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214-458: Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera ( Spanish: [xoaˈkin aɾtʃiˈβaldo ɣusˈman loˈeɾa] ; born 4 April 1957), commonly known as " El Chapo ", is a Mexican former drug lord and a former leader within the Sinaloa Cartel . Guzmán is believed to be responsible for the deaths of over 34,000 people, and was considered to be the most powerful drug trafficker in the world until he was extradited to

428-413: A corrupt police chief steals 100 assault rifles from an evidence room in his police station , after they were confiscated from an arms trafficker during a search and seizure; eventually, he sells all of them at once to a drug lord, for US$ 400,000 in total. If a drug lord has strong ties to a corrupt politician in office, such as a mayor, for example, he can ask the mayor to fire a police chief , who

642-449: A drug cartel . Since the 1970s, research on organized crime leadership (and, by extension, drug lords) has evolved. Where once studies emphasised the importance of the leader's human capital (e.g. individual traits), it has now developed to focus upon the leader's social capital (e.g. information and resource brokers, social status, access to information). Known as "El Padrino" (The Godfather) and "El Jefe de Jefes" (The boss of Bosses)

856-437: A 25-year prison term for a number of federal violations. Following his conviction, Rodriguez continued to operate his illicit business from behind bars, importing as much as 12,500 kilograms of cocaine into the U.S. each month and ordering numerous murders of informants, witnesses, in the U.S. and Colombia. He reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high-security isolation in 1994. According to

1070-569: A Guatemalan military official US$ 1.2 million to allow him to hide south of the Mexican border. The unnamed official, however, passed information about Guzmán's whereabouts to law enforcement. On 9 June 1993, Guzmán was arrested by the Guatemalan Army at a hotel near Tapachula , close to the Guatemala–Mexico border . He was extradited to Mexico two days later aboard a military airplane, where he

1284-587: A Jamaican checkpoint on 22 June 2010. Demetrius Flenory is known as one of the co-founders of the Black Mafia Family , a Detroit -based drug-trafficking organization involving the large-scale distribution of cocaine throughout the U.S. from 1990 to 2005. There are currently plans to produce a film based upon his career. Jose Figueroa Agosto (born June 28, 1964), also known as "José David Figueroa Agosto", "Junior Capsula" and "the Don Pablo Escobar of

1498-458: A ballad extolling his life on the run. In July 2015, Guzman escaped a second time from a maximum-security prison through a hole in a shower floor that led to a mile-long tunnel, ending at a nearby house. A large-scale manhunt ensued. On 8 January 2016, Guzmán was captured by the Mexican Marines . Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born 18 May 1967) is a former Mexican drug lord who was the leader of

1712-442: A bed, flowers, and paintings. For some crime lords, a short jail or prison sentence, serves as a way to avoid further persecution. In Mexico, after the arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo , there was a rise in the rate of violence. Félix was particularly known for his use of non-violence to keep his business running smooth and had bribed many political authorities for protecting himself and his business. He divided his territory and

1926-575: A blind eye towards the criminal activities of the drug lords and leak confidential information to them about police operations in exchange for bribes. It is crucial for drug lords to gain access to confidential information about police operations, so they are able to: know when and where the police carry out patrols; identify witnesses , informants , and undercover police ; detect the presence of wiretaps , bugs , and other forms of police surveillance; receive advance notice of criminal investigations , police raids , sting operations , and manhunts ; know

2140-537: A bridge in Venezuela . Palma retaliated by sending his men to kill Clavel while he was in prison. In 1991, Ramón killed another Sinaloa Cartel associate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido ( alias "El Rigo"), and prompted bigger conflicts with Guzmán. In early 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gang known as Calle Treinta kidnapped six of Guzmán's men in Tijuana, tortured them to obtain information, and then shot them in

2354-439: A cattle rancher, as were most in the area where he grew up; according to some sources, however, he might also have been a gomero , an opium poppy farmer. He has two younger sisters named Armida and Bernarda and four younger brothers named Miguel Ángel, Aureliano, Arturo, and Emilio. He had three unnamed older brothers who reportedly died of natural causes when he was very young. Few details are known about Guzmán's upbringing. As

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2568-446: A child, he sold oranges and dropped out of school in third grade to work with his father and as a result is functionally illiterate . He was known for being a practical joker and enjoyed playing pranks on his friends and family when he was young. He was regularly beaten, and he sometimes fled to his maternal grandmother's house to escape such treatment. However, he stood up to his father to protect his younger siblings from being beaten. It

2782-671: A crackdown on cartels by the Mexican military to stem the increasing violence. After four years, the additional efforts had not slowed the flow of drugs or the killings tied to the drug war. Of the 53,000 arrests made as of 2010, only 1,000 involved associates of the Sinaloa Cartel, which led to suspicions that Calderón was intentionally allowing Sinaloa to win the drug war, a charge Calderón denied in advertisements in Mexican newspapers, pointing to his administration's killing of top Sinaloa deputy "Nacho" Coronel as evidence. Sinaloa's rival cartels saw their leaders killed and syndicates dismantled by

2996-509: A decade, Panamanian Manuel Noriega was a highly paid CIA asset and collaborator, despite knowledge by U.S. drug authorities as early as 1971 that the general was heavily involved in drug trafficking and money laundering. Noriega facilitated "guns-for-drugs" flights for the Nicaraguan Contras , whom the U.S. were heavily supporting: providing protection and pilots, safe havens for drug cartel officials, and discreet banking facilities. He

3210-549: A federal judge decided to amend them. On 24 February, the Mexican government formally charged Guzmán for drug trafficking, a process that slowed down his possible extradition to the U.S. The decision to initially file only one charge against him showed that the Mexican government was working on preparing more formal charges against Guzmán, and possibly including the charges he faced before his escape from prison in 2001. The kingpin also faced charges in at least seven U.S. jurisdictions, and U.S. officials filed for his extradition. Guzmán

3424-513: A group controlled by Carrillo Fuentes family formed the Juárez Cartel ; and the remaining faction left to Sinaloa and the Pacific Coast and formed the Sinaloa Cartel under the traffickers Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada , Palma, and Guzmán. Guzmán was specifically in charge of the drug corridors of Tecate, Baja California , and Mexicali and San Luis Río Colorado , two border crossings that connect

3638-518: A judge), and was granted by law the right to receive MXN$ 638 (about US$ 48) every month to buy products for personal hygiene. He lived under 23 hours of solitary confinement with one hour of outdoor exposure. He was only allowed to speak with people during his judicial hearings (the prison guards that secured his cell were not allowed to speak with him). Unlike the other inmates, Guzmán was prohibited from practicing sport or cultural activities. These conditions were court-approved and could only be changed if

3852-588: A large number of Sinaloa Cartel men posing as policemen stormed the Christine discothèque in Puerto Vallarta , spotted Ramón, Francisco Javier Arellano Félix , David Barron Corona , and opened fire at them. The shooting lasted for at least eight minutes, and more than 1,000 rounds were fired by both Guzmán's and Arellano Félix's gunmen. Six people were killed in the shootout, but the Arellano Félix brothers were in

4066-520: A lot of Hellenic labor for the tillage of the land, and seeing that it was a profitable business, they communicated it to their family and friends. This attracted a greater number of people; today they have inherited a legacy to their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren that make up the few thousand people who continue to live in the city. It is believed that the Greek community is the largest in Mexico and

4280-502: A medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health. He still strongly denies any involvement in the murder of Enrique Camarena. He was particularly known for using less violence and many even attribute the current bloodshed due to the turf war between rival cartels to the fall of Félix Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug overlord. Often referred to as

4494-495: A period of three years. In the border areas between Tecate and San Luis Río Colorado, Guzmán ordered his men to traffic most of the drugs overland, but also through a few aircraft. By using the so-called piecemeal strategy, in which traffickers kept drug quantities relatively low, risks were reduced. Guzmán also pioneered the use of sophisticated tunnels to move drugs across the border and into the United States. Aside from pioneering

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4708-526: A result of the efforts of his attorneys, Manuel J. Retureta and A. Eduardo Balarezo. Michael Christopher Coke (born 13 March 1969), a.k.a. Dudus, is a Jamaican drug lord and the leader of the Shower Posse gang . He is the youngest son of drug lord Lester Lloyd Coke whose extradition had also, prior to his 1992 death in a Jamaican prison cell, been requested by the U.S. Until the younger Coke's handover to U.S. forces on 24 June 2010, "Dudus" served as

4922-419: A rifle he had close to him. Amid the quarrel with the marines, the drug lord was hit four times. By 6:40 AM, he was arrested, taken to the ground floor, and walked to the condominium's parking lot, where the first photos of his capture were taken. His identity was confirmed through a fingerprint examination immediately following his capture. He was then flown to Mexico City for formal identification. According to

5136-465: A ruling by the Supreme Court of Mexico made extradition between Mexico and the United States easier, Guzmán bribed guards to aid his escape. On 19 January 2001, Francisco "El Chito" Camberos Rivera, a prison guard, opened Guzmán's electronically operated cell door, and Guzmán got into a laundry cart that maintenance worker Javier Camberos rolled through several doors and eventually out the front door. He

5350-766: A series of articles by journalist Gary Webb in the San Jose Mercury News revealed a connection between Ross's main cocaine source, Danilo Blandon , and the CIA as part of the Iran–Contra affair . Ross's case went before the federal court of appeals and his sentence was reduced to 20 years. He was later moved to a halfway house in March 2009 and released from custody on September 29, 2009. In June 2014, Ross released his book, Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography , co-written by crime-writer Cathy Scott . For more than

5564-477: A sophisticated security circle of at least 300 informants and gunmen resembling the manpower equivalent to those of a head of state . His inner circle would help him move around through several isolated ranches in the mountainous area to avoid capture. He usually escaped from law enforcement using armored cars, aircraft, and all-terrain vehicles, and was known to employ sophisticated communications gadgetry and counterespionage practices. Since many of these locations in

5778-516: A system of secret tunnels that connected six houses, eventually moving south to Mazatlán. He had planned to stay a few days in Mazatlán to see his twin baby daughters before retreating to the mountains. On 22 February 2014, at around 6:40 AM, Mexican authorities arrested Guzmán at a hotel in a beachfront area on Mazatlán malecon , following an operation by the Mexican Navy , with joint intelligence from

5992-465: A trade center for produce, meat, and fish. Among other industries, Culiacán represents 32 percent of the state economy. Coppel, Casa Ley , Homex and other companies of national importance are headquartered in Culiacán. Culiacán is divided into 27 sectors ( sectores ), which are groups of several quarters ( colonias ): The Terminal de Autobuses de Culiacán or Central de Autobuses Culiacán Millenium

6206-449: Is Colhuacan or Culhuacan , which is from colhua or culhua and can , which is a place, and its meaning varies according to different historians: The most respected theory is "place of the colhuas", that is "inhabited by the colhua tribe", and the most frequent meaning is "place of worshiping the god Coltzin". In ancient times, there was an indigenous settlement called Huey Colhuacan that dated back to Tecpatl , which corresponds to

6420-494: Is a bus terminal located west of the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. The station is built in front of the Country Club. This plant replaced the old plant that was to the south, in front of Blvd. Gabriel Leyva Solano. At present , Culiacán has just over 68 urban transport routes, which serve about one million users. The Culiacán urban transport is operated by RedPlus. The city has a train station, operated by Ferromex , and it

6634-536: Is a city in northwestern Mexico , the capital and largest city of both Culiacán Municipality and the state of Sinaloa . The city was founded on 29 September 1531 by the Spanish conquerors Lázaro de Cebreros and Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán under the name "Villa de San Miguel", referring to its patron saint, Michael the Archangel . As of the 2020 INEGI census, Culiacán had an estimated population of 808,416, placing it as

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6848-763: Is also common for drug lords to intimidate, threaten, blackmail, or assassinate political candidates, who reject their political donations and/or bribes. Drug lords also take advantage of police corruption , judicial corruption , prosecutorial corruption , and military corruption , through bribery, especially if the drug lords already possess a certain level of impunity, granted by corrupt politicians. They can influence legal proceedings, obstruct investigations, and avoid facing charges or indictments for their crimes, through bribing prosecutors . Drug lords can bribe judges and jurors, to influence court decisions, secure favorable rulings, and avoid conviction or receive lenient sentences for their offenses. Corrupt police officers can turn

7062-814: Is also common for drug lords to use violence or intimidation, as an additional tool for controlling or influencing members of law-enforcement agencies . For example, Pablo Escobar was known for using a carrot-and-stick approach, by offering "lead or silver" to Colombian police officers, judges, prosecutors, and military personnel. A drug lord with strong ties to corrupt politicians in office, is also more likely to be able to get away with committing such acts of violence. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, may collude with drug lords to commit acts of violence or intimidation against members of law-enforcement agencies, who investigate or prosecute political corruption, to prevent said politicians in office from being charged, prosecuted, arrested, and/or convicted for corruption. One of

7276-658: Is borne from the Sierra Madre Occidental within the State of Durango, enters Sinaloa through Cosalá and empties into the Gulf of California. Culiacán has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ), despite receiving an annual rainfall over 600 mm (24 in), due to its hot temperatures and high evaporation. Summers are very hot and humid, shade temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F) and high humidity can produce heat indices of 50 to 55 °C (122 to 131 °F), with

7490-482: Is covered with a carmine color. In the center is a hieroglyph representing a hill with a human head inclined forward. This glyph alludes to Coltzin , "the crooked god", an authentic figure of Nahuatl mythology , who gave its name to the Nahuatlaca-Colhua tribe and, in turn, to the town of its residence, Colhuacán or Teocolhuacán. Across the face of the shield, there are symbols of water referring to rivers. In

7704-450: Is denied by his South Asian associate, Leslie "Ike" Atkinson . His career was dramatized in the 2007 feature film American Gangster starring Denzel Washington . Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes (born October 15, 1933) was a former drug lord and crime boss of the notorious African-American crime organization known as The Council , which controlled the heroin trade in Harlem, New York during

7918-455: Is difficult for drug lords to operate in developed countries, such as the United States or Canada, in modern times. However, it is still relatively common for drug lords and drug cartels to operate with certain levels of impunity in developing countries, especially Latin American countries, such as Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Mexico, in modern times. Another trend that has been emerging in

8132-505: Is elected a universal, direct and secret vote for a period of three years that are not renewable for the immediate period but if not continuously and that begins to exercise its position on the day 1 January of the year following your election; The city council is integrated by the Municipal President into a Procurator Trustee and the body of councilors made up of 18 representatives, once they are elected by relative majority and seven by

8346-452: Is in prison on charges of drug trafficking and conspiracy. After Guzmán's prison escape nearly a decade after his initial arrest, he and close associate Ismael Zambada García became Mexico's undisputed top drug kingpins after the 2003 arrest of their rival Osiel Cárdenas of the Gulf Cartel . Until Guzmán's arrest in 2014, he was considered the "most powerful drug trafficker in the world" by

8560-690: Is located in the central region of the State of Sinaloa , forming part of the Northwest of Mexico. The coordinates that correspond to it are 24 ° 48'15 "N (latitude) by 107 ° 25'52" W (West), with an altitude of 54 meters above sea level. The city is located 1,240 kilometres (770 mi) from Mexico City . From Culiacán to Tepic is only 502 km; to Durango , 536 km; to Hermosillo , 688 km; to Guadalajara , 708 km; to Monterrey , 1,118 km; to Chihuahua , 1,159 km; to Tijuana , 1,552 km; and to Matamoros , 1,434 km. The relief of

8774-432: Is not allied with the drug lord, and to appoint a new one, who is allied. This simple appointment facilitates the drug lord's ability, to bribe and influence the ranks of a police force, from top to bottom. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt police force, can utilize the police to target his rivals in the drug trade. This practice is common in Mexico, where drug cartels de facto control different regions of

Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán - Misplaced Pages Continue

8988-889: Is not as common as it was in the past. For example, Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada held de facto control over the Mexican state of Durango , by contributing donations to political campaigns during gubernatorial elections, along with assassinating political candidates who rejected his donations, and through bribing and intimidating the Durango State Police . As of early 2023, he had never been arrested or incarcerated. He was, however, arrested in 2024. In developed countries , drug lords seldom control local and regional governments; they also have less influence over their surroundings, and their ability to continue to run their businesses, upon being arrested and incarcerated. Unlike developing countries, developed countries have stronger rule of law and do not suffer from nearly as much corruption. Hence, it

9202-479: Is notorious for its use of violence, for its numerous confrontations with police officers and because of their violent conflicts over territory control and the control of drug trafficking against another powerful Brazilian criminal organization, the Comando Vermelho (or CV), a powerful crime syndicate based in the city of Rio de Janeiro . Griselda Blanco (1943–2012), known as the "Godmother of Cocaine",

9416-418: Is possible that Guzmán incurred his father's wrath for trying to stop him from beating them. His mother was his "foundation of emotional support". The nearest school to his home was about 100 km (60 mi) away, and he was taught by traveling teachers during his early years. The teachers stayed for a few months before moving to other areas. With few opportunities for employment in his hometown, he turned to

9630-497: Is present or rife, and rule of law is missing or lacking. In narco-states , corrupt politicians and drug lords have symbiotic relationships. Drug lords can benefit from political corruption and patronage , by contributing donations to political candidates, and/or by colluding with political candidates to rig elections in their favor, through vote buying and/or voter intimidation, in exchange for political favors. After such candidates are elected, they use their power to reward

9844-496: Is used only to transport freight. It is connected to south with Mazatlán and north with Guaymas. Culiacán uses the Central Internacional de Autobuses "Millennium" ("Millennium" International Buses Station) to travel across all Mexico (north, central, and south) and to the United States (Arizona and California). This replaced the old bus terminal in the southern city. Though several high-speed roads have been built, most of

10058-423: The de facto leader of Tivoli Gardens in the city of Kingston ; prior to his 2010 capture Jamaican police were unable to enter this neighborhood without community consent. The son of a prominent drug lord, Coke grew up wealthy, going to school with children of the country's political elite. Ruling the gang where his father left off, he became a leader in the community of Tivoli Gardens, distributing money to

10272-630: The 21st most populous city in Mexico , while its metropolitan area had a population of 1,003,530, being the 17th most populous metropolitan area in Mexico . The city is in a valley on the slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental , at the confluence of the Tamazula and Humaya Rivers, where both join to form the Culiacán River 55 m above sea level. The genuine Aztec name of the Nahuatl language

10486-735: The Ciudad Juárez crossing points, which were in the hands of the Carrillo Fuentes family of the Juárez Cartel. Despite a high degree of mistrust between the two organizations, the Sinaloa and Juárez cartels had a working agreement at the time. Guzmán convened a meeting in Monterrey with Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno ("El Azul") and Arturo Beltrán Leyva. In this meeting, they discussed killing Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, who

10700-648: The Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas . Originally a mechanic in Matamoros, Tamaulipas , Guillén eventually became involved in the illegal drug trade the Gulf Cartel before becoming its leader in 1997 by assassinating drug lord Salvador Gómez Herrera . Guillén recruited over 30 deserters from the Mexican Army 's special forces unit, the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales , to form the cartel's armed wing; this group would go on to be among

10914-615: The Juarez Cartel . In the months before his death, the DEA described Carrillo as the most-powerful drug trafficker of his era, and many analysts claimed profits neared $ 25 billion. Guzman is the most notorious drug lord of all time, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In the 1980s, he was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and used to work for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo . After Félix's arrest in 1989, Guzmán formed

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11128-543: The Restored Republic , Governor Eustaquio Buelna confronted the merchants of the port. He returned to Culiacán and the Local Congress gave it the status of capital of the state. In 1878, Culiacán had three City Halls, whose headwaters were Culiacán, Quilá and Badiraguato . It remained that way until 1880, when Badiraguato returned to being a district with the limits that previously corresponded to it. The year 1912

11342-568: The Sinaloa Cartel along with Ismael Zambada García and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar . He is well known for his use of sophisticated tunnels—similar to the one located in Douglas, Arizona —to smuggle cocaine from Mexico into the United States in the early 1990s. In 1993, a 7.3-ton shipment of his cocaine , concealed in cans of chili peppers and destined for the United States, was seized in Tecate , Baja California . That same year he barely escaped an ambush by

11556-645: The State of Durango , entering Sinaloa through Badiraguato ; its waters are controlled by the Licenciado Adolfo López Mateos dam. The Tamazula River arises in the Sierra Madre Occidental near the Topia Valley; its waters are controlled by the Sanalona dam. The Humaya and Tamazula Rivers unite in front of the city of Culiacán to form the Culiacán River , which empties into the Gulf of California . The San Lorenzo

11770-638: The Tijuana Cartel led by Ramon Arellano Felix and his gunmen. After being captured in Guatemala, he was jailed in 1993 and in 1995 he was moved to the maximum-security prison called Puente Grande, but paid his way out of prison and hid in a laundry van as it drove through the gates. On 22 February 2014, Guzmán was arrested again. He is considered a folk hero in the narcotics world, celebrated by musicians who write and perform narcocorridos (drug ballads) extolling his exploits. For example, Los Traviezos recorded

11984-548: The U.S. Department of the Treasury . Guzmán also had another close associate, his trusted friend Ignacio "Nacho" Coronel Villarreal . A U.S. indictment states that from 2012, Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel bribed Juan Orlando Hernández with millions of dollars that helped him become President of Honduras in 2013. This influence helped the Cartel and its allies control and protect vital maritime and air transshipment destinations between

12198-585: The United States and sentenced to life in prison. Guzmán was born in Sinaloa and raised in a poor farming family. He endured much physical abuse at the hands of his father, through whom he also entered the drug trade, helping him grow marijuana for local dealers during his early adulthood. Guzmán began working with Héctor Luis Palma Salazar by the late 1970s, one of the nation's rising drug lords. He helped Salazar map routes to move drugs through Sinaloa and into

12412-525: The drive-by motorcycle shooting execution method. It was estimated that she was responsible for the homicides of 200 people in Colombia, Florida, New York, and California. Arrested in 1985 for drug-trafficking charges, she was subsequently convicted and spent almost 20 years in a U.S. prison. She was killed by motorcycle hitmen in Colombia on 3 September 2012 as she was coming out of a butcher's shop. Pablo Escobar started to buy cocaine from Roberto Suárez in

12626-425: The radio frequencies used by police radios ; etc. For example, a corrupt police commander helps a drug lord evade capture, by alerting him to an upcoming police raid in his mansion 1 hour in advance. Hence, the police fail to find the drug lord in his mansion during the raid, because he dodged them. A drug lord can cover up his criminal activities and obstruct criminal investigations, by: destroying or concealing

12840-478: The remaining members of his organization formed other cartels . He kept in contact with the drug lords and remained as one of Mexico's major traffickers until he was transferred to Altiplano maximum security prison. Eventually, the cartels fought each other for territory and lead to brutal Drug Wars which caused thousands of deaths. In developing countries , it is still common for drug lords to control local and regional governments, although this phenomenon

13054-488: The "World's Greatest Outlaw", Escobar was perhaps the most elusive cocaine trafficker to have ever existed. He is considered the 'King of Cocaine' and is known as the lord of all drug lords. In 1989, Forbes magazine declared Escobar as the seventh-richest man in the world, with an estimated personal fortune of US$ 30 billion. In 1986, he attempted to enter Colombian politics. It is said that Pablo Escobar once burnt two million dollars in cash to keep his daughter warm while on

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13268-534: The 16th century, the Spanish found the existence of farmhouses organized in indigenous nations by the tribe of the Tahues , which brought together a group of people of the same origin and language who had a common tradition. Other indigenous peoples that inhabited the original territory of Culiacán were the Tebacas , Pacaxes , Sabaibo and Achires . After their war of conquest, in 1531, de Cebreros and de Guzmán organized

13482-674: The 1970s when he had just created the Medellín cartel . Suárez started building cocaine laboratories in the middle of the Bolivian Amazon jungle and in the zone of "Los Yungas" in the end of the 1960s and created the first cocaine cartel in Bolivia called "La Corporación". At first, the Medellin cartel bought cocaine at $ 8,000 per kilogram ($ 3,600/lb). La Corporación then sold cocaine-based paste to Colombian cartels, and they finished and distributed it in

13696-438: The 1970s. In 2007 he released a book, Mr Untouchable , written with Tom Folsom, and a documentary DVD of the same name, about his life. In the 2007 film American Gangster , Barnes is portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr. Zhenli Ye Gon (traditional Chinese: 葉真理; born January 31, 1963, Shanghai, People's Republic of China) is a Mexican businessman of Chinese origin accused of trafficking pseudoephedrine into Mexico from Asia . At

13910-453: The 1980s, the leading crime syndicate in Mexico was the Guadalajara Cartel , which was headed by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (alias "El Padrino" or "The Godfather"), Rafael Caro Quintero , Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (alias "Don Neto"), Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (alias El Azul , "The Blue One") and others. In the 1970s, Guzmán first worked for the drug lord Héctor "El Güero" Palma by transporting drugs and overseeing their shipments from

14124-507: The 2010 Population and Housing Census carried out by the (INEGI), resulting in a population density of 10,396.5 inhabitants / km2. concentrating 78.7% of the total urban population of the Municipality. The ethnic groups most represented in the Municipality are the Mixtec and Nahuatl , the total population of indigenous language speakers (HLI population) is 13,081 people. On the other hand, in

14338-512: The Amezcua brothers – founders of the Colima Cartel – in 1999 on methamphetamine trafficking charges, there was a demand for leadership throughout Mexico to coordinate methamphetamine shipments north. Guzmán saw an opportunity and seized it. Easily arranging precursor shipments, Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García ("El Mayo") made use of their previous contacts on Mexico's Pacific coast. Importantly, for

14552-616: The Arellano Félix brothers sent the Venezuelan drug trafficker Enrique Rafael Clavel Moreno to infiltrate Palma's family and seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija Serrano. After convincing her to withdraw US$ 7 million from one of Palma's bank accounts in San Diego , California , Clavel beheaded her and sent her head to Palma in a box. It was known as the first beheading linked to the drug trade in Mexico. Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma's children, Héctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwing them off

14766-556: The Arellano Félix clan about this. In 1989, Guzmán sent Armando López (alias "El Rayo"), one of his most trusted men, to speak with the Arellano Félix clan in Tijuana. Before he had a chance to speak face-to-face with them, López was killed by Ramón Arellano Félix . The corpse was disposed of in the outskirts of the city and the Tijuana Cartel ordered a hit on the remaining members of the López family to prevent future reprisals. That same year,

14980-477: The Arellano Félix clan sent their top gunmen on a final mission to kill Guzmán in Guadalajara, where he moved around frequently to avoid any possible attacks. Having no success, the Tijuana Cartel hitmen decided to return to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at the Guadalajara International Airport booking his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmán was at

15194-704: The Attorney General of Mexico, Jesús Murillo Karam , said that Mexico had no intention of extraditing Guzmán to the U.S. even if a formal request were to be presented. He said he wished to see Guzmán face charges in Mexico, and expressed his disagreement with how the U.S. cuts deals with extradited Mexican criminals by reducing their sentences (as in Vicente Zambada Niebla's case) in exchange for information. Drug lord Such lords are often difficult to bring to justice, as they are normally not directly in possession of something illegal but are insulated from

15408-445: The Attorney General's Office. When Félix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana corridor was handed over to the Arellano Félix brothers, Jesús Labra Áviles ( alias "El Chuy"), and Javier Caro Payán ( alias "El Doctor"), cousin of the former Guadalajara Cartel leader Rafael Caro Quintero. In fears of a coup, however, Caro Payán fled to Canada and was later arrested. Guzmán and the rest of the Sinaloa Cartel leaders consequently grew angry at

15622-504: The Beltrán Leyva Cartel, and Jaime González Durán ( alias "El Hummer"), a former leader of Los Zetas drug cartel. Miguel Ángel Guzmán Loera, one of his brothers, was in one of the other units. Guzmán was alone in his cell, and had one bed, one shower, and a single toilet. His lawyer was Óscar Quirarte. Guzmán was allowed to receive visits from members of his family every nine days from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (if approved by

15836-606: The Beltrán Leyva Organization as subject to sanction under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act ("Kingpin Act"), which prohibits people and corporations in the U.S. from conducting businesses with them and freezes their U.S. assets. Guzmán was known among drug lords for his longevity and evasion of authorities, assisted by alleged bribes to federal, state and local Mexican officials. Despite

16050-622: The Beltrán Leyva brothers were at odds over Guzmán's relationship with the Valencia brothers in Michoacán. Following the killing of Guzmán's son Édgar, violence increased. From 8 May through the end of the month, over 116 people were murdered in Culiacán, 26 of them police officers. In June 2008, over 128 were killed; in July, 143 were slain. An additional deployment of 2,000 troops to the area failed to stop

16264-567: The Beltrán Leyvas already had a big stake), Oaxaca , Yucatán and Quintana Roo . They worked their way into the center of the country, where no single group had control. The Beltrán Leyva organization allied with the Gulf Cartel and its hit squad Los Zetas against Sinaloa. The split was officially recognized by the U.S. government on 30 May 2008. On that day, it recognized the Beltrán Leyva brothers as leaders of their own cartel. President George W. Bush designated Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva and

16478-541: The Bureau of Prisons, Rodriguez was released in 2012. Born on April 13, 1968, in Osasco (a city located in the state of São Paulo , Brazil ), Marcos Willians Herbas Camacho, known as " Marcola " is one of the founders and the current leader of Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), the largest and the most powerful Brazilian criminal organization . A Brazilian with Bolivian origins , Marcola (whose criminal career began when he

16692-510: The Calderón government was heavily pursuing his organization during the cartel crackdown. This became a key factor influencing the break between the Sinaloa Cartel and the Beltrán Leyva brothers , five brothers who served as Guzmán's top lieutenants, primarily working for the cartel in the northern region of Sinaloa. Sinaloa lawyer Loya-Castro, who like Guzmán had been wanted on federal charges in

16906-541: The Cali Cartel. Within six years he had amassed a fortune exceeding over US$ 300 million by shipping drugs from Colombia to nearly every state in the U.S. He was one of the most ruthless international drug lords unknown to law enforcement or governments. During that time, the murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies in the United States doubled. He was arrested on July 6, 1990, in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to

17120-630: The Caribbean", is a Puerto Rican drug trafficker. As the head of a major drug trafficking organization that made 90% of cocaine in Puerto Rico, Figueroa Agosto is considered to be one of the most dangerous drug lords of Puerto Rico. He was the most wanted fugitive in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic . Jari Seppo Aarnio (born 5 September 1957) is the former chief investigator and head of Helsinki 's anti-drugs police , who spent 30 years in

17334-596: The Carrillo Fuentes family. Instead, the city found itself as the front line in the Mexican Drug War and would see homicides skyrocket as rival cartels fought for control. With this act, Guzmán was the first to break the nonaggression "pact" the major cartels had agreed to, setting in motion the fighting between cartels for drug routes that has claimed more than 60,000 lives since December 2006. When Mexican President Felipe Calderón took office in December 2006, he announced

17548-460: The DEA and the U.S. Marshals Service . A few days before his capture, Mexican authorities had been raiding several properties owned by members of the Sinaloa Cartel who were close to Guzmán throughout the state of Sinaloa. The operation leading to his capture began at 3:45 AM, when ten pickup trucks of the Mexican Navy carrying over 65 Marines made their way to the resort area. Guzmán was hiding at

17762-598: The Golden Triangle are only accessible via single-track dirt roads, local residents easily detected the arrival of law enforcement or any outsiders. Their distrust towards non-residents and their aversion towards the government, alongside a combination of bribery and intimidation, helped keep the locals loyal to Guzmán and the Sinaloa Cartel in the area. According to law enforcement intelligence, attempting to have launched an attack to capture Guzmán by air would have had similar results; his security circle would have warned him of

17976-794: The Mexican Air Force. Surveillance inside the penitentiary and surrounding areas was increased by a large contingent of law enforcement. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto confirmed the arrest through Twitter and congratulated the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), Secretariat of the Navy (SEMAR), Office of the General Prosecutor (PGR), the Federal Police, and the Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) for Guzmán's capture. In

18190-654: The Mexican government, no shots were fired during the operation. Guzmán was presented in front of cameras during a press conference at the Mexico City International Airport that afternoon, and then he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, on a Federal Police Black Hawk helicopter. The helicopter was escorted by two Navy helicopters and one from

18404-507: The Miramar condominiums, located at #608 on Avenida del Mar. Mexican and U.S. federal agents had leads that the drug lord had been at that location for at least two days, and that he was staying on the condominium's fourth floor, in Room 401. When the Mexican authorities arrived at the location, they quickly subdued Carlos Manuel Hoo Ramírez , one of Guzmán's bodyguards, before quietly making their way to

18618-435: The Municipality concentrates 31% of the population in the State of Sinaloa , with 422,507 men and 436,131 women, with a ratio of 96.9 men for every 100 women. The city of Culiacán Rosales occupies only a part of the municipality of Culiacán and in 2010 had an urban area of 65 km2, being the largest in the state of Sinaloa and has a population of 675,773 inhabitants (of which 329,608 are men and 346,165 are women), according to

18832-632: The Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel , who was not yet a party to the 1989 pact. Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations and remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred in the 1990s to the Altiplano maximum security prison and lost all remaining contacts with other drug lords. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to

19046-516: The Sierra Madre region to urban areas near the Mexico–U.S. border by aircraft. Since his initial steps in organized crime, Guzmán was ambitious and regularly pressed on his superiors to allow him to increase the share of narcotics that were smuggled across the border. He also favored a violent and serious approach when doing business; if any of his drug shipments were not on time, Guzmán would simply kill

19260-675: The Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly in case he was gone for some time. After obtaining a passport with the fake name of Jorge Ramos Pérez, Guzmán was transported to the southern state of Chiapas by one of his trusted associates before leaving the country and settling in Guatemala on 4 June 1993. His plan was to move across Guatemala with his girlfriend María del Rocío del Villar Becerra and several of his bodyguards and settle in El Salvador . During his travel, Mexican and Guatemalan authorities were tracking his movements. Guzmán paid

19474-576: The U.S. in 2006. However, extradition may be prohibited if the person faces either the death penalty or a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Nevertheless, such efforts have failed to curb the rise of new drug lords because of widespread corruption in foreign countries, especially Latin American countries. Today, there are also many drug lords in Latin America, who have never been extradited, and continue to operate with impunity. Culiac%C3%A1n Culiacán , officially Culiacán Rosales ,

19688-409: The U.S. on the grounds that the U.S. officials had not formally requested his extradition from Mexico. The court said that if the U.S. files a request in the future, Guzmán can petition for another injunction. The court had until 9 April 2014 to issue a formal declaration of the injunction's rejection, and Guzmán's lawyers could appeal the court's decision in the meantime. The same day that the injunction

19902-473: The U.S. than any other trafficker, building a fortune of over $ 25 billion. He was called El Señor de Los Cielos ("The Lord of the Skies") for his use of over 22 private 727 jet airliners to transport Colombian cocaine to municipal airports and dirt airstrips around Mexico, including Juárez. He was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and worked for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo . After Félix was arrested, Amado formed

20116-519: The US from South America . He was also allegedly the leader of the infamous "Phantom Squad," a death squad that was active in Guyana between 2002 and 2006. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Following the death of Pablo Escobar in 1993, significant changes occurred in the structure of the drug trade, departing from massive cartels such as Juan David Ochoa 's Medellín cartel . Drug lords have begun breaking

20330-421: The United States and South America. His drug empire made Guzmán a billionaire, and he was ranked the 10th richest man in Mexico and 1,140th in the world in 2011, with a net worth of roughly US$ 1 billion. To assist his drug trafficking, the Sinaloa Cartel also built a shipping and transport empire. Guzmán has been referred to as the "biggest drug lord of all time", and the U.S. DEA considered him "the godfather of

20544-463: The United States by air, sea and road, and had distribution cells throughout the U.S. The organization has also been involved in the production, smuggling and distribution of Mexican methamphetamine , marijuana , and heroin from Southeast Asia. When Palma was arrested by the Mexican Army on 23 June 1995, Guzmán took leadership of the cartel. Palma was later extradited to the United States, where he

20758-783: The United States since 1993, voluntarily approached the DEA offering them information in 1998, eventually signing paperwork as a formal informant in 2005, and his U.S. indictment was thrown out in 2008. Loya-Castro's leaks to the DEA led to the dismantling of the Tijuana Cartel, as well as the Mexican Army's arrest of Guzmán's lieutenant and the top commander of the Beltrán Leyva organization, Alfredo Beltrán Leyva (also known as El Mochomo , or "Desert Ant"), in Culiacán in January 2008, with Guzmán believed to have given up El Mochomo for various reasons. Guzmán had expressed concerns with Alfredo Beltrán's lifestyle and high-profile actions for some time before his arrest. After El Mochomo's arrest, authorities said he

20972-406: The United States than anyone else. He took advantage of the power vacuum created by crackdowns on cartels in Colombia, gaining business and market share there as Colombia's own cartels were decimated. He took similar advantage of the situation when his rival cartels were brought down by an intense crackdown from the Mexican government, but the Sinaloa gang emerged largely unscathed. After the fall of

21186-628: The United States, Attorney General Eric Holder said Guzmán had caused "death and destruction of millions of lives across the globe" and called the arrest "a landmark achievement, and a victory for the citizens of both Mexico and the United States". Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos telephoned Peña Nieto and congratulated him for the arrest of Guzmán, highlighting its importance in the international efforts against drug trafficking. Colombia's Defense Minister, Juan Carlos Pinzón , congratulated Mexico on Guzmán's arrest and stated that his capture "contributes to eradicate this crime ( drug trafficking ) in

21400-444: The United States. He later supervised logistics for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo , one of the nation's leading kingpins in the mid 1980s, but Guzmán founded his own cartel in 1988 after Félix's arrest. Guzmán oversaw operations whereby mass cocaine , methamphetamine , marijuana , and heroin were produced, smuggled into, and distributed throughout the United States and Europe, the world's largest users. He achieved this by pioneering

21614-402: The actual trade in drugs by several layers of staff. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltration into their networks, often using informants from within the organizations. When a group of independent drug lords collude with each other, in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade , they form an organization called

21828-533: The airport parking lot awaiting a flight to Puerto Vallarta. Having spotted the white Mercury Grand Marquis car where Guzmán was thought to be hiding, about 20 gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel descended from their vehicles and opened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the drug lord was inside a green Buick sedan a short distance from the target. Inside the Mercury Grand Marquis was the cardinal and archbishop of Guadalajara Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo , who died at

22042-508: The anti-drugs force in Finland . He has been sentenced to jail for drug crimes and other offences. Known as "The Dapper Don" , Christy Kinahan (born 1958) is a notorious Irish drug lord from Dublin, Ireland and the head of Kinahan Cartel , a powerful Irish crime syndicate with territories in several countries around the world, such as Spain ( Costa del Sol ), United Arab Emirates ( Dubai ), The Netherlands , among others. Under

22256-558: The area peripheral to the south of the city, where the humble settlements of new inhabitants who arrive with the hope of obtaining a better quality of life proliferate. Of the 176,799 occupied dwellings, 173,704 have electricity; 171,614 have piped water; 171,489 have drainage and 169,550 have the 3 services simultaneously. The city has many buildings, among the most noteworthy are, Torre Tres Ríos, Torre Santa María, Torre Tres Afluencias, Mileto 4 Ríos, Estela Corporate Center, Ceiba, BioInnova Building, Tower 120 and Dafi, all located in one of

22470-452: The area's poor, creating employment, and setting up community centers. In 2009, the U.S. began requesting his extradition , and in May 2010, a recalcitrant Government of Jamaica issued a warrant. That same month the government took steps to capture Coke. In a run-up to Coke's arrest, more than 70 people–all but one of them civilians–died in a 24 May 2010 raid of Tivoli Gardens. He was arrested at

22684-406: The arrests of his enemies in the Juárez Cartel, in addition to information that led to the arrests of some of the top Sinaloa leaders. The arrests were speculated by some to have been part of a deal Guzmán struck with Calderón and the DEA, in which he intentionally gave up some of his purported Sinaloa colleagues to U.S. agents in exchange for immunity from prosecution, while perpetuating the idea that

22898-566: The attack, stating it was "a criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but he did not give any indications of the involvement of organized crime. The death of Cardinal Posadas Ocampo, a high-profile religious figure, outraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and many politicians. The government responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest the people involved in the shootout, and offered about US$ 5 million bounties for each of them. Pictures of Guzmán's face, previously unknown to

23112-548: The authorities thought that he was likely hiding in the "Golden Triangle" (Spanish: Triángulo Dorado ), an area that encompasses parts of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre region. The region is a major producer of marijuana and opium poppies in Mexico, and its remoteness from the urban areas makes it an attractive territory for the production of synthetic drugs in clandestine laboratories and for its mountains that offer potential hideouts. Guzmán reportedly commanded

23326-452: The back of their heads. Their bodies were dumped on the outskirts of the city. Shortly after the attack, a car bomb exploded outside one of Guzmán's properties in Culiacán. No injuries were reported, but the drug lord became fully aware of the intended message. Guzmán and Palma struck back against the Arellano Félix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3 September 1992 in Iguala ; among

23540-482: The best organized, the president of said community is in charge of Basilio Karamanos Pérez(Deceased). The total number of dwellings that exist in the city are 221,144 of which only 176,799 dwellings are occupied with an average of 3.81 inhabitants per inhabited dwelling. In general, cement roofs, walls and floors are used for the construction of the house, although homes or buildings do not cease to exist, most of them have sheet roofs and earth floors, this occurs mainly in

23754-510: The border into the United States. He is known as the first and currently the only drug lord to be executed by the United States federal government under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 . He was executed for three murders he committed in Texas, but was also found to be responsible for five other murders, four of which were committed in Mexico. Liu Zhaohua (March 5, 1965 – September 15, 2009)

23968-574: The boss of bosses. Coronel Villarreal proved so reliable in the Guzmán business that he became known as the "Crystal King". While still in prison in Mexico, Guzmán was indicted in San Diego on U.S. charges of money laundering and importing tons of cocaine into California, along with his Sinaloa attorney Humberto Loya-Castro, or Licenciado Perez ("Lawyer Perez"), who was charged with bribing Mexican officials on Sinaloa's behalf and making sure that any cartel members arrested were released from custody. After

24182-406: The brothers' top commander, but he was killed in a shootout with Mexican marines the next year. Whether Guzmán was responsible for Alfredo Beltrán's arrest is not known. However, the Beltrán Leyvas and their allies suspected he was behind it, and after Alfredo Beltrán's arrest, a formal "war" was declared. An attempt on the life of cartel head Zambada's son Vicente Zambada Niebla ( El Vincentillo )

24396-404: The cartel leaders, widespread gunfights broke out across the city, leading to multiple deaths, in what has been called the " Battle of Culiacán ". One of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán 's relatives, Ovidio Guzmán , was arrested by police, but were forced to release him. The coat of arms of the municipality and the city of Culiacán in Sinaloa, Mexico, has various elements that represent the history of

24610-470: The central part and towards the left side, a cross is followed by a path on which footprints can be observed that end in a small construction. These motifs symbolize the missionaries of San Miguel de Culiacán left for the North, and they are invoked as an obligatory tribute to the goodness and heroism of the missionaries. On the carmine border, the word "Culiacán" can be read in its upper part, and in its lower part

24824-538: The city of 2,285 square kilometres (882 sq mi) of valley agriculture. Sometime later, the State Congress approved the extension of the name of the capital city, giving it its current official name of Culiacán de Rosales. "Rosales" honors the great Mexican military man Antonio Rosales , who fought in the second French Intervention and the Reform War , along with serving as the governor of Sinaloa. Beginning in

25038-671: The city of Culiacán designated capital of the state of Sinaloa. In 1861, during the conservative government of the French Intervention , prefectures were installed and the Municipalities Law was decreed that divided the Districts into City Councils. The Badiraguato District was suppressed and became part of the Culiacán District as a municipality. From 1859 to 1873, the capital of Sinaloa was moved from Culiacán to Mazatlán. In

25252-489: The command of Christy Kinahan, the Kinahan Cartel became responsible for a large part of drug smuggling (such as heroin , ecstasy and methamphetamine ) and arms smuggling to many places in the world. According to Gardai (the national police of Ireland ), Kinahan has connections with other powerful Irish mobsters like George Mitchell (Known as "The Penguin" ) (a notorious gangster from Ballyfermot and cousin of

25466-580: The country, including the municipal and state police forces of said regions, and often use them as weapons for targeting rival drug cartels. Some drug lords and drug cartels have so much influence over certain police forces, that they are able to gain access to police badges, uniforms, equipment, and vehicles, so they can impersonate police officers . In some cases, drug lords also hire corrupt police officers as bodyguards , hitmen , or kidnappers . Corrupt politicians in office, can also appoint corruptible judges , prosecutors , and military officers , whom

25680-438: The country. People he trusted purchased the properties for him and registered them under false names. Most of them were located in residential neighborhoods and served as stash houses for drugs, weapons, and cash. Guzmán also owned several ranches across Mexico, but most of them were located in the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Chihuahua, and Sonora, where locals working for the drug lord grew opium and marijuana. The first time Guzmán

25894-419: The course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross transported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, and made more than $ 600 million in the process." In 1998, Ross was sentenced to life imprisonment after being convicted of purchasing more than 100 kilograms of cocaine from a federal agent during a sting operation. Ross became the subject of controversy later that year when

26108-405: The crackdown, but the Sinaloa gang was relatively unaffected and took over the rival gangs' territories, including the coveted Ciudad Juárez-El Paso corridor, in the wake of the power shifts. A Newsweek investigation alleges that one of Guzmán's techniques for maintaining his dominance among cartels included giving information to the DEA and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement that led to

26322-452: The cultivation of opium poppy, a common practice among local residents. During harvest season, Guzmán and his brothers hiked the hills of Badiraguato to cut the bud of the poppy. Once the plant was stacked in kilos, his father sold the harvest to other suppliers in Culiacán and Guamúchil . He sold marijuana at commercial centers near the area while accompanied by Guzmán. His father spent most of

26536-501: The dead were lawyers and family members of Félix Gallardo, who was also believed to have orchestrated the attack against Palma's family. Mexico's Attorney General formed a special unit to look into the killings, but the investigation was called off after the unit found that Guzmán had paid off some of the top police officials in Mexico with $ 10 million, according to police reports and confessions of former police officers. In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Félix attempted to kill Guzmán as he

26750-557: The deliveries arrived in the United States. Guzmán earned enough standing and began working for Félix Gallardo directly. Throughout most of the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Mexican drug traffickers were also middlemen for the Colombian trafficking groups, and transported cocaine across the Mexico–U.S. border. Mexico, however, remained a secondary route for the Colombians, given that most of

26964-438: The drug lords can also bribe and influence. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt judiciary or a corrupt military unit , can also utilize them as weapons for targeting rivals in the drug trade. For example, some corrupt prosecutors and judges collude with a drug lord, by filing criminal charges and issuing arrest warrants on his rivals in the drug trade, while said drug lord operates with total impunity. It

27178-400: The drug lords, who supported them. The rewards might include: impunity , import/export licenses, and/or favorable decisions, such as banning extradition , softening laws against drug-trafficking, etc. For example, Juan Orlando Hernández protected drug cartels, who contributed donations to his presidential campaign, from criminal investigations, prosecutions, arrests, and convictions, after he

27392-508: The drug trafficking operations in the Caribbean corridor. Realizing it was more profitable to hand over the operations to their Mexican counterparts, the Colombian cartels gave Félix Gallardo more control over their drug shipments. This power shift gave the Mexican organized crime groups more leverage over their Central American and South American counterparts. During the 1980s, however, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

27606-542: The drug world" and strongly estimates he surpassed the influence and reach of Pablo Escobar . In 2013, the Chicago Crime Commission named Guzmán "Public Enemy Number One" for the influence of his criminal network in Chicago (however, there is no evidence Guzmán has ever visited the city). The last person to receive such notoriety was Al Capone in 1930. At the time of his 2014 arrest, Guzmán imported more drugs into

27820-543: The drugs trafficked by their cartels were smuggled through the Caribbean and the Florida corridor. Félix Gallardo was the leading drug baron in Mexico and friend of Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros , but his operations were still limited by his counterparts in South America. In the mid-1980s, however, the U.S. government increased law enforcement surveillance and put pressure on the Medellín and Cali cartels by effectively reducing

28034-418: The east of the United States. The finished cocaine was sold directly to Mexican cartels for distribution in the west of the United States. Suárez received untold amounts of money, but as detectives and journalists discovered the corruption between Bolivia and the U.S., the empire Suárez built began to fall. Suárez was arrested by the DEA in 1988, and Escobar took over of the production and distribution of 80% of

28248-509: The evidence of said activities; intimidating witnesses , to prevent them from testifying against them; and murdering informants, who provide information to the police about his criminal activities. Although, drug lords do not need to bribe every police officer in a police force, they must be able to bribe some high-ranking and mid-ranking cops, in addition to some low-rankings ones, in order to achieve long-term impunity, because high-ranking and mid-ranking cops oversee police operations and have

28462-577: The first settlements that were populating the perimeter around the original urban area by people from different social strata to have a largely wide space close to the Center; Among the best known and with the largest number of population we find: Infonavit Humaya, Tierra Blanca, 6 January, Stase, Juntas de Humaya, Almada, Miguel Alemán, Centro Sinaloa, Morelos, Palmito, El Barrio, Aurora, etc. The subdivisions for their part are places divided by different construction companies, in which there are in certain sections,

28676-498: The first time, the Colombians would not have to be paid – they simply joined methamphetamine with cocaine shipments. This fact meant no additional money was needed for airplanes, pilots, boats and bribes; they used the existing infrastructure to pipeline the new product. Until this point, the Sinaloa Cartel had been a joint venture between Guzmán and Ismael Zambada García; the methamphetamine business would be Guzmán's alone. He cultivated his own ties to China, Thailand and India to import

28890-401: The founding members of Los Zetas, another Mexican drug cartel. In 1999, Guillén and a group of Gulf Cartel gunmen threatened two U.S. federal agents at gunpoint , which triggered a massive combined effort from American and Mexican law enforcement agencies to crack down on the leadership structure of the Gulf Cartel and led to Guillén becoming one of the most wanted criminals in the world. Guillén

29104-404: The fourth floor by the elevators and stairs. Once they were at Guzmán's front door, they broke into the apartment and stormed its two rooms. In one of the rooms was Guzmán, lying in bed with his wife (former beauty queen Emma Coronel Aispuro ). Their two daughters were reported to have been at the condominium during the arrest. Guzmán tried to resist arrest physically, but he did not attempt to grab

29318-543: The fugitive has become more powerful as his fellow kingpins have fallen, including one who was allegedly killed on Zambada's orders. Klaas Bruinsma (1953–1991) was a major Dutch drug lord, shot to death by mafia member and former police officer Martin Hoogland. Bruinsma was known as "De Lange" ("the tall one") and as "De Dominee" ("the preacher") because of his black clothing and his habit of lecturing others. Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva (September 27, 1961 – December 16, 2009)

29532-556: The governments of the locations they operate in, through bribery , corruption , obstruction of justice , intimidation , contract killings , and narco-terrorism . They may also control or influence civilian populations through violence, and/or by winning hearts and minds . Drug lords like Pablo Escobar and El Chapo, are both known for controlling or influencing the civilian populations of their territories through using both methods. This phenomenon takes place in developing countries with weak and/or corrupt governments, where impunity

29746-685: The headlines of many media outlets across the U.S., Latin America, and Europe. On Twitter, Mexico and Guzmán's capture were trending topics throughout most of 22 February 2014. Bob Nardoza, a spokesman for the U.S. attorney's office for the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , announced that U.S. authorities plan to seek the extradition of Guzmán for several cases pending against him in New York and other United States jurisdictions. Guzmán

29960-452: The influence and wealth of Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar . Guzmán was first captured in 1993 in Guatemala and then was extradited and sentenced to 20 years in prison in Mexico for murder and drug trafficking. He bribed multiple prison guards and escaped from a federal maximum-security prison in 2001. His status as a fugitive resulted in an $ 8.8 million combined reward from Mexico and the U.S. for information leading to his capture, and he

30174-585: The large cartels into much smaller organizations. In so doing, they decreased the number of people involved and shrank their role as targets—most likely in an attempt to avoid the fate of their predecessors. With newer technology, drug lords are able to manage their operations more effectively from behind the scenes, keeping themselves out of the spotlight and off the FBI and DEA wanted lists. These smaller cartels are slowly proving to be safer and more profitable for those involved. Drug lords often have de facto control over

30388-443: The last decade is a willingness of local authorities to cooperate with foreign nations, most notably the U.S., in an effort to apprehend and incarcerate drug lords. Recently, especially in the last five years, countries have been more willing to extradite their drug lords to face charges in other countries, an act that not only benefits them directly but also gives them favor with foreign governments. Mexico extradited 63 drug dealers to

30602-618: The late 1950s, Culiacán became the birthplace of an incipient underground economy based on illicit drugs exported to the United States. The completion of the Pan-American Highway and the regional airport in the 1960s accelerated the expansion of workable distribution infrastructure for the enterprising few families that would later come to dominate the international drug cartels along Mexico's Pacific Northwest. The Sinaloa Cartel made Culiacán its primary base. On 17 October 2019, after an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to arrest one of

30816-399: The military he had begun venturing out to Culiacán and the beach town of Mazatlán . A week before he was caught, Guzmán and Zambada were reported to have attended a family reunion in Sinaloa. On 16 February 2014, the Mexican military followed the bodyguards' tips to Guzmán's former wife's house, but they had trouble ramming the steel-reinforced front door, which allowed Guzmán to escape through

31030-461: The most access to confidential information. Hence, drug lords, who only bribe low-ranking cops, can achieve short-term impunity, but not long-term impunity. In some cases, drug lords also have to bribe corrupt police officers, to retrieve drugs or weapons, that were confiscated from them during searches and seizures . In other cases, corrupt police officers might sell weapons or drugs to drug lords, that were confiscated from other criminals. For example,

31244-486: The most important districts of the city, the Tres Ríos Urban Development . The city is divided into different areas mainly: The Historical Center of Culiacán is the original area of the city, in which most of the buildings of the Spanish colonization between the 16th and 19th centuries are found, it comprises a territorial extension of approximately 247,123 ha (2,471 km ). From the '70s onwards, there

31458-498: The most-notorious examples of the treatment given to drug lords is the incarceration of Escobar. Although Escobar was, after turning himself in, jailed for his participation in drug trafficking in Colombia, the "jail" in which he was captive, was a million-dollar palace built with his own funds and guarded by his own private army . Another famous crime lord who enjoyed lightened jail life was Al Capone , who continued to run his business from his jail cell, which contained tables, chairs,

31672-542: The municipality is well defined by a mountainous part and the coastal plain. The mountainous part corresponds to the physiographic region of the highlands, part of the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range with elevations of 300 to 2,100 meters above sea level. The coastal plain lies to the West and is crossed by four regional rivers: the Humaya , Tamazula , Culiacán and San Lorenzo . The Humaya has its origin in

31886-464: The municipality yesterday and today. Rolando Arjona Amábilis was the artist behind the official coat of arms of the Municipality of Culiacán, which was made official through municipal decree number 13 May 26, 1960 and published in number 90 of the Official Newspaper of the State of Sinaloa on 30 July 1960. Its shape is square with rounded corners, ending in a point. The entire face of the shield

32100-585: The nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the plazas (turfs) or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers . The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family and to Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor . Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left

32314-523: The necessary precursor chemicals. Throughout the mountains of the states of Sinaloa, Durango , Jalisco , Michoacán and Nayarit , Guzmán constructed large methamphetamine laboratories and rapidly expanded his organization. His nomadic existence allowed him to nurture contacts throughout the country. He was now operating in 17 of the 31 Mexican states. With his business expanding, he placed his trusted friend Ignacio Coronel Villarreal in charge of methamphetamine production; this way Guzmán could continue being

32528-514: The nickname "El Chapo", Mexican slang for "shorty", for his 1.68-metre (5 ft 6 in) stature and stocky physique. Most people in Badiraguato worked in the poppy fields of the Sierra Madre Occidental for most of their lives, but Guzmán left his hometown in search of greater opportunities through his uncle Pedro Avilés Pérez , one of the pioneers of Mexican drug trafficking. He left Badiraguato in his twenties and joined organized crime. During

32742-445: The ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead" or "money or bullets". When the Colombian government launched a manhunt for Escobar, it needed assistance from the DEA , the CIA , the Cali Cartel, and Los Pepes . On December 2, Search Bloc killed Escobar on a rooftop. As a top drug lord in Mexico, Amado Carrillo (1956–1997) was transporting four times more cocaine to

32956-685: The politicians Gay Mitchell and Jim Mitchell ). The Kinahan Cartel is notorious for its bloody feud against another powerful Irish crime syndicate, the Hutch gang (led by Gerry Hutch ), in a gang war that became known as the Hutch–Kinahan feud (whose conflict started after the murder of Gary Hutch, Gerry Hutch's nephew and the Shooting of David Byrne at the Regency Hotel in Whitehall, Dublin whose main target

33170-399: The presence of an aircraft 10 minutes away from Guzmán's location, giving him ample time to escape the scene and avoid arrest. In addition, his gunmen reportedly carried surface-to-air missiles that may bring down aircraft in the area. Although Guzmán had hidden for long periods in remote areas of the Sierra Madre mountains without being captured, the arrested members of his security team told

33384-455: The principle of proportional representation. For its internal regime, the municipality is subdivided into 17 receiverships, which in turn are divided into police stations, the 17 receiverships of the municipality are: El Salado, Higueras de Abuya, Baila, Aguaruto, Emiliano Zapata, Adolfo López Mateos (El Tamarindo), Jesús María, Las Tapias, Quilá, Sanalona, San Lorenzo, Tacuichamona, Tepuche, Imala, Costa Rica, Culiacáncito and Eldorado. Culiacán

33598-412: The prison, including the facility's director, who is now in prison for aiding in the escape. One prison guard who came forward to report the situation at the prison disappeared 7 years later, and was presumed to have been killed on the orders of Guzmán. Guzmán allegedly had the prison guards on his payroll, smuggled contraband into the prison and received preferential treatment from the staff. In addition to

33812-514: The prison-employee accomplices, police in Jalisco were paid off to ensure he had at least 24 hours to get out of the state and stay ahead of the military manhunt. The story told to the guards being bribed not to search the laundry cart was that Guzmán was smuggling gold, ostensibly extracted from rock at the inmate workshop, out of the prison. The escape allegedly cost Guzmán $ 2.5 million. Since his 2001 escape from prison, Guzmán had wanted to control

34026-443: The profits on liquor and women and often returned home with no money. Tired of his mismanagement, Guzmán cultivated his own marijuana plantation at age 15 with cousins Arturo , Alfredo , Carlos , and Héctor Beltrán Leyva , and he supported his family with his marijuana production. When he was a teenager, his father kicked him out of the house, and he went to live with his grandfather. It was during his adolescence that Guzmán gained

34240-889: The progress made in arresting others in the aftermath of Guzmán's escape, including a handful of his foremost logistics and security men, the huge military and federal police manhunt failed to capture Guzmán for years. In the years between his escape and capture, he was Mexico's most-wanted man. His elusiveness from law enforcement made him a near-legendary figure in Mexico's narcotics folklore; stories abounded that Guzmán sometimes strolled into restaurants, his bodyguards confiscating peoples' cellphones, he ate his meal, and then left after paying everyone's tab. Rumors circulated of Guzmán being seen in different parts of Mexico and abroad. For more than thirteen years, Mexican security forces coordinated many operations to re-arrest him, but their efforts were largely in vain as Guzmán appeared to be steps ahead from his captors. Although his whereabouts were unknown,

34454-449: The public, started to appear in newspapers and television across Mexico. Fearing his capture, Guzmán fled to Tonalá, Jalisco , where he reportedly owned a ranch. The drug lord then fled to Mexico City and stayed at a hotel for about ten days. He met with one of his associates in an unknown location and handed him US$ 200 million to provide for his family in case of his absence. He gave that same amount to another of his employees to make sure

34668-413: The region". The Guatemalan President Otto Pérez Molina congratulated the Mexican government for the arrest. Costa Rica 's President Laura Chinchilla congratulated the Mexican government through Twitter for the capture too. The French government extended its congratulations on 24 February and supported the Mexican security forces in their combat against organized crime. News of Guzmán's capture made it to

34882-589: The restroom when the raid started and reportedly escaped through an air-conditioning duct before leaving the scene in one of their vehicles. On 9 and 10 December 1992, four alleged associates of Félix Gallardo were killed. The antagonism between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Arellano Félix clan left several more dead and was accompanied by more violent events in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacán and Oaxaca. The war between both groups continued for six more months, yet none of their respective leaders were killed. In mid-1993,

35096-500: The risk of heavy rainfall from decaying tropical cyclones also present. Winters are much milder with less humidity and an average high of 27 °C, with warm nights. The Municipality of Culiacán has a total population of 858,638 inhabitants, this according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). It has a population density of 166.8 inhabitants / km2,

35310-553: The run. Escobar was the boss of the famous Medellín Cartel , the most powerful drug empire to exist and is said to have had over twice the power and money of their rivals , the Cali Cartel . Pablo was known as Paisa Robin Hood , for his contributions to the poor, but was also known for murdering anyone who got in his way. His carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public officials in the Colombian government, and sending hitmen to murder

35524-674: The same style of housing, housing people of lower middle class, middle and upper middle class, among the best known are: La Conquista, Villas del Rio, Valle Alto, Los Pinos, Villa Verde and Villa Fontana. Residentials are considered to be areas strategically built for people with high purchasing power, with spacious houses, large green areas and in most cases, they are delimited as private, and we find: Tres Ríos , Chapultepec, Los Álamos, Guadalupe, Lomas de Guadalupe, Colinas de San Miguel, Montebello, La Campiña, Las Quintas, Isla Musalá and La Primavera. Independent of these areas, we find one that stands out for its extension and its level of influence at

35738-546: The same. On 6 October 1821, independence was sworn in Culiacán. Culiacán was granted the category of city, on 21 July 1823, when the provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa separated by decree from Congress. In 1824, by the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation , Sinaloa and Sonora met again, forming the state of the West. On 13 October 1830, the provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa were definitively separated by decree, with

35952-457: The scene from fourteen gunshot wounds. Six other people, including the cardinal's chauffeur, were caught in the crossfire and killed. Amidst the shootout and confusion, Guzmán escaped and headed to one of his safe houses in Bugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away from the airport. The night the cardinal was killed, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari flew to Guadalajara and condemned

36166-541: The smuggler himself by shooting him in the head. Those around him learned that cheating him or going with other competitors—even if they offered better prices—was unwise. The leaders of the Guadalajara Cartel liked Guzmán's business acumen, and in the early 1980s introduced him to Félix Gallardo, one of the major drug lords in Mexico at that time. Guzmán worked as a chauffeur for Félix Gallardo, before being put in charge of logistics, where Guzmán coordinated drug shipments from Colombia to Mexico by land, air, and sea. Palma ensured

36380-409: The state level: the Tres Ríos Urban Development, which was started in 1990 with the aim of creating a better commercial, residential and entertainment area. for the city, in addition to taking advantage of the lands adjacent to the Culiacán, Humaya and Tamazula rivers, in addition to embellishing the banks with vegetation and a new boardwalk. Culiacán's economy is mainly agricultural and commerce, being

36594-405: The states of Sonora and Baja California with the U.S. states of Arizona and California. When Félix Gallardo was arrested, Guzmán reportedly lived in Guadalajara , Jalisco for some time. One of his other centers of operation, however, was in the border city of Agua Prieta , Sonora, where he coordinated drug trafficking activities more closely. Guzmán had dozens of properties in various parts of

36808-425: The suspected betrayal, Félix Gallardo and his men exacted revenge when they kidnapped, tortured, and killed Camarena in February 1985. The death of Camarena outraged Washington, and Mexico responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest those involved in the incident. Guzmán took advantage of the internal crisis to gain ground within the cartel and take over more drug trafficking operations. In 1989, Félix Gallardo

37022-433: The territories acquired into three provinces. One of them was Culiacán, which was delimited to the South by the Elota River and to the North by the Mocorito River, depending on the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia . Organized in this way, the territory lasted until 1786, the year in which the administration system was implemented, with Sonora and Sinaloa forming the province of Arizpe and the older province of Culiacán remaining

37236-449: The time of his arrest, he had $ 207 million in cash and 18 million Mexican pesos in his house. He claimed that he was forced by Javier Lozano Alarcón , putatively identified as the Secretary of Labor, to keep it at his home and that this money would be used during Felipe Calderón 's presidential campaign in 2006. He is the legal representative of Unimed Pharm Chem México. The charges against him were dismissed with prejudice in August 2009 as

37450-404: The total population; Among the main nationalities we find Americans, Canadians, Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Argentines, Cubans, Colombians, Brazilians, Chinese, Japanese, Russians, Ukrainians, Venezuelans, Dominicans, Germans, among others. The presence of people of Greek origin that occurred in the 1940s and 1950s coincided with the incipient but flourishing emergence of agriculture. This attracted

37664-461: The tunnels, Palma and Guzmán packed cocaine into chili pepper cans under the brand "La Comadre" before they were shipped to the U.S. by train. In return, the drug lords were paid through large suitcases filled with millions of dollars in cash. These suitcases were flown from the U.S. to Mexico City, where corrupt customs agents at the airport made sure the deliveries were not inspected. Large sums of that money were reportedly used as bribes for members of

37878-499: The turf war. The wave of violence spread to other cities such as Guamúchil, Guasave and Mazatlán. However, the Beltrán Leyva brothers were involved in some double-dealing of their own. Arturo and Alfredo had met with leading members of Los Zetas in Cuernavaca , where they agreed to form an alliance to fill the power vacuum. They would not necessarily go after the main strongholds, such as the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartel; instead, they would seek control of southern states like Guerrero (where

38092-524: The undisputed leaders of the Tijuana Cartel and developed an intense rivalry with Joaquin Guzman Loera 's Sinaloa Cartel . The war between both organizations lasted more than 10 years until Ramón was killed in Mazatlán on February 10, 2002, by policemen allegedly on the payroll of the rival , Sinaloa Cártel. Ismael Zambada García is a drug smuggler in Mexico and co-founder of the Sinaloa Cartel . Mexico's top anti-drug prosecutor, José Santiago Vasconcelos , called Zambada "drug dealer No. 1" and said

38306-418: The urban area of Culiacán, there are only 3,536 indigenous people, representing a very low percentage with respect to the total; Furthermore, these indigenous groups are not native to the municipality or the entity, since they were exterminated, displaced or assimilated by the mestizo population. The city ranks 20th in number of foreign population, which amounts to 6,693 inhabitants, which represent almost 1% of

38520-400: The use of distribution cells and long-range tunnels near borders, which enabled him to export more drugs to the United States than any other trafficker in history. Guzmán's leadership of the cartel also brought immense wealth and power; Forbes ranked him as one of the most powerful people in the world between 2009 and 2013, while the Drug Enforcement Administration estimated that he matched

38734-407: The word "Colhuacán", which corresponds to the true name of the place in the Nahuatl language . In the upper part of the shield, there is a hill with a germinating seed and the figure of a golden sun, alluding both to the tropical climate of this region and to the fundamentally agricultural effort of its inhabitants. The government of the municipality of Culiacán corresponds to its City Council, this

38948-425: The world's cocaine. Rick Ross (born January 28, 1960), a.k.a. "Freeway" Ricky Ross, is a convicted drug-trafficker best known for the drug empire he presided over in Los Angeles in the early 1980s. The nickname "Freeway" came from Ross growing up next to the 110 Harbor Freeway . During the height of his drug dealing, Ross was said to have made "$ 2 million in one day." According to the Oakland Tribune , "In

39162-406: The year 628 CE. The Aztecs built it during their pilgrimage. Its exact location is unknown, but it is assumed that it was close to the current town of Culiacáncito . The ancient settlers were called Culichis. The city that we know today as Culiacán was co-founded in 1531 by conquistadors Lázaro de Cebreros and Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán under the name "Villa de San Miguel". Upon their arrival in

39376-602: Was Daniel Kinahan, Christy's oldest son and also a head in the Kinahan Cartel, but ended up taking the life of another important member of the cartel, David Byrne (the son of James Byrne , the brother of Liam Byrne (a notorious lieutenant for Christy Kinahan), the cousin of Freddie Thompson and brother-in-law of Thomas Kavanagh (known as "bomber" ), a senior member in the Kinahan Cartel). Juan Raul Garza (November 18, 1956 – June 19, 2001) ran his own marijuana trafficking ring in Texas , Louisiana , Michigan , and Mexico , exporting thousands of kilograms of marijuana across

39590-470: Was a Chinese Drug Lord known for producing and trafficking over 18 tonnes of Methamphetamine. The amount Liu made was worth more than US$ 5 billion. He was arrested on March 5, 2005, sentenced to death on June 26, 2006, and executed on September 15, 2009. Shaheed " Roger " Khan (born 13 January 1972) is a Guyanese drug lord who is known for his money-laundering activities as well as his distribution and importation of substantial amounts of cocaine into

39804-451: Was a child, at the age of nine and currently serving a sentence of 234 years in prison for murder, drug trafficking and other crimes) is the current leader of PCC and commands this powerful crime syndicate from inside the Taubaté Prison , one of the most infamous prisons in Brazil. Under the command of Marcola, the PCC expanded its influence outside Brazil, to having a presence in Bolivia , Ecuador , Venezuela , Paraguay and Peru . The PCC

40018-468: Was a drug lady who operated between Miami and Colombia during the 1970s and 1980s. During the height of her operation, she smuggled nearly 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb) of cocaine into the U.S. every month through a network in south Florida. She was noted for her ruthlessness and use of extreme violence, employing tactics such as publicly assassinating people in broad daylight, bayoneting a rival trafficker inside Miami International Airport , and inventing

40232-432: Was a process of depopulation of the area due to the high costs of rents, the bustle of the main streets and avenues and the priority of having more commercial spaces, but in recent years there has been a process of repopulation of the same with the construction of apartments in the periphery of the Center and a project of urban reorganization in which it is intended to have a higher population density. Las Colonias, which are

40446-450: Was arrested in 1990. Ramón Arellano Félix was a Mexican drug lord who was a founding member of the Tijuana drug cartel (a.k.a. the Arellano-Félix Organization) alongside his brothers. Arellano Félix was allegedly one of the most ruthless enforcers in the organization and was a suspect in various murders. He had been linked by Mexican police to the 1997 massacre of twelve members of a family outside of Ensenada, Baja California . The family

40660-477: Was arrested in Mexico in 2003 and deported to the U.S. in 2007, where he remains incarcerated to this day. Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, also known as Don Cholito, is a notorious Argentine-born, Puerto Rican and Colombian mixed drug lord from New York, who headed the 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel . Pulled into the drug trade at age 12, he left home at age 14 to begin working for his Father, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela , who headed

40874-497: Was arrested in Mexico in 2014. He escaped prior to formal sentencing in 2015, through a tunnel dug by associates into his jail cell. Mexican authorities recaptured him following a shoot-out in January 2016, and extradited him to the U.S. a year later. In 2019, he was found guilty of a number of criminal charges related to his leadership of the Sinaloa Cartel, was sentenced to life imprisonment, and incarcerated in ADX Florence , Colorado, United States. Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera

41088-439: Was arrested; while in prison and through a number of envoys, the drug lord called for a summit in Acapulco , Guerrero . In the conclave, Guzmán and others discussed the future of Mexico's drug trafficking and agreed to divide the territories previously owned by the Guadalajara Cartel. The Arellano Félix brothers formed the Tijuana Cartel , which controlled the Tijuana corridor and parts of Baja California ; in Chihuahua state,

41302-449: Was born in 1946, and is the founder and former leader of the Guadalajara Cartel , the first Mexican Cartel ever established. He had strong ties with the Cali Cartel and Escobar's Medellin Cartel as he distributed drugs for them. He controlled almost all of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border in 1970s and the 80s. Until the end of the 1980s, Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo

41516-409: Was born on 4 April 1957 into a poor family in the rural community of La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa , Mexico . His parents were Emilio Guzmán Bustillos and María Consuelo Loera Pérez. His paternal grandparents were Juan Guzmán and Otilia Bustillos, and his maternal grandparents were Ovidio Loera Cobret and Pomposa Pérez Uriarte. For many generations, his family lived at La Tuna. His father was officially

41730-444: Was conducting undercover groundwork in Mexico, where several of its agents worked as informants. One DEA agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar , was working as an informant and grew close to many top drug barons, including Félix Gallardo. In November 1984, the Mexican military—acting on the intelligence information provided by Camarena—raided a large marijuana plantation owned by the Guadalajara Cartel and known as "Rancho Búfalo". Angered by

41944-455: Was connected with the assassinations of numerous Mexican law-enforcement officials. Frank Lucas was a former heroin dealer and organized crime boss who operated in Harlem , New York during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was known for cutting out middlemen in the drug trade and buying heroin directly from his source in the Golden Triangle . Lucas boasted that he smuggled heroin using the coffins of dead American servicemen, but this claim

42158-681: Was detected by U.S. authorities for his involvement in organized crime was in 1987, when several protected witnesses testified in a U.S. court that Guzmán was in fact heading the Sinaloa Cartel. An indictment issued in the state of Arizona alleged that Guzmán had coordinated the shipment of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of marijuana and about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb) of cocaine from 19 October 1987 to 18 May 1990, and had received roughly US$ 1.5 million in drug proceeds that were shipped back to his home state. Another indictment alleged that Guzmán earned US$ 100,000 for trafficking 32,000 kg (70,000 lb) of cocaine and an unspecified amount of marijuana in

42372-461: Was elected as the President of Honduras . While in office, the aforementioned politicians, may make corrupt appointments as quid pro quos. For example, a corrupt governor appoints a new police chief in a state police force , whom a drug lord can bribe, as a quid pro quo for helping him win a gubernatorial election. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, who lack any previous ties to the drug lords, may also solicit or accept bribes from them. It

42586-402: Was immediately taken to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (often referred to simply as "La Palma" or "Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez , State of Mexico . He was sentenced to 20 years, nine months in prison on charges of drug trafficking, criminal association and bribery. Initially jailed at Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, on 22 November 1995, he

42800-415: Was imprisoned at Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, area #20, Hallway #1, on the same day of his capture on 22 February 2014. The area where he lived was highly restricted; the cells are without windows, inmates are not allowed to interact with each other, and they are not permitted to contact their family members. His cell was close to those of José Jorge Balderas ( alias "El JJ"), former lieutenant of

43014-410: Was in charge of the Juárez Cartel at the time. On 11 September 2004, Rodolfo, his wife and two young children were visiting a Culiacán shopping mall. While leaving the mall, escorted by police commander Pedro Pérez López, the family was ambushed by members of Los Negros , assassins for the Sinaloa Cartel. Rodolfo and his wife were killed; the policeman survived. The city was no longer controlled only by

43228-479: Was in charge of two hit squads, money laundering, transporting drugs and bribing officials. That high-profile arrest was followed by the arrest of 11 Beltrán Leyva hit squad members in Mexico City, with police noting that the arrests were the first evidence that Sinaloa had expanded into the capital city. U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Tony Garza called the arrests a "significant victory" in the drug war. With Alfredo in custody, his brother Arturo Beltrán Leyva took over as

43442-577: Was in prison, Guzmán's drug empire and cartel continued to operate unabated, run by his brother, Arturo Guzmán Loera, known as El Pollo , with Guzmán himself still considered a major international drug trafficker by Mexico and the U.S. even while he was behind bars. Associates brought him suitcases of cash to bribe prison workers and allow the drug lord to maintain his opulent lifestyle even in prison, with prison guards acting like his servants. He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate, former police officer Zulema Hernández, while in prison, where she

43656-420: Was initially granted an injunction preventing immediate extradition to the United States. On 25 February, a Mexican federal judge set the trial in motion for drug-related and organized crime charges, On 4 March 2014, a Mexican federal court issued a formal charge against Guzmán for his involvement in organized crime. On 5 March 2014, a Mexico City federal court rejected Guzmán's injunction against extradition to

43870-524: Was made only hours after the declaration. Dozens of killings followed in retaliation for that attempt. The Beltrán Leyva brothers ordered the assassination of Guzmán's son, Édgar Guzmán López, on 8 May 2008, in Culiacán, which brought massive retaliation from Guzmán. They were also in conflict over the allegiance of the Flores brothers, Margarito and Pedro, leaders of a major, highly lucrative cell in Chicago responsible for distributing over two tons of cocaine every month. The Mexican military claims that Guzmán and

44084-461: Was one of the most powerful cartels in the world. He had a huge political involvement and bribed political authorities to protect himself and his business. After his capture in 1989 for the alleged murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena , Félix and allegedly the Mexican Government decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement. Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene

44298-421: Was rejected, another federal court issued formal charges against Guzmán, totaling up to five different Mexican federal courts where he was wanted for drug trafficking and organized crime charges. The court explained that although Guzmán faces charges in several different courts, he cannot be sentenced for the same crime twice because that would violate Article 23 of the Constitution of Mexico . On 17 April 2014,

44512-403: Was related to a drug dealer that had an unpaid debt to the Arellano Félix Cartel. On September 18, 1997, Arellano Félix was placed on the FBI's ten most-wanted list . In a sealed indictment in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California , he was charged with conspiracy to import cocaine and marijuana. . Ramon and his brothers, primarily Benjamin Arellano Felix were

44726-405: Was serving time for armed robbery. Hernández later controlled Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, but in 2008 her body was found in a trunk, carved with multiple Zs, signifying Los Zetas , Sinaloa's archrivals. Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel, at the time of his arrest, was the wealthiest and most powerful of Mexico's drug cartels. It smuggled multi-ton cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico to

44940-602: Was the leader of the Mexican drug-trafficking organization known as the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel , which is headed by the Beltrán Leyva brothers: Marcos Arturo, Carlos , Alfredo and Héctor . The cartel was engaged in cocaine, marijuana , heroin , and methamphetamine production, transportation, and wholesaling. It controlled numerous drug-trafficking corridors into the United States. and was also responsible for human smuggling , money laundering , extortion , kidnapping , murder , contract killing , torture , gun-running , and other acts of violence in Mexico. The organization

45154-422: Was then transported in the trunk of a car driven by Camberos out of the town. At a petrol station, Camberos went inside, but when he came back, Guzmán was gone on foot into the night. According to officials, 78 people have been implicated in his escape plan. Camberos is in prison for his assistance in the escape. The police say Guzmán carefully masterminded his escape plan, wielding influence over almost everyone in

45368-435: Was transferred to another maximum security prison, Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 (also known as "Puente Grande") in Jalisco, after being convicted of three crimes: possession of firearms, drug trafficking and the murder of Cardinal Ocampo (the charge would later be dismissed by another judge). He had been tried and sentenced inside the federal prison on the outskirts of Almoloya de Juárez, Mexico State. While he

45582-425: Was traveling in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramón and at least four of his henchmen shot at the moving vehicle with AK-47 rifles, but the drug lord managed to escape unharmed. The attack forced Guzmán to leave Guadalajara and live under a false name under fears of future attacks. He and Palma, however, responded to the assassination attempt in a similar fashion; several days later, on 8 November 1992,

45796-444: Was when municipalities were established by law as a new form of internal government, but it was not until 1915 that this law came into force and political directories were suppressed, causing the districts to become free municipalities. Culiacán was established as a municipality by decree on 8 April 1915. Within its original limits was the current Municipality of Navolato , which was segregated from Culiacán on 27 August 1982, depriving

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