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54-533: Eflatun Pınar's location near the lake shore corresponds to an almost exact level with other important ruins on the opposite shore, those of Kubadabad Palace , which were built by Seljuks . Eflatun Pınar was briefly examined by the University of Oxford archaeologist Dr. Lucia Nixon in her paper on Çatalhöyük , and she makes use of F.W.Hasluck 's early-20th century work. The site remains largely unexplored to date. According to ArchaeoNews, Eflatun Pınar "designates

108-579: A billion dollars in export revenues in 2007. Its environment is regarded as especially favourable for small and medium enterprises . The Kayseri Free Zone established in 1998 now has more than 43 companies with an investment of 140 million dollars. The Zone's main business activities include production, trading, warehouse management, mounting and demounting, assembly-disassembly, merchandising, maintenance and repair, engineering workshops, office and workplace rental, packing-repacking, banking and insurance, leasing, labelling and exhibition facilities. Kayseri FTZ

162-467: A break with the traditional pavilion structure that characterised earlier palaces. Kubadabad Palace is unusual for a Seljuq palace in that its location is so far from a fortified town, in contrast to palaces at Konya and Kayseri . Protection seems to have been provided by a fortress complex located on the nearby island of Kız Kalesi. Other ruins in the area include the important Hittite site of Eflatunpınar . Excavations at Kubadabad Palace uncovered

216-474: A day to Ankara . To the east there are two train routes, one to Kars and the other to Tatvan at the western end of Lake Van . As the city is located in central Turkey, road transportation is very efficient. It takes approximately three hours to reach Ankara, the same to the Mediterranean coast and 45 minutes to Cappadocia . A notable ski resort in winter and accessible for trekking in summer, Mt Erciyes

270-564: A functioning hamam with separate sections for men and women dating back to 1238. Near the mosque is the Sahabiye Medresesi , a theological school dating back to 1267 with a magnificent portal typical of Seljuk architecture. Very similar is the Avgunlu Medresesi which now serves as a large bookshop-cum-cafe in a park. In Mimar Sinan Park stands the Çifte Medresesi , a pair of Seljuk-era theological schools that eventually served as

324-539: A hospital for those with psychiatric disorders. They were commissioned by the Seljuk sultan Giyasettin I Keyhüsrev and his sister, Gevher Nesibe Sultan , who is buried inside. Today the buildings house the Museum of Seljuk Civilisations. Another Seljuk survivor is the grand Halikılıç Mosque complex which has two spectacular entrance portals. It dates back to 1249 but was extensively restored three centuries later. Post-dating

378-563: A house traditionally associated with him is open to the public as a museum. Beneath it there is one of the 'underground cities' so typical of Cappadocia . The restored Church of Saint Procopius dates back to 1857 and serves as a cultural centre. The small town of Develi also contains some attractive old houses. The 19th-century Armenian Church of Saint Mary has been turned into the Lower Everek Mosque ( Turkish : Aşağı Everek Cami ). Kayseri received notable public investments in

432-598: A large monastic complex, the Basileiad, in Caesarea Mazaca in the 4th century. Nothing remains of it today. The city stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes ( Mount Argaeus in antiquity). Very few traces of the ancient site now survive. For more on the Roman and Byzantine eras see Caesarea (Mazaca) . The Arab general, and later the first Umayyad Caliph , Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from

486-541: A magnificent series of polychrome ceramic tiles now held in Konya's Karatay Museum . Painted with an underglaze of blue, purple, turquoise and green, the series consists of white, star-shaped figural panels alternating with turquoise crosses. Similar tiling has also been found on the Roman theater at Aspendos , which Kayqubad had converted into a palace. The subjects of the tiles include humans, and animals both real and fantastic. Of particular interest are two tiles thought to show

540-565: A new site inside the walls. Kayseri Clock Tower , built in the early 20th century by Abdülhamid II , is located in the city center and remains a recognizable landmark. Bürüngüz Mosque , constructed in the 13th century, is an example of Seljuk architecture and is still in use today. Surp Asdvadzadzin Virgin Mary Church Research Library , located within the Surp Asdvadzadzin Church. The Atatürk House Museum

594-461: A portrait of the sultan and another showing a double-headed eagle inscribed "al-sultān." The same symbols appear on other works sponsored by Kayqubad, such as the city walls of Konya. Kayseri Kayseri ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈkajseɾi] ) is a large city in Central Anatolia , Turkey , and the capital of Kayseri province . Historically known as Caesarea , it has been

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648-417: A significant role in the city's educational offerings, providing specialized medical training and research opportunities. These institutions collectively contribute to Kayseri's growing reputation as an educational hub. Kayseri's cuisine includes several traditional dishes that are characteristic of the region. Mantı , a small dumpling filled with minced meat and commonly served with yogurt and spiced butter,

702-517: A strong work ethic. According to an op-ed in The Irish Times , "The city's streets are not crowded with luxury cars, and the homes in its wealthiest neighborhoods are relatively modest compared to European standards. Rather than conspicuous consumption, wealth is often reinvested into the community." Philanthropy plays an important role in the city, aligning with the Islamic emphasis on charity. Kayseri

756-404: Is 30 minutes from the city centre. Within the city transportation largely relies on buses and private vehicles although there is also a light rail transit (LRT) system called Kayseray which runs to the inter-city bus terminal and to Talas. The city had two professional football teams competing in top-flight Turkish football. Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor simultaneously play in

810-679: Is a central public space in Kayseri, surrounded by notable buildings. Inside the centre of Kayseri the most unmissable reminder of the past are the huge basalt walls that once enclosed the old city. Dating back to the sixth century and the reign of the Emperor Justinian , they have been repeatedly repaired, by the Seljuks , by the Ottomans and more recently by the current Turkish government. In 2019 Kayseri Archaeology Museum moved from an outlying location to

864-455: Is a private, non-profit school in the Kocasinan district, serving kindergarten through high school. Middle East Technical University Development Foundation Kayseri College follows METU 's educational philosophy, offering a comprehensive curriculum. Talas American College , established in 1871, has a rich legacy as an American school and continues to influence the region's education. Although

918-458: Is another popular specialty in the region and is commonly included in breakfasts or cooked with eggs. Stuffed zucchini flowers are a seasonal dish prepared with a filling of minced meat, garlic, and spices. The flowers are carefully stuffed and then baked or steamed. This dish highlights the use of locally sourced ingredients in Kayseri's cuisine. Nevzine is a traditional dessert made from tahini, molasses, and walnuts, soaked in syrup. This dessert

972-719: Is buried beside it although it was only completed by the Seljuks after his death. There are many magnificent reminders of the Seljuk supremacy in and around the walls as well as many much smaller kümbets (domed tombs) of which the most impressive is the Döner Kümbet ( lit. Revolving Tomb). The oldest surviving Seljuk place of worship – and the oldest Seljuk mosque built in Turkey – is the Hunat Hatun Mosque Complex which still includes

1026-423: Is known for its privately funded institutions, including schools, clinics, sports facilities, and community centers, reflecting a focus on communal support and development. The city is served by Erkilet International Airport (ASR) which is a short distance from the centre of Kayseri. It offers several flights a day to Istanbul. Kayseri is connected to the rest of country by rail services. There are four trains

1080-564: Is located in a house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk stayed, providing historical context about the early years of the Turkish Republic. The National Struggle Museum focuses on the history of the Turkish War of Independence and the role of Kayseri in the formation of the modern Turkish state. The Grand Mosque ( Turkish : Ulu Cami ) was started by the Danişmend emir Melik Mehmed Gazi who

1134-429: Is not conurbated, meaning it is not contiguous and has a largely non-protected buffer zone . Kayseri sits at the foot of Mount Erciyes ( Turkish: Erciyes Dağı ), a dormant volcano that reaches an altitude of 3,916 metres (12,848 feet), more than 1,500 metres above the city's mean altitude. It contains a number of historic monuments, particularly from the Seljuk period. Tourists often pass through Kayseri en route to

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1188-453: Is one of the cheapest land free zones in the world. A group of social scientists have traced the economic success of Kayseri, a city in central Turkey, to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism." This concept is drawn from Max Weber 's influential 1905 essay, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , which argued that the "this-worldly asceticism" of Calvinism

1242-428: Is one of the city's signature dishes. Known for its fine preparation, Kayseri-style mantı is distinguished by the small size of the dumplings. Pastırma is a type of air-dried, cured beef, seasoned with a paste made from garlic, fenugreek, and spices. It is often thinly sliced and served as an appetizer or used in other dishes. Sucuk , a dry, fermented sausage made from ground beef and seasoned with garlic and red pepper,

1296-462: Is the city's largest research university . It currently has 13 faculties, six colleges, and seven vocational schools, with over 3,100 staff members and 41,225 students. Nuh Naci Yazgan University , founded in 2009, is the only private university in the region. Kayseri University , established more recently, contributes to the city's academic landscape with a focus on a diverse curriculum. University of Health Sciences Kayseri Medical School also plays

1350-454: Is the older and very atmospheric Vezir Han which was commissioned in the early 18th century by Nevşehir -born Damad İbrahim Paşa who became a grand vizier to Sultan Ahmed III before being assassinated in 1730. The Kayseri suburb of Talas was the ancestral home of Calouste Gulbenkian , Aristotle Onassis and Elia Kazan . Once ruinous following the expulsion of its Armenian population in 1915 and then of its Greek population in 1923, it

1404-587: The Byzantines temporarily in 647. The city was called Kaisariyah ( قيصرية ) by the Arabs, and later Kayseri ( قیصری ) by the Seljuk Turks after it was captured by Alp Arslan in 1067. Alp Arslan's forces demolished the city and massacred its population. The shrine of Saint Basil was also sacked after the fall of the city. As a result, the city remained uninhabited for the next half century. From 1074 to 1178

1458-646: The Süper Lig , making Kayseri one of only two cities having more than one team in Spor Toto Süper Lig 2013–14 (the other being Istanbul ). In 2006 Kayserispor became the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Kayserispor is the remaining professional team in the city, playing in the top flight as of 2023. The Erciyes Ski Resort on Mount Erciyes is one of the largest ski resorts in Turkey. The women's football club Kayseri Gençler Birliği

1512-757: The 18th and 19th centuries were subjected to wholesale demolition starting in the 1970s. The building that hosted the Kayseri Lyceum was rearranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army was advancing on Ankara , the base of the Turkish National Movement. Kayseri has a continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ). It experiences cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers with cool nights. Precipitation occurs throughout

1566-770: The 1920s and 1930s. Sümer Fabric Factory and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikası ( English : Kayseri Aeroplane Factory) were set up here in the Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft made in Turkey in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants transformed themselves into rural capitalists. Members of Turkish business families such as Sabancı , Has , Dedeman , Hattat , Kurmel , Özyeğin , Karamanlargil and Özilhan started out as small-scale merchants in Kayseri before becoming prominent actors in

1620-498: The 2010s an erstwhile small, local ski resort was developed into more of an international attraction with big-name hotels and facilities suitable for all sorts of winter pastimes. The archaeological site of Kanesh-Kültepe , one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor , is 20 km northeast of Kayseri. Ağırnas , a small town with many lovely old houses, was the birthplace in 1490 of the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan , and

1674-478: The Seljuks is the Güpgüpoğlu Mansion which dates back to the early 15th century but is open to the public with the furnishings it would have had in the late 19th century when it was home to the poet and politician Ahmed Midhad Güpgüpoğlu. Close to the walls is Kayseri's own Kapalı Çarşı ( Turkish : Kapalı Çarşı ), still a bustling commercial centre selling cheap clothes, shoes and much else. Deep inside it

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1728-471: The Turkish economy. Despite setting up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana , they often returned to Kayseri to invest. Thanks to the economic liberalisation policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as a base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructure,

1782-575: The area was under the control of the Danishmendids who rebuilt the city in 1134. The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate controlled the city from 1178 to 1243 and it was one of their most important centres until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. The city then fell to the Eretnids before finally becoming Ottoman in 1515. It

1836-535: The association between Plato and Konya since Selcuk times. The monument shows "a hierarchical image of the Hittite Pantheon represented on it", according to the UNESCO World Heritage site. The image depicts "five mountain gods with the characteristic skirts with scales forming the bottom row of the fully excavated main monument". Above these are seated a male and female "divine couple", probably representing

1890-399: The attractions of Cappadocia to the west. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University . Kayseri was originally called Mazaka or Mazaca ( Armenian : Մաժաք , romanized :  Mažak' ; according to Armenian tradition, it was founded by and named after Mishak) and was known as such to the geographer Strabo , during whose time it was

1944-574: The basin together with one bronze pin." According to Somewhere Wonderful, "The site has recently been ‘improved’ by Konya's museum service; in a crass mix of the twee and the totalitarian its operatives have installed willow-pattern wooden bridges while a barbed-wire fence with concrete uprights keeps the cattle out." 37°49′22″N 31°41′21″E  /  37.82278°N 31.68917°E  / 37.82278; 31.68917 Kubadabad Palace Kubadabad Palace or Kubad Abad Palace (also spelled: Qubadabad Palace ) ( Turkish : Kubadabad Sarayı )

1998-502: The capital of the Roman province of Cappadocia , known also as Eusebia at the Argaeus ( Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ἀργαίῳ in Greek ), after Ariarathes V Eusebes , King of Cappadocia (r. 163–130 BC). In 14 AD its name was changed by Archelaus (d. 17 AD), the last King of Cappadocia (r. 36 BC–14 AD) and a Roman vassal, to " Caesarea in Cappadocia " (to distinguish it from other cities with

2052-484: The city has achieved remarkable industrial growth since 2000, causing it to be described as one of Turkey's Anatolian Tigers . The pace of growth of the city was so fast that in 2004 the city applied to the Guinness Book of World Records for the most new manufacturing industries started in a single day: 139 factories. Kayseri also has emerged as one of the most successful furniture-making hub in Turkey earned more than

2106-472: The end of his reign, Kayqubad himself drew up plans for the palace and assigned responsibility for its completion to his vizier Sa'd al-Din Köpek . The palace remains were discovered in 1949 and subsequently excavated, first in the 1960s by German archaeologist Katharina Otto-Dorn and more recently by a team from Ankara University led by Rüçhan Arık. The complex comprises sixteen buildings, including two palaces,

2160-401: The historical capital of Cappadocia since ancient times. The Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality area is composed of five districts: the two central districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi , and since 2004, also outlying Hacılar , İncesu , and Talas . As of 31 December 2021, the province had a population of 1,434,357 of whom 1,175,886 live in the four urban districts, excluding İncesu which

2214-521: The larger of which is known as the Great Palace and measures fifty by thirty-five metres. Among its features are a game park and a small wooden dockyard that replicates the Tersane at Alanya . The Great Palace is an asymmetrical structure incorporating a courtyard, guest rooms, a harem and eyvan . It is remarkable for its ornate figural tiles, and its innovative layout, modeled on the caravansarai , reflects

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2268-642: The most south-westerly point of the Hittite expansion. The uniqueness of this place is also demonstrated by the fact that this is one of the few discovered places where the Hittites presented human figures from the front." Eflatun Pınar has been on the Tentative UNESCO World Heritage list since 2014. The spring produces cold and clear water. The Turkish name means 'lilac coloured or violet spring', though its name actually means Plato's Spring, stemming from

2322-594: The name Caesarea in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus upon his death. This name was rendered as Καισάρεια ( Kaisáreia ) in Koine Greek , the dialect of the later Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire , and it remained in use by the natives (nowadays known as Cappadocian Greeks , due to their spoken language, but then referred to as Rum due to their previous Roman citizenship) until their expulsion from Turkey in 1924. (Note that letter C in classical Latin

2376-634: The residence of the kings of Cappadocia . In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa during the 200+ years of Achaemenid Persian rule. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city. Basil of Caesarea , one of the Cappadocian Fathers, established

2430-415: The school is no longer active, its historical contributions to education in Kayseri continue to be remembered. Kayseri is home to four public universities and one private university . Abdullah Gül University , established in 2010, is the first public university in Turkey with legal provisions for support by a philanthropic foundation dedicated entirely to its work. Erciyes University , founded in 1978,

2484-639: The storm god and sun goddess, Tarhunna and Arinniti . The same figures are probably also represented on the Southern and Eastern walls. Aside from these main images, "several sculptures of reclined animals were found in the filler of the basin, it concerned probably the execution of lions, deer and bulls. This rich supply of sculptures adds to already more long well known remainder of a twin animals group. Votive miniature ceramic vessels very similar to those found in Bogazkoy Hattusa ponds were also uncovered inside

2538-408: The year, albeit with a marked decrease in late summer and early fall. The city of Kayseri consists of sixteen metropolitan districts: Akkışla, Bünyan, Develi, Felâhiye, Hacılar, İncesu, Kocasinan, Melikgâzi, Özvatan, Pınarbaşı, Sarıoğlan, Sarız, Talas, Tomarza, Yahyâlı, and Yeşilhisar. Kayseri features a range of historical and cultural attractions that reflect the city's heritage. Cumhuriyet Square

2592-507: Was a complex of summer residences built for sultan Kayqubad I (1220–1237), ruler of the Sultanate of Rum . The palace is located on the southwestern shores of Lake Beyşehir in south-west Central Anatolia , Turkey , just over 100 kilometers west of the Seljuq capital at Konya . The site was formerly only known from the descriptions of the contemporary historian Ibn Bibi , who wrote that toward

2646-699: Was during the reign of the Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum . The relatively short Seljuk period left a large number of historic landmarks including the Hunat Hatun Complex , the Kiliç Arslan Mosque, the Ulu Camii (Grand Mosque) and the Gevher Nesibe Hastanesi (Hospital). As Mazaca ( Ancient Greek : Μάζακα ), the city served as

2700-459: Was largely reconstructed in the early 21st century. The Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Mary , built in 1888, has been converted into the Yaman Dede Mosque. Similarly attractive is the suburb of Germir , home to three 19th-century churches and many fine old stone houses. Mount Erciyes ( Turkish : Erciyes Dağı ) looms over Kayseri and serves as a trekking and alpinism centre. During

2754-654: Was promoted to the Women's First League for the 2020–21 League season. Kayseri High School ( Ottoman Turkish : Kayseri Mekteb-i Sultanisi , lit. the Imperial School of Kayseri), founded in 1893, is one of Turkey's oldest high schools. It has a long history of providing quality education and has played a key role in the region's educational development. Nuh Mehmet Küçükçalık Anadolu Lisesi , established in 1984, offers education in English . TED Kayseri College , founded in 1966,

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2808-529: Was pronounced K. When the first Turks arrived in the region in 1080 AD, they adapted this pronunciation, which eventually became Kayseri in Turkish, remaining as such ever since.) Kayseri experienced three golden ages. The first, dating to 2000 BC, was when the city formed a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites . The second came under Roman rule from the 1st to the 11th centuries. The third golden age

2862-508: Was the centre of a sanjak called initially the Rum Eyalet (1515–1521) and then the Angora vilayet (founded as Bozok Eyalet, 1839–1923). The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai , where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan, dates from around 1500. The town's older districts which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from

2916-441: Was the driving force behind the development of modern capitalism. In a similar vein, these scholars suggest that the religious and cultural practices in Kayseri, rooted in a modern interpretation of Islam, fostered values such as hard work, thrift, and entrepreneurial spirit, which contributed to the city's economic growth. In Kayseri, a notable characteristic of the local culture is a form of austerity, which can be observed alongside

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