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43-464: Edward Abbott may refer to: Edward Abbott (governor) ( fl. 1775–1778), rebuilt Fort Vincennes , Indiana Edward Abbott (jurist) (1766–1832), Australian soldier, politician and judge Edward Gilbert Abbott (1825–1855), American patient upon whom ether was demonstrated Edward Abbott (priest) (1841–1908), American Christian minister Edward Lyman Abbott (1891–1918), Canadian athlete after whom

86-521: A census of the settlement, built up the fort, and renamed it Fort Sackville in honor of Lord George Sackville . The population around the fort grew quickly in the years that followed. A unique culture developed of regional Native Americans, ethnic French and British farmers, craftsmen, and traders. The site of Ft. Sackville was near the present-day intersection of First and Main Streets in Vincennes. Following

129-529: A head. Captain Zachary Taylor was put in charge of the fort. Late in 1811 Fort Knox II had its most important period when it was used as the muster point for Governor Harrison as he gathered his troops, both regular U.S. army and militia, prior to the march to Prophetstown and the Battle of Tippecanoe . After the battle, the troops returned to Fort Knox at Vincennes; several died there from their wounds. In 1813, as

172-572: A mail route from Louisville through Vincennes to Kaskaskia, Illinois at the Mississippi River along the Trace. The route began on 22 March 1800 and ran every four weeks. It was extended to Cahokia, Illinois the following year. Both of these were former French colonial settlements from the early 18th century. In 1802 William Henry Harrison , governor of the Indiana Territory, recommended that

215-675: A new fort. In 1803, the federal government approved $ 200 to build a new fort, and the War Department bought land for the new fort about three miles north of Vincennes, at a Wabash River landing called Petit Rocher, which offered a good view up the river. This fort was also called Fort Knox, and referred to locally as Fort Knox II. The sleepy little fort was known mostly as a site of duels (Captain Thorton Posey shot his second-in-command in 1811) and desertion. But by 1811 disagreements between Gov. Harrison and Indian leader Tecumseh were reaching

258-430: A road paved from New Albany to Vincennes as part of its internal improvements program. The road "approximated" the Trace's route. It was extended to Paoli, Indiana , after the state government leased operation of the road to a private organization as part of their negotiations to avoid bankruptcy. The paved road was called the "New Albany-Paoli Turnpike." The first stagecoach service in the state started in 1820 along

301-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Forts of Vincennes, Indiana During the 18th and early 19th centuries, the French, British and U.S. forces built and occupied a number of forts at Vincennes, Indiana . These outposts commanded a strategic position on the Wabash River . The names of the installations were changed by the various ruling parties, and

344-638: The French and Indian War (as the North American front was known in that continent), the British and colonial governments could not afford the cost of maintaining frontier posts. They did not station troops in the Wabash Valley at all for a decade following the conflict. Fort Vincennes fell into disrepair, and the government ordered Vincennes to be evacuated due to ongoing lawlessness. The residents united and proved to

387-732: The Illinois Country , and relocated to Mobile (now in Alabama on the Gulf Coast), then the capital of La Louisiane . The exact location of Juchereau's trading post has not been determined. Because the Buffalo Trace crossed the Wabash at Vincennes, some historians believe the post was at or near the site of the modern city of Vincennes. Some other historians place the post 50 miles to the south. François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes , acting under

430-741: The Illinois campaign against the British during the Revolutionary War . It became known as Clark's Grant. George Rogers Clark used the Trace to return to the Louisville area after his Illinois Campaign . As the Continentals took control of the Illinois country during the Revolutionary War, the Trace became a busy overland route, which made it a target for Indian war parties. Clark's memoirs mentioned

473-467: The Mississippi River or north to what would become Chicago. In Chicago, the Trace is called Vincennes Avenue, and after state-funded improvements and straightening, parts became State Street . The Trace across southern Indiana became integral to early development. Two main areas of early settlement in the Indiana Territory were made along it: Vincennes to the west and Clark's Grant in the south. In

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516-472: The War of 1812 increased the chances of attacks on Vincennes by Native Americans, the military determined that Fort Knox was too far away to protect the town. Fort Knox II was disassembled, floated down the Wabash, and reassembled just a few yards from where Fort Knox I had been. The former Fort Knox II site is now marked and preserved as a state and national historic site, close to present-day Ouabache State Park on

559-750: The "Vincennes Trace," and the "Louisville Trace." U.S. Route 150 from Vincennes to New Albany follows the path of the Trace. A large section of the original Trace can be seen south of French Lick in Orange County, Indiana , along the Springs Valley Trail System . In 2009 a section of U.S. Route 150 and the Buffalo Trace were designated as part of the Indiana Historic Pathways, a National Scenic Byway that crosses southern Indiana. In total, driving U.S. Route 150 to coincide with

602-585: The Abbott Cup is named Edward Abbott (Master of Magdalene College) (died 1746) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Abbott&oldid=1247042379 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

645-541: The British as a threat to Virginia's western settlements, in what became Kentucky but was then still part of the original colony. After accomplishing that objective, he returned south of the Ohio River to Kentucky, hoping to raise troops for an assault on British-held Fort Detroit , but he was unsuccessful. In spring 1780, the Virginia troops withdrew from the Vincennes fort, leaving it in the control of local militia. After

688-757: The British authorities that they were permanent residents, not illegal squatters. British neglect came to an end on June 2, 1774, when the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act , which enlarged the boundaries of the Province of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and Illinois Country . It reached to the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River , west to the Mississippi River and north to

731-607: The British in the Seven Years' War, in 1763 France ceded control of its territory in North America east of the Mississippi River to the British. On May 18, 1764, St. Ange was directed by the British to leave Fort Vincennes and assume command of Fort Chartres in Illinois Country along the upper Mississippi. He transferred command to Drouet de Richerville, a local citizen. British Lt. John Ramsey came to Vincennes in 1766. He took

774-608: The French settlers and native peoples joined his force to re-capture Fort Sackville. Clark let his native allies kill those of Hamilton as an example. He sent Hamilton and his British men to jail in Williamsburg, Virginia , the capital of the province, where Governor Thomas Jefferson held them as prisoners of war. Clark renamed the post as Fort Patrick Henry after the American patriot and Founding Father Patrick Henry . In his wilderness campaigns in this territory, Clark sought to remove

817-675: The Indian capital at Prophetstown in Tippecanoe, culminating in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 during the War of 1812. The former site of what is known as "Fort Knox II" has been marked and preserved as a state historic site. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The first trading post on the Wabash River was established by Sieur Charles Juchereau, the first Lieutenant-General of

860-450: The Ohio River at the Falls and followed the Trace overland to the western territories. It is considered to be the most important of the early traces leading to the Illinois country. In Indiana the Trace's main line split into several smaller trails that converged north of Jasper , near several large ponds, or mud holes, where buffalo would wallow. Due to the large number of buffalo that used

903-554: The Revolution, several dozen Kentucky families settled in Vincennes. Friction between these Americans, the ethnic French-dominated local government, and the native peoples resulted in Virginia Governor Patrick Henry to dispatching George Rogers Clark to command militia to the region. Clark reached Vincennes in 1786. His attempts to negotiate with the local native peoples were unsuccessful. He created an incident by seizing

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946-539: The Royal Jurisdiction of the Provostship of Montreal. Sieur Juchereau along with 34 Canadiens , founded the company post on October 28, 1702 for the purpose of trading for buffalo hides to be supplied by Native Americans. In the first three years, the post collected more than 13,000 buffalo hides. When Juchereau died, the post was abandoned. The French colonial settlers left what they considered hostile territory in

989-404: The Trace be improved as a road suitable for wagon travel, with inns developed for travelers every thirty to forty miles. By 1804 the Trace was so well known that Harrison used it as a treaty boundary with Indians. The Vincennes treaty of 1804 gave the U.S. government possession of Indiana land from south of the Trace to the Ohio River, including the Trace itself. William Rector was hired to survey

1032-844: The Trace in describing an early Indian attack on traders in 1779, after Hamilton surrendered at Fort Sackville and Clark's militia controlled Vincennes. He led his force against the Indians in the Battle of the White River Forks . Richard "Dickie" Clark (1760–c. 1784), the younger brother of General George Rogers Clark and Captain William Clark , disappeared while traveling along the Trace in 1784. He had left Clarksville , to travel alone to Vincennes. Accounts varied: one said that his horse had been found with saddlebags bearing his initials. Another account said his horse's bones were found with Clark's bags nearby. His remains were never found. There

1075-495: The Trace, the well-worn path was twelve to twenty feet wide in places. Various trails also converged around a major salt lick, probably near present-day French Lick, Indiana . The Trace crossed the White River at several points, including places near the present-day towns of Petersburg and Portersville, Indiana . After a major crossing at the Wabash River, the Trace split into separate trails that led west across Illinois to

1118-419: The Trace; the route was from New Albany to Vincennes . The route served Floyd County, Indiana ; the towns of Greenville , Galena , and Floyds Knobs in particular. Other names for the Trace through its history have been Lan-an-zo-ki-mi-wi (or lenaswihkanawea , an Indian name meaning "bison trail" or "buffalo road"), the "Old Indian Road," the "Clarksville Trace," "Harrison's Road," the "Kentucky Road,"

1161-519: The U.S. Secretary of War. It was located at the present-day intersection of First and Buntin streets. During the relative peace with the British and most Native American tribes from 1787 to 1803, Fort Knox was the westernmost American military outpost. But the garrison at Fort Knox did not get along with the local population. In 1796, the garrison was ordered not to venture beyond 100 yards of Fort Knox. Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison petitioned Secretary of War Henry Dearborn for money to build

1204-508: The authority of the French colony of Louisiana , constructed a fort in 1731–1732. The outpost was designed to secure the lower Wabash Valley for France, mostly by strengthening ties through trading with the Miami , Wea , and Piankashaw nations. It was named Fort Vincennes in honor of Vincennes, who had been captured and burned at the stake in 1735 during a war with the Chickasaw nation based to

1247-732: The early 18th century, the French developed colonial posts in the Illinois Country by moving down the Mississippi and into its tributaries. In 1732 François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes , founded a trading post near the Trace's Wabash River crossing; it developed as the town of Vincennes. After the American Revolutionary War , in the late 1780s the U.S. government granted land in New York, Ohio and Indiana to veterans as payment for service. The US granted "so many acres of land" to George Rogers Clark and his men for their military service in

1290-632: The forts were considered strategic in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , the Northwest Indian War and the War of 1812 . The last fort was abandoned in 1816. The settlement around the forts was best known as the territorial capital of the Northwest Territory (later, the Indiana Territory). The best known event was Gen. William Henry Harrison 's mustering of forces at Vincennes just prior to his campaign against

1333-448: The goods of Spanish traders, which enraged the local population and risked war with Spain. Under orders from the new United States government, Clark and his men left Vincennes in the spring of 1787. In 1787, the US garrison under Major Jean François Hamtramck built a new fort a few blocks north of the old one and named it Fort Knox (usually referred to by local historians as Fort Knox I), after

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1376-471: The outskirts of Vincennes. The outline of the former fort has been marked with short posts, and there is interpretive signage in a park setting. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. After the war, the threat of attacks again decreased, and friction between residents and soldiers again became an issue. Since the Native American territories decreased and moved farther north, it

1419-511: The period's history at Fort Knox II. 38°43′30″N 87°30′23″W  /  38.7251202°N 87.5062652°W  / 38.7251202; -87.5062652 Buffalo Trace (road) It was known by various names, including Buffalo Trace , Louisville Trace , Clarksville Trace , and Old Indian Road. After being improved as a turnpike, the New Albany-Paoli Pike , among others. The Trace's continuous use encouraged improvements over

1462-644: The road. Filson's overland route took nine days. General Josiah Harmar , Commander of the Army of the Ohio, kept a log when he led the First American Regiment on a return march from Vincennes in 1786. Following the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, settlers poured into the western territories. Many of them kept journals, recording their observations along the Trace. In late 1799 U.S. postmaster Joseph Habersham established

1505-468: The south. In 1736, Louis Groston de Saint-Ange de Bellerive assumed command of the post. He rebuilt the fort, also known as Fort Saint-Ange, and developed the post as a major trading center. He recruited Canadian traders to encourage regional Native American people to settle there in order to develop stronger relations. By 1750, the Piankashaw had moved a village near the post. After being defeated by

1548-534: The southern boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company -owned region of Rupert's Land . Lieutenant Governor Edward Abbott was sent to Vincennes without troops. Making the best of it, he rebuilt Fort Sackville. Abbott soon resigned, citing lack of support from the Crown. In July 1778, Father Pierre Gibault arrived with news of the alliance between France and the newly declared United States. The Canadien residents took control of

1591-417: The trace. Rangers were hired to protect travelers using the road, eventually doing so on horseback in 1812. During the War of 1812 , Harrison assigned 150 men to patrol the Trace between Vincennes and Louisville, "so as to completely protect the citizens and the road." Because the Trace remained the primary road across southern Indiana after the territory became a state in 1816, the state legislature had

1634-531: The treaty land in 1805. His survey notes provide an important record of the Buffalo Trace's route. Survey maps and field notes identified forty-three miles of the old trace road from Clark's Grant to the White River in southern Indiana. The Buffalo Trace was the primary travel route between the Louisville area and Vincennes; two-thirds of settlers traveling from the Louisville area into the interior of Indiana used

1677-692: The unoccupied Fort Sackville, and Colonel George Rogers Clark sent Captain Leonard Helm to command the post. In December, a British force consisting of men from the 8th Regiment of Foot and the Detroit Militia under Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton , based at Fort Detroit, retook Fort Sackville, and made Captain Helm a prisoner. Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark marched 130 men through 180 miles of wilderness to Vincennes in February 1779. As he entered town,

1720-531: The years, including paving and roadside development. U.S. Route 150 between Vincennes, Indiana, and Louisville, Kentucky , follows a portion of this path. Sections of the improved Trace have been designated as part of a National Scenic Byway that crosses southern Indiana. The Trace was created by millions of migrating bison that were numerous in the region from the Great Lakes to the Piedmont of North Carolina. It

1763-462: Was decided to move the garrison to Fort Harrison, near Terre Haute , where the troops had won a victory a few years before. On February 10, 1816, the garrison was ordered to Fort Harrison, and Fort Knox was abandoned. Within weeks, Vincennes residents had stripped the fort of all usable materials. The "Muster on the Wabash" is the annual Fall gathering of U.S Army, U.S. Militia, British Mercenaries, and Native American reenactors dedicated to reliving

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1806-560: Was part of a greater buffalo migration route that extended from present-day Big Bone Lick State Park in Kentucky, through Bullitt's Lick , south of present-day Louisville, and across the Falls of the Ohio River to Indiana, then northwest to Vincennes, before crossing the Wabash River into Illinois. The trail was well known among the area's natives and used for centuries. It later became known and used by European traders and white settlers who crossed

1849-440: Was speculation that he was killed by Indians or thieves in the area, but historian William Hayden English concluded that he probably drowned while crossing a river. Several written accounts by explorers, the military, and settlers document the Trace's use as an overland route. In 1785 and 1786 explorer John Filson travelled by river to Vincennes and returned to the Falls of the Ohio via the Trace; he documented his travels along

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