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54-598: Augustus was born in Freiberg , the youngest child and third (but second surviving) son of Henry IV, Duke of Saxony , and Catherine of Mecklenburg . He consequently belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin . Brought up as a Lutheran , he received a good education and studied at Leipzig University . When Duke Henry IV died in 1541, he decreed that his lands should be divided equally between his two sons; but as his bequest

108-464: A notable cathedral containing two famous Gottfried Silbermann organs. There are two other organs made by Gottfried Silbermann in the town – one at the St. Peter's Church ( Petrikirche ) and the other one at the St. James' Church ( Jakobikirche ). The Renaissance part of Freiberg, built after a fire destroyed the town in 1484, stands under heritage protection. In 1913, silver mining was discontinued due to

162-579: A boundary between two variants of the Upper Saxon dialect : the Southeast Meissen dialect ( Südostmeißnisch ) to the east and the South Meissen dialect ( Südmeißnisch ) to the west of the town, both belonging to the five Meissen dialects, as well as just north of the border of the dialect region of East Erzgebirgisch . The nucleus of the town, the former forest village of Christiansdorf lies in

216-582: A daughter of Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt . The bride was only 13 years; the groom, almost 60. August died one month after his new marriage, and was buried at Freiberg Cathedral . His only surviving son, Christian I , was his successor. Augustus wrote a small work on agriculture entitled Künstlich Obstund Gartenbüchlein . He was famous for his various museum collections, including the finest collection of arms and weapons in Northern Europe, paintings, and an extensive collection of tools. In 1560 he founded

270-535: A payment slip at the University of Wittenberg as Mathias Francovich Illyricus . The origin of the double surname is not clear, but it might have been a double last name resulting from marriage, his or some of his ancestors'. Likewise, the 'Illyricus' is of uncertain origin, likely in reference to his place of origin, the historical province of Illyricum . At the age of sixteen, Flacius went to study in Venice , where he

324-597: A scholar for his editorial work on the Magdeburg Centuries . Bible Translators Theologians Flacius was born in Labin (Albona) in Istria , son of Andrea Vlacich (Andrija Vlačić ) alias Francovich and Jacobea (Jakovica) Luciani, daughter of a wealthy and powerful Albonian civic family. Her family was related by marriage to the local Lupetino (Lupetina) family: Jacobea's brother, Luciano Luciani, married Ivanka Lupetina,

378-592: A strong view of what Calvinists later called total depravity , Flacius insisted that human nature was entirely transformed by original sin , human beings were transformed from goodness and almost wholly corrupted with evil , making them kin to the Devil in his view, so that within them, without divine assistance, there lies no power even to cooperate with the Gospel when they hear it preached. Human acts of piety are valueless in themselves, and humans are entirely dependent on

432-569: A way to bring unity among Lutherans by commencing a process that would lead to the publication, in 1580, of the Lutheran Book of Concord . Augustus personally sponsored the publication of the Book of Concord, a book containing the various Lutheran Confessions of faith, which was signed by over 8,100 ministers and professors and nearly 30 territories, states and cities in Germany. This strict form of Lutheranism

486-857: Is connected to Dresden by the S3 line of the Dresden S-Bahn . The entire historic center of the Silver City is under monument protection, and together with local monuments of mining history such as the Reiche Zeche ore mine, it has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region since 2019 due to its exceptional testimony to the development of mining techniques across many centuries. Freiberg University of Mining and Technology ( Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg ), founded in 1765,

540-498: Is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Until 1969, the town was dominated for around 800 years by the mining and smelting industries. Since then it has restructured into a high technology site in the fields of semiconductor manufacture and solar technology , part of Silicon Saxony . Freiberg Cathedral is one of the most richly furnished houses of worship in Saxony and contains important works of art such as

594-657: The Freiberg Germany Temple here because of the large number of members in the region. The building of this temple is considered quite historic by church members given the political climate in Eastern Europe at the time. The Freiberg Germany Temple serves members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from all over Eastern Germany and a majority of Eastern Europe. On 6 July 2019, the Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region including Freiberg

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648-609: The Lord's Supper , and the doctrine of predestination at the University of Wittenberg . Augustus at first was deceived. Spurred on by his wife the matter reached a climax in 1574, when letters were discovered, which, while revealing a hope to bring over Augustus to Calvinism, cast some aspersions upon the elector and his wife. Augustus ordered the leaders of the Crypto-Calvinists to be seized, and they were tortured and imprisoned. He restored genuine Lutheranism to Saxony and began to work on

702-461: The bishopric of Meissen , in 1561 he had secured the election of his son Alexander as bishop of Merseburg , and three years later as bishop of Naumburg ; and when this prince died in 1565 these bishoprics came under the direct rule of Augustus. On 1 October 1585 the Electress Anna died. Three months later, on 3 January 1586, in the city of Dessau , Augustus married secondly with Agnes Hedwig ,

756-601: The grace of God for salvation . Those who agreed with him on this point, for example, Cyriacus Spangenberg , were termed Flacians . Resisting ecclesiastical censure, he left Jena in December 1561 to found an academy at Regensburg . That assignment was not successful, so in October 1566 he accepted a call from the Lutheran community at Antwerp . Thence he was driven in early 1567 by the exigencies of war, and went to Frankfurt , where

810-686: The B 101 south of Freiberg is the Große Kreisstadt of Brand-Erbisdorf and to the east is the municipality of Oberschöna . [REDACTED] Margraviate of Meissen 1186–1423 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Saxony 1423–1806 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   German Democratic Republic 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990– present The town

864-762: The Dresden Kunstkammer, the predecessor of the present day State Collections . One of his possessions, a clockwork automaton called the Mechanical Galleon is now in the British Museum . This table decoration played music, told the time and showed Augustus and the other six electors parading before the Roman Emperor. Freiberg (Saxony) Freiberg is a university and former mining town in Saxony , Germany, with around 41,000 inhabitants. The city lies in

918-571: The Freiberg Art Award and the election of the Mining Town Queen ( Bergstadt-Königin ). The Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (Freiberg University of Mining and Technology or Freiberg Mining Academy, University of Technology) was established in 1765 by Prince Franz Xaver, regent of Saxony, based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz , and is the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in

972-672: The Habsburgs. Much of the elector's time was devoted to extending his territories. In 1573 he became guardian to the two sons of John William, duke of Saxe-Weimar , and in this capacity was able to add part of the County of Henneberg to the Electorate of Saxony . His command of money enabled him to take advantage of the poverty of his neighbours, and in this way he secured Vogtland and the County of Mansfeld . In 1555 he had appointed one of his nominees to

1026-601: The Habsburgs. In 1568 a marriage was arranged between Johann Casimir , son of Frederick III, Elector Palatine , and Elisabeth , Augustus' own daughter. For a time it seemed possible that the Saxon elector would support his son-in-law in his attempts to aid the revolting inhabitants of the Spanish Netherlands . Augustus also entered into communication with the Huguenots ; however, his aversion to foreign complications prevailed, and

1080-703: The Moldovan president of the Andrei Glavina Cultural Association of the Istro-Romanians, Flacius could have been an ethnic Istro-Romanian . He based these claims on the fact that there used to be a notorious Istro-Romanian presence in Labin during the times in which Flacius lived, in the surname of his father ("Vlacich", which could originate from "Vlach" and have been Latinized as "Flacius") and other arguments. In 1545, while at Wittenberg, Flacius married

1134-709: The SAXONIA Miners Music Corps. This includes a traditional Sermon on the Mount in St. Peter's Church and waiting by the miners on the second Saturday in Advent. Firmly established is the potter's gathering on a weekend in the second half of April on the Upper Market ( Obermarkt ). Every year on the Drei Brüder Schacht mineshaft in the quarter of Zug there is a model steam engine gathering . Other annual events include

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1188-558: The authorities stood against him. He proceeded to Strasbourg where he was well received by the superintendent Johannes Marbach . Here again, his religious views caused controversies. The authorities ordered him to leave the city by May Day 1573. The prioress Catharina von Meerfeld of the Convent of White Ladies  [ de ] secretly harboured him and his family in Frankfurt where he fell ill and died on 11 March 1575. Flacius' life

1242-452: The boundary of the borough. Between Kleinwaltersdorf and Lößnitz is the Nonnenwald wood, and east of Leipziger Straße is a trading estate. In the area around Freiberg there are both industrial estates as well as agricultural and recreational areas. Smelting and metalworking firms are based at Muldenhütten and Halsbrücke and paper manufacturers at Weißenborn and Großschirma. Northeast of

1296-620: The concessions already won. The hostility between the Albertines and the Ernestines gave Augustus serious trouble. A preacher named Matthias Flacius held an influential position in ducal Saxony, and taught a form of Lutheranism different from that taught in the Electorate of Saxony . This breach was widened when Flacius began to make personal attacks on Augustus, to prophesy his speedy downfall, and to incite Duke John Frederick to make an effort to recover his rightful position. Associated with Flacius

1350-713: The decline in the price of silver. Resumed before the Second World War, mining activities for lead, zinc and tin extraction continued until 1969. In 1944, a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was built outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz . Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors eventually reached Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. In 1985, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built

1404-682: The foreland of the Ore Mountains , in the Saxon urbanization axis, which runs along the northern edge of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast. It sits on the Freiberger Mulde , a tributary of the Mulde River. It is a Große Kreisstadt (large district town), and the administrative seat of Landkreis Mittelsachsen (district Central Saxony). Freiberg

1458-543: The graduates. Soon, Flacius was prominent in the theological discussions of the time, strenuously opposing the Augsburg Interim , and the compromise of Melanchthon known as the Leipzig Interim . Melanchthon wrote of him with venom as a renegade ( aluimus in sinu serpentem , "we have nourished a snake in our bosom"). In 1549, Flacius moved to Magdeburg . On 7 May 1557, he was appointed professor of New Testament at

1512-680: The incipient friendship with the elector Palatine soon gave way to serious dislike. Although a sturdy Lutheran, the elector hoped at one time to unite the Protestants. He continually urged them to consider the necessity of giving no cause of offence to their opponents, and he favoured the movement to get rid of the clause in the Peace of Augsburg concerning ecclesiastical reservation, which was offensive to many Protestants. His moderation, however, prevented him from joining those who were prepared to take strong measures to attain this end, and he refused to jeopardize

1566-562: The main road axis is called Unterstadt ("Lower Town"), with its lower market or Untermarkt . The western area is the Oberstadt ("Upper Town") where the Obermarkt or "Upper Market" is situated. The town centre is surrounded by a green belt running along the old town wall. In the west, this belt, in which the ponds of the Kreuzteichen are set, broadens out into an area like a park. Just north of

1620-590: The other directions by fields and meadows. Since the beginning of the 21st century an urbanised area has gradually developed which is formed by the towns of Nossen , Roßwein , Großschirma , Freiberg and Brand-Erbisdorf . It currently has about 75,000 inhabitants. Freiberg is located about 31 kilometres (19 miles) west-southwest of Dresden , about 31 kilometres east-northeast of Chemnitz , about 82 kilometres (51 miles) southeast of Leipzig , about 179 kilometres (111 miles) south of Berlin , and about 120 kilometres (75 miles) northwest of Prague . Freiberg lies on

1674-405: The railway station). Its lowest point is on Münzbach on the town boundary at 340 m above NHN ; its highest point is on an old mining tip at 491 m above NHN . Freiberg lies within a region of old forest clearances , subsequently used by the mining industry which left its mark on the landscape. The town is surrounded to the north, southeast and southwest by woods, and in

Augustus, Elector of Saxony - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-559: The religious Peace of Augsburg treaty in 1555, his tortuous conduct at the diet of Augsburg eleven years later, and his reluctance to break entirely with the Calvinists . His policy of religious peace was also promoted by the marriage he negotiated between his niece Anna and the then-Catholic Prince of Orange , at the time one of the chief Habsburg vassals in the Netherlands , in 1561. On one occasion only did he waver in his allegiance to

1782-465: The sister of the friar Baldo Lupetino (Lupetina), likewise born in Labin, who later was condemned to death in Venice for his Lutheran sympathies. Andrea Vlacich was a small landowner, who died during his son's early childhood. Flacius went also by the name Franković. He matriculated at the University of Basel in 1539 under the name Mattheus de Francistis [Franković] de Albona . Further, he himself signed

1836-484: The theological faculty in Jena but was soon involved in controversy with his colleague Victorinus Strigel on the synergistic question (relating to the function of the will in the conversion). He remained at the university between 1557 and 1562. Affirming the natural inability of man, he adopted a position on sin as not being an accident of human nature , but involved in its substance, since The Fall of Man . Holding to

1890-597: The town centre is Freudenstein Castle as well as the remnants of the town wall with several wall towers and Schlüsselteich pond in front of them. The remains of the wall run eastwards, in sections, to the Donats Tower . This area is dominated by the historic moat . The southern boundary of the old town is characterised in places by buildings from the Gründerzeit period. The B 101 federal road, here called Wallstraße , flanks

1944-552: The town is the recreational area of the Tharandt Forest The town of Großschirma lies north of Freiberg on the B 101 federal road. To the northeast the municipality of Halsbrücke borders on the territory of Freiberg's borough and, to the east, is the municipality of Bobritzsch-Hilbersdorf . The municipality of Weißenborn to the southeast belongs to the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Lichtenberg/Erzgebirge . On

1998-635: The tulip pulpit, two Gottfried Silbermann organs, the choir, which was converted into a burial place for the Albertines , and the Golden Gate ( Goldene Pforte ), of which exist three replicas in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Moscow and Budapest. Freiberg's christmas market Freiberger Christmarkt is typical for christmas markets in the Ore Mountain region, which are characterized by a strong connection to mining and

2052-484: The typical christmas decorations of this region like Raachermannel , Schwibbögen and Christmas pyramids . The town lies on the northern declivity of the Ore Mountains , with the majority of the borough west of the Eastern or Freiberger Mulde river. Parts of the town are nestled in the valleys of Münzbach and Goldbach streams. Its centre has an altitude of about 412 m above  sea level (NHN) (at

2106-505: The valley of the Münzbach stream. The unwalled town centre grew up on its two slopes and on the ridge to the west. This means inter alia that the roads radiating outwards east of the old main road axis (today Erbische Straße and Burgstraße running from the former Erbisch Gate ( Erbischer Tor ) on Postplatz to Freudenstein Castle ), some of which run as far as the opposite side of the Münzbach valley, are very steep. The area located east of

2160-480: The west of the town centre, the B 173 , as Schillerstraße and Hornstraße , bounds it to the south. Freiberg's north is dominated by the campus of its University of Mining and Technology . The main part of the campus on either side of Leipziger Straße (as the B 101 road, the most important transport link in this district) emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. Furthermore, the districts of Lossnitz , Lößnitz and Kleinwaltersdorf are found here, extending almost out to

2214-463: The world. Freiberg is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Freiberg (Sachsen) at Wikimedia Commons Matthias Flacius Matthias Flacius Illyricus ( Latin ; Croatian : Matija Vlačić Ilirik ) or Francovich ( Croatian : Franković ) (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria , present-day Croatia . He was notable as a theologian, sometimes dissenting strongly with his fellow Lutherans, and as

Augustus, Elector of Saxony - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-474: Was a knight, Wilhelm von Grumbach , who, not satisfied with words only, made inroads into the Electorate of Saxony and sought the aid of foreign powers in his plan to depose Augustus. After some delay Grumbach and his protector, John Frederick, were placed under the imperial ban , and Augustus was entrusted with its execution . His campaign in 1567 was short and successful. John Frederick surrendered, and passed his time in prison until his death in 1595; Grumbach

2322-481: Was continually haunted by the fear that the Ernestines would attempt to deprive him of the coveted dignity, and his policy both in Saxony and the wider Holy Roman Empire was coloured by this fear. In imperial politics Augustus acted upon two main principles: to cultivate the friendship of the Habsburgs , and to maintain peace between the contending religious parties. To this policy may be traced his share in bringing about

2376-519: Was contrary to the Albertine Law, it was not carried out, and the dukedom passed almost intact to his elder son, Maurice . Augustus, however, remained on friendly terms with his brother, and to further his policy spent some time at the court of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , in Vienna . In 1544, Maurice secured the appointment of his brother as administrator of the bishopric of Merseburg ; but Augustus

2430-589: Was declared binding upon all the inhabitants of Saxony, and many persons were banished from the country. The change in Saxony, however, made no difference to the attitude of Augustus on imperial questions. In 1576 he opposed the proposal of the Protestant princes to make a grant for the War against the Ottoman Empire conditional upon the abolition of the clause concerning ecclesiastical reservation, and he continued to support

2484-462: Was eventful in a turbulent epoch. He represents in some sense a move in the direction of the scientific study of church history in the modern sense and similarly of hermeneutics , though no doubt his impelling motive was not dispassionate but polemical, namely to prove the false premises of Roman Catholicism . His characteristic formula, historia est fundamentum doctrinae , is better understood now than in his own day. According to Emil Petru Rațiu,

2538-531: Was founded around 1168, after a silver discovery led to the first Berggeschrey , and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries. A symbol of that history is the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology , often just known as the Mining Academy ( Bergakademie ), established in 1765 and the oldest extant university of mining and metallurgy in the world. Freiberg also has

2592-637: Was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Every year in Freiberg the Mining Town Festival ( Bergstadtfest ) is held on the last weekend in June with a procession by the historic Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds, the so-called Miners' and Ironworkers' Parade. The Freiberg Christmas Market takes place during Advent , when a so-called Mettenschicht is held with a parade by the Miners' and Ironworkers' Guilds and

2646-407: Was married to Anna , daughter of King Christian III of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg . They took up residence at Weissenfels . The couple had fifteen children: Soon after his marriage, Augustus desired a more imposing establishment. The result was that Maurice made more generous provision for his brother, who acted as Regent of Saxony in 1552 during the absence of the elector. Augustus

2700-447: Was on a visit to Denmark when by Maurice's death in July 1553 he became elector of Saxony . The first care of the new elector was to come to terms with John Frederick, and to strengthen his own hold upon the electoral position. This object was secured by a treaty made at Naumburg in February 1554, when, in return for the grant of Altenburg and other lands, John Frederick recognized Augustus as elector of Saxony. The elector, however,

2754-567: Was taken and executed; and the position of the elector was made quite secure. The form of Lutheranism taught in the Electorate of Saxony was that of Melanchthon , and many of its teachers and adherents, such as Caspar Peucer and Johann Stössel , afterwards called Crypto-Calvinists , were favoured by the elector. The Crypto-Calvinists were confident that they would be able to bring Augustus over to their Calvinizing positions by convincing Augustus that they were in fact merely loyal Lutherans, when in fact they were working to introduce Calvinist views of

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2808-522: Was taught by the humanist Giambattista Cipelli (Baptista Aegnatius / Battista Egnazio). At the age of seventeen, he intended to join a monastic order, with a view to sacred learning. His intention, however, was diverted by his uncle-in-law, Baldo Lupetina, provincial of the Franciscans and sympathetic to the Reformation cause, who convinced him to start a university career. Flacius continued his studies in Basel in 1539, then went to Tübingen and finally ended up in Wittenberg , where in (1541) he

2862-402: Was very extravagant and was soon compelled to return to the Saxon court at Dresden . Augustus supported his brother during the war of the Schmalkaldic League , and in the policy which culminated in the transfer of the Saxon electorate from John Frederick I , the head of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin family, to Maurice, head of the Albertine branch. In Torgau on 7 October 1548 Augustus

2916-492: Was welcomed by Philip Melanchthon . In Tübingen, Flacius was received into the house of Matthias Garbitius (Matija Grbac) a humanist and a professor of Greek at the University of Tübingen , who, like Flacius, was from Istria, and was called "fellow countryman" ( conterraneous ) by Flacius. There he came under the influence of Martin Luther . In 1544, Flacius was appointed professor of Hebrew at Wittenberg. He finished his master's degree on 24 February 1546, ranking first among

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