ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
20-600: Dras (also spelt Drass , ISO transliteration : Drās ), also known locally in Shina as Himababs , Hembabs , or Humas , is a town and hill station , and the headquarters of Drass district of the union territory of Ladakh in India. It is on the NH 1 between Zoji La pass and Kargil . A tourist hub for its high-altitude trekking routes and tourist sites, it is often called "The Gateway to Ladakh". The government's official spelling of
40-599: A brass plate engraved with names of the soldiers who died during Operation Vijay. Visible from the site are the Tololing Heights, Tiger Hill, and Point 4875 (Batra Top), where fighting took place during the conflict. The memorial features the Captain Manoj Pandey gallery, which commemorates a young officer who was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award, for leadership during
60-525: A network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),
80-586: Is 58 km from Dras on the national highway NH 1 from Srinagar to Leh . In the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1947), Dras was part of the Kargil tehsil of the Ladakh wazarat . During the invasion by Pakistan in 1947-48 , the reinforced Gilgit Scouts , having gone over to Pakistan, attacked the Kargil area on 10 May 1948. The Indian army, by then in charge of defending Kashmir, sent reinforcements. However, they could not reach Dras in time and Dras fell to
100-474: Is almost entirely concentrated from December to May when Dras gets around 550 millimetres (21.7 in) water equivalent of snowfall. There is a popular claim as well various signs/boards showing Dras being second coldest inhabited place in the world. However, there is no reliable weather data to substantiate the claim. The major ethnic groups are the Shina people , who speak the Indo-Aryan language Shina , and
120-476: Is also unique in whole Ladakh for being the only sub division where a non-Tibetan/Mongolian tribe forms majority as well as being the only subdivision where Sunni Muslims are the majority. The Shina people are almost entirely Sunni making up around 65-75% population while they Purigpai are mostly Shias forming 25-35% of the population. Many inhabitants of Dras cultivate primary crops like barley. The locals also raise livestock like cattle and ponies. Common foods in
140-532: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Kargil War Memorial The Kargil War Memorial , also known as Dras War Memorial , is a war memorial built by the Indian Army in the town of Dras , near Kargil city in Kargil district of Ladakh , India , commemorating
160-619: The Prime Minister of India pays tribute to the soldiers at Amar Jawan Jyothi at the India Gate , New Delhi . A makeshift memorial is said to have been constructed by troops of 108 Engineer Regiment at the site to honor Indian troops in 2000. The memorial in its present form was constructed by the Indian Army in November 2014. The central feature of the memorial is a pink sandstone wall bearing
180-500: The Purigpa people, whose language, similar to Balti , belongs to the Tibetic group . The local population is 64% male and 36% female. In total the population of Dras per the 2011 Census is 21988. Out of this, 14731 are males while 7257 are females. This block has 2767 kids in the age bracket of 0–6 years. Among them 1417 are boys and 1350 are girls. The population is almost 100% Muslim and Dras
200-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in
220-901: The 1999 Kargil War between India and Pakistan . The memorial is located on the Srinagar - Leh National Highway 1D , about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill, Kargil . In the winter of 1998–99, the Pakistani Army crossed the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied numerous heights in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani forces were dominating the National Highway and roads connecting Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil to Srinagar. The Indian Army launched Operation Vijay ("Victory") in May 1999 to retake
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#1732852181477240-500: The Gilgitis on 6 June 1948. Kargil and Skardu also fell in short order. In November 1948, the Indian Army launched Operation Bison , supported by tanks, and retook Dras and Kargil. Skardu, however, remained under the control of Pakistan. The 1949 ceasefire line runs 12 km north of Dras through Point 5353 . The ceasefire line was renamed the Line of Control in the 1972 Simla Agreement , in which India and Pakistan agreed to respect
260-614: The Tololing and Tiger Hill peaks by July 1999. Dras is the coldest place in India, experiencing an altitude-influenced Continental Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dsb). Winters are cold with average lows around −20 °C (−4 °F), and as low as −23 °C at the height of winter, which lasts from mid-October to mid-May. Summers start in June and go on up till early September, with average temperatures near 23 °C (74 °F) and little precipitation. Annual precipitation
280-457: The diet of the people include potatoes, barley, lamb, mutton and drinks like tea. Dras has been developed as a tourist destination since 1999, following the Kargil War, when visitors came to see the war zone. The Kargil War Memorial is 7 km from Dras. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by
300-472: The line without prejudice to their stated positions. However, in the early months of 1999, Pakistani soldiers masquerading as mujahideen , infiltrated the area and took control of the peaks overlooking Dras and the highway, in particular Tololing , 4 km from Dras, and Tiger Hill , 8 km from Dras. They directed artillery fire at Dras and the highway, leading to the Kargil War . The Indian army cleared
320-629: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
340-418: The territory, leading to fierce battles in the harsh mountain environment. The operation continued for over two months, leading to a stalemate, and eventual withdrawal of Pakistani troops on the intervention and instructions of USA, to avoid full-scale war between two nuclear states and for ensuring regional peace. Each year, 26 July is observed by India as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day), during which
360-437: The town's name is "Drass". Traditionally, Dras is known as Hem-babs , which means "snow land"; the word "Hem" means snow. The average temperature of Dras in winter is -20 degrees Celsius. Dras is often called "The Gateway to Ladakh". It is at a height of 10,800 feet (3,300 m) Dras lies in the centre of the valley of the same name (Dras valley). Dras is 140 km from Srinagar and 63 km from Sonmarg . Kargil town
380-538: The war. Over the years, several infrastructural improvements have been made to the site. On 26 July 2012, the Flag Foundation of India presented to the memorial a giant national flag measuring 11.4 by 7.6 metres ( 37 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 25 ft) and weighing 15 kg, on a 30-metre (100 ft) flag pole. The Dras War Memorial is now an important landmark and a major tourist attraction in Western Ladakh—in
400-636: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for
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