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55-726: The valley of the Eisack river stretches from Brenner Pass southwards down to its confluence with the Adige near Bolzano . The upper valley north of Franzensfeste is known as Wipptal , while the lower parts belong to the Salten-Schlern administrative district. The valley is part of a major transport route across the Eastern Alps , traversed by the Autostrada A22 (part of the European route E45 ) and

110-492: A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) using 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm or oceanic climate ( Cfb ) using the original −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm since it has larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in the centre of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often very cold (colder than those of most major European cities) and snowy, although

165-657: A bond referendum in 1972 to finance the Denver games, originally awarded in 1970. The 1976 Winter Olympics were the last games held in the German-speaking Alps (Austria, Germany, or Switzerland). Along with St. Moritz , Switzerland and Lake Placid, New York in the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics . Innsbruck hosted

220-545: A gas station. It has a population of 400 to 600 (as of 2011 ). Older, obsolete theories suggested a connection of the name Brenner with the ancient tribe of the Breuni or the Gaulish chieftain Brennus , but since the pass name appears for the first time only in the 14th century, a more recent etymology is far more likely. Prenner was originally the name of a nearby farm, which itself

275-410: A height of 180 metres (590 feet) and span of 820 metres (2,690 feet), the bridge was celebrated as a masterpiece of engineering upon its completion in 1963. It is a site where bungee-jumping from the bridge has become a popular tourist attraction. The ever-increasing freight and leisure traffic, however, has been causing long traffic jams at busy times even without border enforcements. The Brenner Pass

330-654: A nephew of Winston Churchill . Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-two air raids and suffered heavy damage. In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino . Innsbruck has

385-535: A response to the European migrant crisis . In April 2016, Austria announced it would build a 370-meter long fence at the Pass but clarify that "it would be used only to "channel" people and was not a barrier. " The Europabrücke ( Europe Bridge ), located roughly halfway between Innsbruck and the Brenner Pass, is a large concrete bridge carrying the six-lane Brenner Autobahn over the valley of Sill River (Wipptal). At

440-537: Is a mountain pass over the Alps which forms the border between Italy and Austria . It is one of the principal passes of the Eastern Alpine range and has the lowest altitude among Alpine passes of the area. Dairy cattle graze in alpine pastures throughout the summer in valleys beneath the pass and on the mountain slopes. At lower altitudes, farmers log pine trees, plant crops and harvest hay for winter fodder. Many of

495-832: Is home to football clubs WSG Tirol and FC Wacker Innsbruck , who play in the Austrian Bundesliga and the Austrian Landesliga respectively. Former teams include the FC Swarovski Tirol and FC Tirol Innsbruck . The teams' stadium, Tivoli Neu , is one of eight stadiums which hosted Euro 2008 , which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008. The city is home to the American football team Raiders Tirol . Innsbruck hosted an American football final, Eurobowl XXII between

550-473: Is often very high as nights usually remain cool, being 12 °C (54 °F) on average, but sometimes dipping as low as 6 °C (43 °F). The average annual temperature is 9 °C (48 °F). Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages. These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for

605-770: Is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria . On the River Inn , at its junction with the Wipp Valley , which provides access to the Brenner Pass 30 km (19 mi) to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018. In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps ( Hafelekarspitze , 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to

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660-460: Is the only major mountain pass within the area; other nearby alternatives are footpaths across higher mountains at an altitude of above 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). As a result, air and noise pollution have generated heavy debate in regional and European politics. As of 2004 , about 1.8 million trucks crossed the Europa Bridge per year. In order to ease the road traffic, there are plans to upgrade

715-632: The 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012. Other notable events held in Innsbruck include the Air & Style Snowboard Contest from 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and the Ice Hockey World Championship in 2005. Together with the city of Seefeld , Innsbruck organized the Winter Universiade in 2005. Innsbruck's Bergiselschanze is one of the hills of the famous Four Hills Tournament . Innsbruck

770-484: The Alps . It was part of the Via Imperii , a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish. Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as Emperor Maximilian I also resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from

825-565: The Austrian Empire and the Brenner Railway , which was completed in stages from 1853 to 1867. It became the first trans-Alpine railway without a major tunnel and at high altitude (crossing the Brenner Pass at 1,371 m). Completion of the railway enabled the Austrians to move their troops more efficiently; the Austrians had hoped to secure their territories of Venetia and Lombardy (south of

880-676: The Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After the Vienna Congress Austrian rule was restored. Until 1918, the town (one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after

935-596: The Brenner Railway from Verona to Innsbruck with a series of tunnels, including the Brenner Base Tunnel underneath Brenner. While the official groundbreaking of the tunnel had taken place in 2006 (with survey tunnels drilled in the same year), substantial work did not begin until 2011. Funding issues have delayed the tunnel's scheduled date of completion from 2022 to no earlier than 2032. Wilten Innsbruck ( German: [ˈɪnsbʁʊk] ; Austro-Bavarian : Innschbruck [ˈɪnʃprʊk] )

990-578: The Counts of Tyrol within the Holy Roman Empire . Emperor Frederick Barbarossa made frequent uses of the Brenner Pass to cross the Alps during his imperial expeditions into Italy . The 12th-century Brenner Pass accommodated mule trains and carts. Modernisation of the Brenner Pass started in 1777, when a carriage road was laid out at the behest of Empress Maria Theresa . Modernisation further took place under

1045-481: The Innsbruck S-Bahn . Innsbruck Airport is located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports including Frankfurt , London , Amsterdam and Vienna . It also handles regional flights around the Alps , as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to

1100-466: The Nordkette served by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby include Axamer Lizum , Muttereralm , Patscherkofel , Igls, Seefeld , Tulfes and Stubai Valley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months. The Winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first in 1964 , then again in 1976 , when Colorado voters rejected

1155-613: The Puster Valley and descended into Veldidena (modern-day Wilten ), where it crossed the Inn and into Zirl and arrived at Augsburg via Füssen . The Alamanni (Germanic tribe) crossed the Brenner Pass southward into modern-day Italy in 268 AD, but they were stopped in November of that year at the Battle of Lake Benacus . The Romans kept control over the mountain pass until the end of their empire in

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1210-519: The Stubaitalbahn running through the Stubai Valley to Fulpmes . The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east and Völs in the west. Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included two trolleybus routes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of

1265-801: The Swarco Raiders Tirol and the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna . The city hosted opening round games in the 2011 IFAF World Championship , the official international American Football championship. In 2018 Innsbruck hosted the IFSC Climbing World Championships 2018 from 6 to 16 September and the 2018 UCI Road World Championships from 22 to 30 September. Innsbruck is part of the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects and, more specifically, Southern Bavarian ( Südbairisch ). Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at

1320-555: The Thurn-und-Taxis-Post . In 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tyrol and other Further Austrian possessions administered from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum . Up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In

1375-666: The compromise of 1867 ), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Tyrol province. The Tyrolean hero Andreas Hofer was executed in Mantua; his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church. Innsbruck played a part during the revolution of 1848 in Austria . In May of that year, riots in Vienna made Emperor Ferdinand to move

1430-433: The foehn wind sometimes brings pronounced thaws. Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over 15 °C (59 °F), but nights remain cool or even freezing. Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool 17 °C (63 °F) and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting 34 °C (93 °F). In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate, the diurnal temperature variation

1485-589: The " Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck ". The school was founded in 1562 by the Jesuit order and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669. Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are the University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität), the Innsbruck Medical University , and the university of applied sciences MCI Management Center Innsbruck . The Austrian Service Abroad

1540-474: The 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana). The university was founded in 1669. Also as a compensation for the court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665. During the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria , ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in

1595-509: The 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona - Brenner - Augsburg in their province of Raetia . The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which

1650-745: The 5th century. During the High Middle Ages , Brenner Pass was a part of the important Via Imperii , an imperial road linking the Kingdom of Germany north of the Alps with the Italian March of Verona . In the Carolingian Divisio Regnorum of 806, the Brenner region was called per alpes Noricas , the transit through the Noric Alps . From the 12th century, the Brenner Pass was controlled by

1705-626: The A13 terminates. Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof , the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by the Lower Inn Valley line to Germany and eastern Austria, the Arlberg line to the west and the Brenner line , which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via the Brenner Pass . Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as

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1760-692: The Allies , the Brenner Pass was annexed by Nazi Germany , shifting the border with the Italian Social Republic , the Nazi puppet state headed by Mussolini, much further south. In 1945, the area was occupied by the US Army and returned to Italy after the end of the war. The Brenner Pass was part of the ratlines that were used by senior Nazis fleeing the allies after the German surrender in 1945. Following World War II,

1815-556: The Alps), but lost them to Italy following the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and Austro-Prussian War in 1866. At the end of World War I in 1918, the control of the Brenner Pass became shared between Italy and Austria under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Treaty of London (1915) secretly awarded Italy the territories south of the Brenner Pass for supporting

1870-565: The Brenner Pass, Bozen/Bolzano , Verona and finishes outside Modena . It is one of the most important routes of north–south connections in Europe. After the signing of the Schengen Agreement in 1992 and Austria's subsequent entry into the European Union in 1995, customs and immigration posts at the Brenner Pass were removed in 1997. However, Austria reinstituted border checks in 2015 as

1925-571: The Entente Powers. Welschtirol/Trentino, along with the southern part of the County of Tyrol (now South Tyrol ), was transferred to Italy, and Italian troops occupied Tyrol and arrived at the Brenner Pass in 1919 to 20. During World War II , Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. Later, in 1943, following the Italian armistice with

1980-601: The III Corps of the First Italian Army. In 1929, the first official Austrian Chess Championship was held in Innsbruck. In 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss . During World War II , Innsbruck was the location of two subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp , including a special camp for prominent people from 16 countries and their families, who were held as hostages, including former Prime Minister of France Léon Blum , former regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy , former Chancellor of Austria Kurt Schuschnigg , Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi II and

2035-407: The Roman province of Raetia . Via Augusta was completed in 46–47 AD; the route took its course along the Adige valley to the neighbouring Reschen Pass (west of the Brenner Pass), then descended into the Inn valley before rising to Fern Pass towards Augsburg. The Roman road that physically crossed over the Brenner Pass did not exist until the 2nd century AD. It took the "eastern" route through

2090-424: The Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation. Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays. In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed. Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in

2145-761: The area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%. The national statistics office, Statistik Austria , does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with the Innsbruck-Land District summarized as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average. The headquarters of Tiroler Wasserkraft (Tiwag, energy production), Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg (financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) and MED-EL (medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters of Swarovski (glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within 20 km (12 mi) from

2200-429: The border barrier between Italy and Austria at Brenner was officially abolished, with a commemoration attended by Austrian Minister of the Interior Karl Schlögl, Italian Minister of the Interior Giorgio Napolitano , and the governors of Innsbruck and Bolzano . The motorway E45 (European designation; in Italy A22 , in Austria the A13 ), Brenner Autobahn/Autostrada del Brennero , begins in Innsbruck , runs through

2255-525: The city. Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square meter in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square meter price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980). Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor ( Inn Valley Autobahn and Brenner Autobahn respectively), providing freeway access to Verona , Italy and Munich , Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point

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2310-407: The emperor's presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche . Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with a cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburg emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by

2365-498: The following events every year: In 1971, author Douglas Adams was inspired to write the internationally successful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck. From 2003 onwards each year Towel Day is celebrated worldwide on 25 May. Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place for skiing in winter, ski-jumping and mountaineering in summer. There are several ski resorts around Innsbruck, with

2420-411: The funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city. The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour. It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'. Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities. Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school ( Gymnasium ) of Western Austria,

2475-443: The high pastures are at an altitude of over 1,500 metres (4,900 feet); a small number stand high in the mountains at around 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). The central section of the Brenner Pass covers a four-lane motorway and railway tracks connecting Bozen/Bolzano in the south and Innsbruck to the north. The village of Brenner consists of an outlet shopping centre (supermarkets and stores), fruit stores, restaurants, cafés, hotels and

2530-411: The mountain pass at Brenner, which had already been under frequent use during the prehistoric eras since the most recent Ice Age. The Brenner Pass, however, was not the first trans-Alpine Roman road to become regularised under the Roman Empire. The first Roman road to cross the Alpine range, Via Claudia Augusta , connected Verona in northern Italy with Augusta Vindelicorum (modern-day Augsburg ) in

2585-524: The parallel Brenner Railway line. According to the 2001 census, 85.76% of the population of the valley speak German, 13.22% Italian and 1.02% Ladin as first language. The following municipalities are part of the Eisacktal district: 46°43′N 11°40′E  /  46.72°N 11.67°E  / 46.72; 11.67 Brenner Pass The Brenner Pass (German: Brennerpass [ˈbʁɛnɐpas] , shortly Brenner ; Italian : Passo del Brennero [ˈpasso del ˈbrɛnnero] )

2640-402: The pass once again formed the border between Italy and the newly independent Republic of Austria, and maintained its importance as a key trade route. On January 1, 1995, the Schengen Agreement entered into force in Austria, a treaty Italy ratified on October 26. As a consequence, border checks were abolished in the Brenner Pass for goods and people between the two countries. On November 19, 1995,

2695-427: The region. The airport is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the centre of Innsbruck. Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus and tram routes. The metre-gauge tram network consists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area: line 6 , the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and line STB ,

2750-403: The seat of government temporarily to that city. During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On 20 February 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among the Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded. In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of

2805-439: The south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics . It also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name means "bridge over the Inn". The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age . Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In

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2860-410: The tram network. In December 2007, the Hungerburgbahn , a funicular service to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension under the Inn River and into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architect Zaha Hadid ,

2915-423: The ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units ( Statistischer Bezirk ) and 178 numbered blocks ( Zählsprengel ). The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011: The results of the 2018 local elections were: Innsbruck is a very popular tourist destination , organizing

2970-410: Was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180. In 1248 the town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol . The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across

3025-424: Was named after its former owner. The farm of a certain Prennerius is mentioned in documents in 1288, a certain Chunradus Prenner de Mittenwalde is mentioned in 1299. The German word Prenner probably refers to somebody who uses slash-and-burn techniques for land clearing. A name for the pass itself appears for the first time in 1328 as ob dem Prenner (German for above the Prenner ). The Romans regularised

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