya . The fact was considered

11660-517: Was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as a dormitory town up until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau . The government also plans to build such towns in Hung Shui Kiu , Ping Che - Ta Kwu Ling , Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. At present, there are a total of nine new towns: In

11770-539: Was planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national government agencies and research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, the Prime Minister of South Korea also resides in Sejong, along with more than 65% of

11880-611: Was scheduled to be constructed by 2012. Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands in Seoul . They include: After losing the Chinese Civil War , the central government of China and its government forces retreated to the former Qing province and later Japanese colony of the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As

11990-1051: Was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, Group Captain David Henderson issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. At the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars , in Croatia (1991), the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) carried out aerial bombing of Dubrovnik and Vukovar . NATO 's aerial bombing of FR Yugoslavia in 1999 included targeted aerial bombing throughout Serbia , notably of targets in Belgrade , Novi Sad and Niš . In addition to military casualties, there were at least 500 civilian casualties . Despite

12100-612: Was sustained throughout the Siege of Madrid . Barcelona and Valencia were also targeted in this way. On 26 April 1937, the German Luftwaffe ( Condor Legion ) bombed the Spanish city of Guernica carrying out the most high-profile aerial attack of the war. This act caused worldwide revulsion and was the subject of a famous painting by Picasso , but by the standards of bombings during World War II, casualties were fairly minor (estimates ranging from 500 to 1,500). Shortly after,

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