Misplaced Pages

#749250

120-642: The Pay Board and the Price Commission were created on October 22, 1971, when President Nixon appointed 22 members between the boards, as agencies to create and administer economic controls in Phase II of the Economic Stabilization Program (ESP), with Donald Rumsfeld newly acting as the executive director of the Cost of Living Council responsible for establishing the overall goals of Phases I and II of

240-416: A couple (as of 2020) to help meet the costs of basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing. In most states, SSI eligibility usually assures concurrent access to important medical coverage under the various state Medicaid programs and sometimes access to Section 8 housing benefits. In some states, supplemental payments are made by the state, increasing the cash assistance available through SSI. For example,

360-585: A cushion. Since Nixon decoupled the dollar from the gold standard , the dollar price of imports increased. The cost of imports allowed Americans to focus on American-made products to keep the money circulating throughout the American economy, resulting in a higher income for American workers. To lull the anxieties of unemployment and the anxieties about the promises of the Economic Stabilization Act in conjunction with bettering public service, Nixon signed

480-629: A degree from either institution. Rumsfeld served in the United States Navy from 1954 to 1957, as a naval aviator and flight instructor . His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to the T-28 advanced trainer. In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as

600-419: A disability only if the physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that the individual is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. This is regardless of whether any of these are true: "The statute also specifies that 'work which exists in

720-622: A drilling reservist. On July 1, 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C. , as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile , Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker . He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with

840-452: A felony or violating probation or parole are statutorily prohibited from receiving SSI or Title II Social Security benefits. The Social Security Administration interpreted the statutes broadly to include individuals whose names were matched against a warrant database. Some individuals lost benefits even though the warrant in question was for a different person. For others, the presence of a warrant did not necessarily mean that an individual

960-616: A legal resident of the United States before the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 took effect (August 22, 1996). Those who arrived after that date may be denied SSI benefits. However, the regulations governing alien eligibility for SSI are complex and contain many exceptions; for instance, asylees, refugees, spouses of a member of the U.S. military, and some LAPR may be qualified aliens. A person who has been in LAPR status for at least five years, has

1080-803: A member of Congress . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968. While in Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee , the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He

1200-585: A member of the FCC 's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the Council on Foreign Relations ; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to

1320-827: A member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships , the Hoover Institution at Stanford University , and the National Park Foundation . He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group. Rumsfeld was a member of the Project for the New American Century ,

SECTION 10

#1732845309750

1440-540: A partial SSI benefit (due to limited income and resources). The Social Security Administration treats an application for SSI to also be an application for any Social Security benefit for which the individual is eligible. In general, however, SSI differs from Social Security because SSI pays benefits to individuals who have limited income and resources. There is no requirement that the individual worked in Social Security covered employment. An application must be filed with

1560-459: A period of 90-days", as stated by Nixon. That was the salient argument because it was the first time that the Act was opposed and the executive order was being questioned since the union believed that the order did not do justice to the workers under unions and that the Act imposed on the power of the unions since they had to operate under a 90-day spending freeze. The freeze did not allow unions to protect

1680-467: A result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and

1800-441: A substantial level, in the national economy. For child disability cases, SSA determines whether the child has "marked" or severe functional limitations. The initial decision as to whether an individual is disabled is made by the various state Disability Determination Services (DDS), which contract with the federal government and must follow federal rules regarding the definition of disability. Individuals denied disability benefits at

1920-479: A telephone-scheduled interview. Calls placed on the last day of the month, where the interview is scheduled for the second week of the following month, will result in SSI eligibility being retroactive to the month in which the call was made to set up the appointment, although the first check will not be received until the next month. For example, a person calls on 31 January to set up an appointment for February. January will be

2040-452: A think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri 's board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to

2160-524: A valid Form I-551 ( Green card status ) issued by the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration, and has been employed in the United States, may qualify. People wishing to learn whether they might qualify for SSI should contact the Social Security Administration to schedule an appointment for an interview. A person who is incarcerated for a calendar month is ineligible for benefits. If the person

2280-694: A young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the University of Chicago , an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an all volunteer military , and to the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics . He later took part in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose . During his tenure in the House, Rumsfeld voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 , and

2400-441: A young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney , to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be secretary of defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company . He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993 and chairman of Gilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001. Rumsfeld

2520-399: Is filed within 60 days of the date of that expressed intention. To begin the process, people wishing to be considered must contact Social Security (there is a toll-free telephone number ) to set up a disability interview. No online application for SSI is currently available; however, one may apply for Social Security Disability or Retirement benefits online and add the application for SSI via

SECTION 20

#1732845309750

2640-551: Is funded from the U.S. Treasury general funds , not the Social Security trust fund . As of July 2022, the program provides benefits to approximately five million Americans. The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon 's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had somewhat different programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to

2760-566: Is in a medical facility where at least 50% of their costs are paid by Medicaid, their benefit may be reduced to $ 30. Since Congress enacted "fugitive felons" and parole/probation violation provisions in 1996, the Social Security Administration has suspended benefits and charged overpayments to individuals receiving SSI on the basis of outstanding warrants. Enforcement of the provisions greatly increased in 2000, as SSA reached agreements with local law enforcement to match databases. Individuals who are fleeing to avoid prosecution or incarceration for

2880-411: Is that the individual's resources be below a certain limit. This amount is $ 2,000 for an individual and $ 3,000 for an individual and their spouse (whether the spouse is eligible for SSI or not), $ 4,000 for a child applicant with one parent living in the household, and $ 5,000 for a child applicant with two parents living in the household. However, conditional benefits may be paid if a substantial portion of

3000-545: The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea , as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton . Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" though Fortune magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project". The Bush administration repeatedly criticized

3120-837: The Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992);

3240-533: The Manpower Development and Training act of 1962 to use the competence of America's workforce and the Manpower Revenue Sharing Act to make training programs accessible to local governments. The Act provided for limitations on the exercise of presidential authority and allowed delegation of the performance of any of the president's functions to appropriate officers, departments and agencies of

3360-815: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels , Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee , and the Nuclear Planning Group . In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between Cyprus and Turkey . In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in

3480-473: The United States or to entities composed of members appointed to represent different sectors of the economy and the general public. The Act provided for disclosure of information, subpoena power, administrative procedure, criminal and civil sanctions , injunctions and suits for damages and other relief. The Act specified original jurisdiction for judicial review of cases or controversies arising under

3600-657: The United States . SSI was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 and is incorporated in Title 16 of the Social Security Act . The program is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and began operations in 1974. Individuals or their helpers may start the application for SSI benefits by completing a short form on SSA's website. SSA staff will schedule an appointment for

3720-553: The United States Congress , in conjunction with the provisions of the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973, to ensure the best prices for fuel in the country. The Public did not just benefit from initiatives made in the workforce. In the attempt to save social security from suffering from the effects of the inflation, Supplemental Security Income was established to provide unemployed Americans with

Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3840-685: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 – his fourth term – to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a position with Cabinet rank . Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress, and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that

3960-518: The "government's contention of adequacy of law" and Field v. Clark , 143 U.S. 649, 692-693 (1892) for the "permissibility of legislative power within the Government's limits". Many other cases cited by the defense, all of which proved the legitimacy and the flexibility of the Act and the government's authority and range to enforce it. Under a provision in the Act, the Cost of Living Council

4080-523: The "predecessor to the Section 8 rental subsidies". In the case of Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally , 337 F. Supp. 737 (D.D.C. 1971)., the Amalgamated Meat Cutters sued defendant John B Connally , the chairman of the Cost of Living Council and US Treasury Secretary . The Amalgamated Meat Cutters used two arguments, which were condensed into one, when they approached

4200-448: The 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense and George H. W. Bush to become Director of Central Intelligence . According to Bob Woodward 's 2002 book Bush at War , a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career." Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During

4320-506: The 1994 agreement and the former Clinton presidency for its softness towards North Korea, regarding the country as a state sponsor of terrorism , and later designated North Korea as part of the Axis-of-Evil . Supplemental Security Income Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) is a means-tested program that provides cash payments to disabled children, disabled adults, and individuals aged 65 or older who are citizens or nationals of

4440-636: The 50 states, the District of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands to receive SSI benefits. The Northern Mariana Islands became a U.S. territory in 1976 (after the SSI program began) and the covenant establishing its territorial status included eligibility for SSI. The territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are eligible for federal grants to support the "aged, blind, and disabled" but residents are not eligible for SSI. In April 2022,

4560-548: The Act or regulations issued thereunder in the district courts of the United States and directed appeals of final decisions or permitted interlocutory appeals to be brought in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit . This act had special provisions, some of which increased the employment opportunities for minorities, under the local manpower programs. The programs completed two tasks in one. Firstly,

4680-585: The Act, Congress convened to tackle the issue of rapid economic growth in metropolises and other urban environments. The goal was to provide efficient living for people living in these settings and also to condense densely populated areas. The Housing and Urban Development department was established to provide good living and "attractive living environments" for these tenants and to conserve the energy and resources that are used in heavily-populated urban areas. This Act provided people with low income with subsidized rent for affordable housing in privately owned buildings,

4800-542: The ESP. Under the authority of the act, as amended, on August 16, 1971 President Nixon declared goals of combating inflation , reducing unemployment and curbing domestic consumption of foreign goods by imposing a 10% surcharge tax on all dutiable imports. The nation was in recession, attributed to the Vietnam War combined with workforce shortages and the rise in healthcare cost. Nixon inherited high inflation, but unemployment

4920-590: The Emergency Employment Act in 1971, which made specific provision for small businesses and created nearly "150,000 new jobs" in the " public sphere " in such fields as " education , environmental protection , law enforcement, and other ' public works '". The most prominent public work was mass transportation systems. The Act, like the earlier Economic Stabilization Act, required the President to issue periodic reports on all appropriations to Congress . Under

Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-568: The Food and Drug Administration . In 1985, Searle was sold to the Monsanto Company . Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993. A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television ( HDTV ) technology. After taking

5160-473: The House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replace Charles A. Halleck as Republican leader. Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for

5280-778: The Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship , which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community , to senior decision-makers". Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial for its use of torture and the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography, Known and Unknown: A Memoir , as well as Rumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life . Donald Henry Rumsfeld

5400-466: The Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president. When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposing Syria 's occupation of Lebanon ; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve

5520-505: The OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job. After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's "assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House," which "sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility". As director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize

5640-500: The Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as "a laboratory for experimental programs". Several beneficial anti-poverty programs were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci and Dick Cheney to serve under him. He was the subject of one of writer Jack Anderson 's columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid

5760-463: The Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance ( OASDI ) programs associated with Federal Insurance Contributions Act ( FICA ) payroll taxes. The initial benefit levels for SSI in 1972 were approximately the same as the average monthly benefit as a retired worker under the Social Security retirement benefits program. In August 1974, Congress established legislation to automatically increase SSI benefits by

5880-410: The Pentagon had to respond. During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan, at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the Iran–Iraq War . The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to

6000-512: The Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. These programs, which received federal funding, were created as part of the original Social Security Act of 1935. The Nixon administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed

6120-471: The Republican leadership became known as the " Young Turks ". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeed James Schlesinger as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975. During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how

SECTION 50

#1732845309750

6240-406: The Social Security Administration before an individual can receive SSI. Individuals or their helpers may start the application for SSI benefits by completing a short form on SSA's website. SSA staff will schedule an appointment for the individual or helper within 1–2 weeks and complete the process. Alternatively, individuals can apply for SSI by: In order to be eligible for SSI, a person must meet

6360-504: The Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972, which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who are insured through their payroll deduction under

6480-412: The Supreme Court ruled (in United States v. Vaello Madero ) that it is constitutional to exclude residents of Puerto Rico from the SSI program, as the territory does not pay most federal taxes. For adults who are married, SSA will sometimes pay a benefit based on a couple amount. This would occur if both members of a couple meet the categorical requirements of eligibility (for example, both members of

6600-415: The U.S. and internationally, acting as a key representative for the Defense Department , focusing on the politics of his defense role, to fulfill an imperative goal of budget increase, in order to maintain strategic parity with the Soviet Union. Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following

6720-430: The U.S. might support a new oil pipeline across Jordan , which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of chemical weapons ." Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir Known and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein "has been

6840-432: The U.S. troops in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland . The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from the Johnson administration , the Democrats , who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration. As

6960-468: The US, and would not be available to the individual in the US. Several restrictions apply to the eligibility of aliens however. These include being in a "qualified alien" category and meeting an exception condition. There are seven categories of qualified aliens based on Department of Homeland Security (DHS) immigration statuses. This includes: There are five exception conditions. These include: In order to qualify for SSI, an immigrant must have been

7080-403: The United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed. During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration , and was named

7200-558: The United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world". For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles , the B-1 bomber , and a major naval shipbuilding program. Rumsfeld made some changes at the Pentagon , including appointing a second deputy secretary of defense (a position created in 1972 but, before Robert Ellsworth , never filled before ) and combining certain offices. More than his predecessors, Rumsfeld frequently traveled both within

7320-446: The United States; exceptions apply for children of military parents who were born overseas, were disabled or became blind overseas, or first applied for benefits overseas and for students studying abroad who were eligible for SSI in the month prior to leaving the US, whose absence will be for less than one year, and who are studying to enhance their ability to perform substantial gainful activity, sponsored by an educational institution in

SECTION 60

#1732845309750

7440-477: The absence of legislative changes. With SSI income and other sources of family income, about 42 percent of persons on SSI are poor. Historians Edward D. Berkowitz and Larry DeWitt argue that, while "critics often accused the U.S. social welfare system of skewing benefits toward the middle class, rather than the truly needy", SSI successfully targeted benefits to economically vulnerable groups such as minorities. In 2020, African Americans made up about 28 percent of

7560-1185: The adult SSI population (about 13.4 percent of the overall U.S. population is African American). Among SSI recipients 75 or older, 18 percent are Asian American, 20 percent are African American, and 20 percent are Hispanic. Disabled children have been categorically eligible for SSI since the program's beginning. Sullivan v. Zebley was a landmark Supreme Court decision in 1990 that led to additional children qualifying for SSI based on disability. Brian Zebley had brain damage at birth, resulting in mental and physical problems including visual problems and partial paralysis. The Supreme Court found that SSA improperly denied him benefits and concluded that SSA must consider how health impairments affect functioning in children when making disability decisions. A study in 2020 found that, relative to other children, SSI child beneficiaries have "high rates of poverty, near poverty, material hardship, hospitalization, mortality, and adverse schooling outcomes". A study in 2019 found that infant mortality rates for SSI child applicants are about five times that of all children. Although there are some exceptions, generally individuals must reside in one of

7680-404: The aftermath of the Watergate scandal , Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the " Young Turks " who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives. As

7800-467: The age of 18 can be determined to be disabled for SSI purposes "if the individual has a medically determinable impairment or combination of impairments that causes marked or severe functional limitation(s), and can be expected to result in death, or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." Blind – Being deemed blind consists of meeting the following definition: "central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in

7920-412: The age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited

8040-414: The band, the young Rumsfeld played drums and also excelled at saxophone . He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with an A.B. in politics after completing a senior thesis titled " The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers". During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of

8160-474: The better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which has a limitation in the field of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees should also be considered as having a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less." In addition, for SSI purposes, an individual is considered blind regardless of the period of time they are expected to be blind or if they are performing substantial gainful activity. One of

8280-408: The company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993. From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu ( Oseltamivir ), which is used in the treatment of bird flu as well as influenza A and influenza B in humans. As

8400-424: The company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Journalist Andrew Cockburn of Harper's Magazine claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product, aspartame , was shown to have potentially dangerous effects by leveraging old government contacts at

8520-437: The council prior to it being abolished in 1974. Nixon reported that "public support and cooperation" was there for the council when it was making the tough decisions, and he also assured the American people that the Cost of Living Council always "kept the public interest in mind". The president, in his quarterly statements, usually claimed that Rumsfeld and his council were doing a great job in "providing encouraging evidence that

8640-534: The couple are disabled according to the program's definition of disability). In these cases, the benefit payable to a couple is smaller than the combined benefits payable to two individuals in order to take account of the fact that two people living together can live more economically than if each lived alone. However, the reduced SSI couple benefit applies only to those who are legally married, which gives beneficiaries an incentive not to marry. In order to receive SSI benefits, individuals must apply for benefits and meet

8760-566: The court. Their primary concern was pursuing a twenty-five cent an hour increase on general wages. It was argued by them that it was an agreement that was reached in April 1970 and demanded for the wage increase to take effect on September 6, 1971. Their second argument was that the Act was "unconstitutional and the Executive Order was invalid" because one of the stipulations of the Act was that "prices, rent, wages and salaries shall be stabilized for

8880-489: The definition of being aged, disabled, or blind. Aged – Being deemed aged consists of attaining the age of 65 or older. In some cases benefits can be claimed at the age of 62. The Social Security Administration, like the United States Government in general, follows English common law and considers a person to attain an age the day before their birthday. Disabled – Being deemed disabled consists of meeting

9000-400: The economy in the 1960s and promised to bring about change by proposing tax cuts over the course of his term to create new jobs. In 1971, Nixon proceeded with the tax cuts under the provisions of phase II of the Economic Stabilization Act as it was amended earlier that year. Nixon believed America needed a comprehensive manpower policy to reinvigorate the economy. Nixon and the proposed Act cited

9120-429: The eligibility section. The Social Security Administration (SSA) indicates that their "greatest payment accuracy challenges occur within the SSI program." Further, the agency notes administering "the SSI program is complicated by the statutory requirement for us to determine SSI eligibility and calculate SSI payments on a monthly basis." Because payment accuracy is sometimes the result of "program requirements themselves",

9240-415: The fiduciary agency that monitored business practices. Phase II required the Cost of Living Council to engage in wage and price controls. Phase III required the council to enforce another price freeze to balance out economy. Phase IV was a "voluntary compliance and gradual decontrol;" the council had to ease off the businesses and relinquish some control. By April 30, 1974, the council was "abolished". Having

9360-447: The first day of the month unless that day is on a weekend or legal holiday, in which case the payment is made on the first day prior that is not a weekend or legal holiday. The minimum benefit is one dollar. When benefits start Social Security determines the first month of potential eligibility for SSI by the date of the intent to file an application for benefits as expressed to the Social Security Administration , and an application

9480-407: The following requirements: For eligibility based on age, applicants must establish they are 65 or older. For eligibility based on disability, applicants must provide evidence they meet the Social Security Administration's definition of disability. With regard to adult disability cases, the Social Security Administration (SSA) determines whether an individual has a disability that prevents working, at

9600-467: The general disability definition used by the Social Security Administration to be eligible for SSDI: "Disability means inability to engage in any SGA [substantial gainful activity] by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death, or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." "The 1967 amendments specified that workers shall be determined to be under

9720-625: The hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a "clear and present danger," especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination. On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 97–2. At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became

9840-438: The individual or helper within one to two weeks and complete the process. SSI was created to replace federal-state adult assistance programs that served the same purpose, but were administered by the state agencies and received criticism for lacking consistent eligibility criteria. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. Although administered by SSA, SSI

9960-454: The initial level have appeal rights. Appealed cases may be heard by administrative law judges , SSA's Appeals Council, and the federal courts. In some cases, individuals may be eligible for Social Security benefits and SSI benefits. For example, a disabled individual who worked in Social Security covered employment and who has limited income and resources may receive a Social Security disability benefit (due to employment prior to disability) and

10080-517: The limit through investing in excluded resources, they will remain eligible. Excluded resources are resources such as: household goods, personal effects, up to one vehicle, and the home the applicant lives in. An individual's monthly benefit will be calculated by subtracting their "countable income" from the maximum benefit amount. "Countable income" is an individual's income after applying any appropriate exclusions. It includes earned, unearned, in-kind, and deemed income. Payments for SSI are made on

10200-522: The limits were raised to $ 1,800 and $ 2,700, in 1988, to $ 1,900 and $ 2,850, and, in 1989, to $ 2,000 and $ 3,000. Under current law they will remain at present levels indefinitely. The one exception to the general asset limit is the ABLE account , which was established with the signing into law of the ABLE Act of 2014 (standing for Achieving a Better Life Experience Act) on December 19, 2014, This tax-advantaged account

10320-421: The manpower programs set up under the Manpower Development and Training Act and subsequent legislation and thus increase their effectiveness in enhancing the employability of jobless workers; and, second, to move toward a broader national manpower policy which will be an important adjunct of economic policy in achieving our Nation's economic and social objectives". Nixon commented on the futile attempts to contain

10440-402: The maximum SSI benefit will continue to decline relative to benefit levels in the Social Security program. The maximum SSI benefit in 2020 for an individual ($ 783) is below the federal poverty standard for an individual in the United States (about $ 1,084 per month) Because both the SSI amount and the poverty standard are indexed to price inflation, this will continue to be true in the future, in

10560-488: The month-of-application for determination purposes, but the first benefit check will be issued in February. Medicaid benefits usually begin the first month in which medical and financial requirements are met. Eligibility during waiting period People who have qualified for Social Security disability benefits may receive SSI during the five-month waiting period if they meet the income and resource requirements specified above in

10680-488: The nation continues to make progress in the battle against inflation". Nixon continued to say in his report, "The national economy is now expanding significantly. This makes the success of the stabilization program more important than ever." In 1971, Nixon announced he had signed the Revenue Act of 1971 , an amendment to the Economic Stabilization Act, which, according to Nixon, was to provide "tax cuts of some $ 15 billion over

10800-464: The national economy means work which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individuals live or in several regions of the country.'" Substantial gainful activity (SGA), for 2021, is the ability to earn $ 1,310 gross income in a month's period for most disabled individuals. For legally blind individuals, the SGA is $ 2,190, but applies only to SSDI and not SSI. In addition, children under

10920-525: The new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff , following Ford's appointment of General Alexander Haig to be the new Supreme Allied Commander Europe . Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975. In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the Halloween Massacre . Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events. Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as

11040-492: The next 3 years to stimulate the economy and provide hundreds of thousands of new jobs". The program was allowed to expire in 1974 and was viewed as a success by the president. Donald Rumsfeld Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021)

11160-525: The poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake. When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status. He

11280-686: The president (1969–1973), the U.S. Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and the White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975). Between his terms as secretary of defense, he served as the CEO and chairman of several companies. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University , graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science . After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at

11400-511: The program, in addition to providing an equal opportunity for minorities under the Economic Stabilization Act, which led to the Equal Employment Opportunity Act , which created opportunities for those who were unemployed and "transitional" jobs for those who lost jobs. Secondly, the program fulfilled the "unmet needs" for public assistance. The Secretary of Energy under "power vested" by the Act had to submit quarterly reports to

11520-515: The rank of captain in 1989. In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant to David S. Dennison Jr. , a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan . Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, A. G. Becker & Co. , from 1960 to 1962, Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming

11640-534: The requirements to receive SSI is that the individual's income must be below certain limits. These limits may vary based on the state in which the individual lives, living arrangements, the number of people living in the residence, and the type of income. Not all income is counted when determining an individual's "countable income" for SSI eligibility purposes. Certain payments such as: grants, scholarships, SNAP benefits, home energy assistance, and small infrequent payments are not included. Another requirement for SSI

11760-512: The resources are considered non-liquid, resources that cannot be sold within 20 working days, if they agree to sell the resources at their current market value within a specified period and repay the money after the non-liquid property is sold. However, not all actual resources are counted in calculating an individual's or couple's resources for SSI purposes. The resource limits were originally set at $ 1,500 for an individual and $ 2,500 for couples in 1974, and were not linked to inflation. In 1987,

11880-414: The responsibility of chairman of first the Office of Economic Opportunity and then the Cost of Living Council imposed on him, Donald Rumsfeld was initially unhappy with his position as chairman of the council and its "success" and, for a while, opposed its idea. He soon realized that his presence there would "be best" for his influence in both domestic and international commerce and appeared satisfied with

12000-499: The same percentage and at the same time as Social Security retirement, survivors, and disability benefits. In 2020, the maximum SSI benefit for an individual ($ 783) was about 52 percent of the average monthly benefit of retired workers ($ 1,503) in the Social Security retirement benefits program. Although both Social Security and SSI benefits are adjusted for price inflation, initial Social Security benefits are computed by using wage indexing. Because wages tend to grow faster than prices,

12120-434: The state of California (through its State Supplementation Program or SSP) increases the cash assistance, making the total 2020 SSI benefit for an individual $ 943.72 per month. Amount calculation SSI takes the income and resources of the applicant or recipient into consideration when calculating their benefit amount. Resources are determined at the first of the month. If an individual reduces their countable resources below

12240-435: The subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American client state . The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic." The Washington Post reported that "Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld

12360-660: The successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between the Department of Defense and NASA to develop Skylab . Another result of the cooperation was the Space Shuttle program . During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty. Rumsfeld, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown drafted

12480-677: The treaty. However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration. In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly". Rumsfeld's first tenure as Secretary of Defense ended on January 20, 1977. He

12600-549: The union workers, largely since the Pay Board and Price Commission, under the Act and the Executive Order, both monitored and controlled wages. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia upheld the act and rejected an argument that it was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority by citing previous cases such as Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover , 359 U.S. 500, 507 (1959) for

12720-580: The varsity wrestling team, and captain of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back . While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci . Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They had three children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. He attended Case Western Reserve University School of Law and the Georgetown University Law Center , but did not take

12840-465: The war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that the South Vietnamese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of

12960-562: The youngest person to serve as United States Secretary of Defense as of 2024. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks. He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up), that trends in comparative U.S.- Soviet military strength had not favored

13080-574: Was "fleeing," or that the individual had violated probation or parole. As a result of two legal cases ( Martinez v. Astrue and Clark v. Astrue ), the SSA may not suspend benefits based merely on the evidence that a warrant had been issued. Back benefits were owed to hundreds of thousands of recipients. The SSI program (or Title XVI of the Social Security Act 1611) provides monthly federal cash assistance of up to $ 914 for an individual and $ 1,371 for

13200-599: Was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the Freedom of Information Act . In 1965, following the defeat of Barry Goldwater by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election , which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in

13320-485: Was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as secretary of defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford , and again from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush . He was both the youngest and the oldest secretary of defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), counselor to

13440-632: Was appointed secretary of defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As secretary of defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq . Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; no stockpiles were ever found. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on

13560-562: Was born at St. Lukes Hospital on July 9, 1932, in Chicago , Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley (née Husted) and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German family that had emigrated in the 1870s from Weyhe in Lower Saxony , but young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a "tough Swiss". Growing up in Winnetka, Illinois , Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and

13680-609: Was codified under the newly added Section 529A of the Internal Revenue Code. Details of the accounts, which officially came into effect once the Treasury Department issued enabling regulations and states passed legislation regarding account administration, are: SSI benefits are not paid solely to US citizens, but may also be paid to aliens legally residing in the United States. Conversely, citizens may find themselves ineligible because they do not currently reside within

13800-490: Was established as an independent agency. Its purpose was to stabilize prices, rent, wages and salaries higher than prices on or before May 25, 1970 and to execute phases II-IV of the Economic Stabilization Program set in place to ensure the success of this program. Phase I was the 90-day price and wage freeze that was authorized by Nixon, who delegated power to the Office of Emergency Preparedness, which acted as

13920-575: Was given an office in the West Wing in 1969 and regularly interacted with the Nixon administration hierarchy. He was named director of the Economic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and later headed up the Cost of Living Council . In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that." In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to

14040-509: Was low. Seeking reelection in the 1972 presidential race, Nixon vowed to fight inflation and acknowledged that it would result in job losses but proposed that it was a temporary solution and promised that more was to come in terms of change, hope and "manpower". The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 was passed, inaugurating a policy of wage and price controls . Nixon wrote to Congress: "Our tactics for pursuing this objective are twofold: First, to accomplish much needed and long overdue reform of

14160-505: Was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration's tilt toward Iraq —he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts." In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on

14280-587: Was succeeded by former Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown . In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management . His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman of G. D. Searle & Company , a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois . During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led

14400-891: Was the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America and its Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational church . From 1943 to 1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California , while his father was stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949. Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In

#749250