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59-784: The Douglas Indian Village was the winter village of the Taku Kwáan , who made their summer fish camp on the Taku River . It comprised about twenty structures on pilings and had no access to running water or electricity. In 1946, the Douglas Indian Association approached the Alaska Native Service for a loan to purchase small boats for the Native fishermen of the Douglas Indian Village. Due to insurance requirements that were

118-671: A 1996 vote. After Alaska was given statehood in 1959, Juneau's population increased as well as the growth of state government. After construction of the Alaska Pipeline in 1977, the state budget was flush with oil revenues, and it expanded programs for the people. The growth slowed considerably in the 1980s. In 2005, the state demographer projected slow growth in the borough for the next twenty years. Cruise ship tourism has expanded rapidly, from approximately 230,000 passengers in 1990 to nearly 1,000,000 in 2006, as cruise lines have built more and larger ships. They sail to Juneau seven days

177-577: A gold prospector from Quebec , Joe Juneau , although it was once called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris ). The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("Base of the Flounder's River", dzánti 'flounder,' –kʼi 'base,' héen 'river'), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Áak'w ("Little lake", áa 'lake,' -kʼ 'diminutive') in Tlingit. The Taku River , just south of Juneau,

236-542: A part of the loan, the boats needed to be kept in a harbor that would protect them. The Alaska Native Service then approached the City of Douglas and the Army Corps of Engineers for assistance with a small boat harbor. The Corps of Engineers provided a proposal that would have removed the village, dredged a harbor, and used the materials from the dredging to backfill a site upon which the village would be rebuilt. Rather than relocate

295-543: A poor man's Lahaina ". The fishing industry is a major part of the Juneau economy, while not as strong as when a halibut schooner fleet generated considerable profits. The city was recently the 49th most lucrative U.S. fisheries port by volume and 45th by value. In 2004 it took in 15 million pounds of fish and shellfish, valued at 21.5 million dollars, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service . While

354-498: A population of 31,275 there is a per capita of about 28 people per business. Juneau's only power utility is Alaska Electric Light & Power (AEL&P). Most of the electricity in the borough is generated at the Snettisham Hydroelectric facility in the southern end of the borough, accessible only by boat or plane. In April 2008, an avalanche destroyed three transmission towers, forcing AEL&P to supply almost all of

413-564: A reward to any local native in Alaska who could lead him to gold-bearing ore. A local native arrived with some ore, and several prospectors were sent to investigate. On their first trip to Gold Creek, they found deposits of little interest. However, Pilz sent Joe Juneau (the cousin of Milwaukee co-founder Solomon Juneau ) and Richard Harris back to the Gastineau Channel, directing them to Snow Slide Gulch (the head of Gold Creek). According to

472-463: A village, albeit made up mostly of tents and shacks rather than buildings. It was the first European American settlement founded in the territory after the United States purchased Alaska . By the autumn of 1881, the village had a population of over 100 and was known as Rockwell, after Lt. Com. Charles Rockwell; later it was known as Harrisburg after prospector Richard Harris. On December 14, 1881, it

531-414: A week over a longer season than before, but the cruising tourism is still primarily a summer industry. It provides few year-round jobs but stimulates summer employment in the city. In 2010, the city was recognized as part of the "Playful City USA" initiative by KaBOOM! , created to honor cities that ensure their children have great places to play. Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and

590-619: Is a social center for the Tlingit, Haida , and Tsimshian of Southeast Alaska. Although the Russians had a colony in the Alaska territory from 1784 to 1867, they did not settle in Juneau. They conducted extensive fur trading with Alaskan Natives of the Aleutian Islands and Kodiak . The first European to see the Juneau area was Joseph Whidbey , master of the Discovery during George Vancouver 's 1791–95 expedition . He and his party explored

649-455: Is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and it is across the channel from Douglas Island . As of the 2020 census , the City and Borough had a population of 32,255, making it the third-most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage and Fairbanks . Juneau experiences a daily influx of 21,000 people or more from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September. The city is named after

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708-734: The Tʼaaḵu Ḵwáan or "Geese Flood Upriver Tribe". The Taku traditionally lived along the northwestern coast of North America , in the area that is now the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska , and on the lower basin of the Taku River of the adjoining British Columbia mainland above that river's mouth. The main village of the Taku people was located up the Taku River in what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia . From this main winter village they dispersed to their clan subsistence areas during

767-520: The Aleutian Low draws warm and moist air from the south, bringing ample snow- or rainfall, and even in summer, winds will tend to blow onshore. The strength and frequency of the rainfall depends on several factors, including the presence of El Niño (more mild and rainy weather) or La Niña (colder and drier periods due to the presence of an anticyclone in the Gulf of Alaska ). Conversely, offshore winds from

826-571: The Auke ( A'akw Kwáan ) and Taku tribes, who had inhabited the surrounding area for thousands of years. The A'akw Kwáan had a village and burying ground here. In the 21st century it is known as Indian Point. They annually harvested herring during the spawning season. Since the late 20th century, the A'akw Kwáan, together with the Sealaska Heritage Institute , have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, including proposals by

885-530: The Juneau Trail System , a series of wilderness trails which are easy to extremely difficult to hike. The Juneau area is in a transition zone between a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), and an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb/Cfc ), depending on the isotherm used. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean , specifically

944-658: The Juneau mining district prior to World War II included the Treadwell Mine , the Alaska-Juneau Mine , and the Alaska-Gastineau Mine . By 1906, after the decline of whaling and the fur trade, Sitka which was the original capital of Alaska, had become less important and the territorial legislature moved the seat of government to Juneau in accordance with a 1900 federal law. Juneau was the largest city in Alaska during

1003-531: The National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They consider it to be sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and the importance of the point in their traditions of gathering sustenance from the sea. They continue to gather clams , gumboot chitons , grass, and sea urchins , as well as tree bark for medicinal uses. The city and state supported

1062-669: The Sealaska Heritage Institute in documenting the 78 acres (32 ha) site, and in August 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . "It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register." Descendants of the indigenous cultures include the Tlingit people . Native cultures have rich artistic traditions expressed in carving, weaving, singing, dancing, and in oral lore. Juneau

1121-439: The 1830s and 1840s. The Tlingit arranged for an Orthodox priest to come to their Juneau settlement. In 1890, about 700 people converted, following chief Yees Gaanaalx and his wife of Auke Bay . The Orthodox Church Missionary Society supported the Tlingit in furnishing and constructing a church for the large congregation. The St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church was completed in 1894 and has maintained an important presence among

1180-584: The Alaska Trollers Association, United Fishermen of Alaska, United Southeast Alaska Gillnetters Association, and the Southeast Alaska Seiners Association. Real estate agencies, federally funded highway construction, and mining are still viable non-government local industries. Alaska Seaplanes, an airline, has its headquarters in Juneau. As of the 2010 census, there were 1,107 businesses with operations in Juneau borough; with

1239-616: The Federal and Territorial Building was transferred to the new state and became its capitol . The Alaska Governor's Mansion was commissioned under the Public Building Act in 1910. The mansion was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Federal style . Construction was completed in 1912. The territorial governor at the time was the first governor to live in the mansion, and he held the first open house for citizens on January 1, 1913. The area of

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1298-503: The Rev. Samuel Young, in his book Alaska Days with John Muir , Juneau and Harris decided to explore their party's campsite at the creek head in the summer of 1879. They found nuggets "as large as peas and beans" there, in Harris' words. On October 18, 1880, the two men marked a 160-acre (650,000 m ) town site and soon a mining camp sprang up. Many miners arrived within a year and the camp became

1357-471: The Tlingit, Serbians, and other Europeans who follow Orthodox traditions. The iconostasis has six large panels which were sent from Russia . Prospector and placer miner John Lemon operated at the time in what is today the Lemon Creek area. The neighborhood which developed there was given his name by early settlers, several other landmarks in Juneau have also been named for him. Major mining operations in

1416-406: The United States, with 2,716.7 square miles (7,036 km ) being made up of land and 538.3 square miles (1,394 km ) consisting of water (16.54%). The central (downtown) area of Juneau is at 58°18′00″N 134°24′58″W  /  58.30000°N 134.41611°W  / 58.30000; -134.41611 . The City and Borough of Juneau includes Douglas Island , which is a tidal island to

1475-403: The airport (1981–2010 normals), but ranging from 55 to 92 inches (1,400 to 2,340 mm), depending on location. Most of it will occur in fall and winter, some falling as snow from November to March. Records have been officially kept at downtown Juneau from January 1890 to June 1943, and at Juneau International Airport since July 1943. The coldest temperature ever officially recorded in Juneau

1534-439: The area. In April 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive diesel system. Juneau shares its eastern border with the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is the only U.S. state capital which borders another country. Alaska State Parks maintains

1593-563: The capital. In the 1970s, voters passed a plan to move the capital to Willow , a town 70 miles (110 km) north of Anchorage. But pro-Juneau people there and in Fairbanks persuaded voters also to approve a measure (the FRANK Initiative) requiring voter approval of all bondable construction costs before building could begin. Alaskans later voted against spending the estimated $ 900 million. A 1984 "ultimate" capital-move vote also failed, as did

1652-531: The capitol took less than two years, and the building was dedicated as the Federal and Territorial Building on February 14, 1931. It was designed by Treasury Department architects in the Art Deco architectural style . The building was originally used by the federal government to house the federal courthouse and the post office for the territory. Alaska gained statehood in 1959 and under the Alaska Statehood Act ,

1711-503: The city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which accounts for the population jump between the 1970 and 1980 censuses. As of the census of 2020, there were 31,275 people, 12,922 households. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6 people/km ), making it the least densely populated state capital. There were 12,922 housing units at an average density of 4.0 units per square mile (1.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of

1770-404: The city/borough was 64.7% White (62.5% Non-Hispanic White ), 1.0% African American , 10.1% Native American or Alaska Native , 6.7% Asian , 1.3% Pacific Islander , and 14.3% from two or more races. 7.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2.6% reported speaking Tagalog at home, and 2.4% reported speaking Spanish. The median income for a household in the city/borough

1829-452: The extremely rugged terrain surrounding the city. In turn Juneau is a de facto island city in terms of transportation; all goods coming in and out must be transported by plane or boat, in spite of the city's location on the Alaskan mainland. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level with tides averaging 16 feet (5 m), below steep mountains about 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) high. Atop

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1888-413: The federal courthouse, and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Today, Juneau is the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor . Some executive branch offices have moved certain functions to Anchorage and elsewhere in the state. The Gastineau Channel was a fishing place for

1947-601: The inter-war years, passing Fairbanks in population by the 1920 census . Anchorage became the largest city in terms of population in 1950 . In 1911, the United States Congress authorized funds for construction of a capitol building for the Alaska Territory . World War I delayed construction and there were difficulties purchasing the necessary land. Citizens of Juneau donated some of the required funds, and construction began on September 8, 1929. Construction of

2006-546: The interior are normally dry but may have extreme variations in temperature. Temperatures vary relatively little over the year. Winters are mild by Alaskan standards, with the average temperature of January slightly below freezing and highs often above 32 °F (0.0 °C); summers are rather cool but occasionally may get warm. Temperatures above 75 °F (23.9 °C) or below 10 °F (−12.2 °C) are not unheard of but are rare. Precipitation falls on an average 230 days per year, averaging 62.27 inches (1,580 mm) at

2065-616: The local economy is the tourism industry, which generates most income in the summer months. In 2005, nearly an estimated one million cruise ship passengers visited Juneau between May and September. That figure is now 1.65 million per year for the season ending in October 2023. On the other hand, former politician Bill Ray , who previously lived in Juneau and represented Juneau in the Alaska Legislature , said: "Juneau doesn't go forward. They've prostituted themselves to tourism. It looks like

2124-459: The mansion is 14,400 square feet (1,340 m ). It has ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces. It is the governor's residence when in Juneau on official business. In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding became the first president to visit Alaska. Harding visited the Governor's Mansion while Territorial Governor Scott Bone , who was appointed by Harding, was in office. Harding spoke from

2183-526: The miners for wages. Juneau Juneau ( / ˈ dʒ uː n oʊ / JOO -noh ; Tlingit : Dzánti K'ihéeni [ˈtsʌ́ntʰɪ̀ kʼɪ̀ˈhíːnɪ̀] ), officially the City and Borough of Juneau , is the capital of the U.S. state of Alaska , located along the Gastineau Channel and the Alaskan panhandle . Juneau was named the capital of Alaska in 1906, when the government of what

2242-645: The mountains is the Juneau Icefield , a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of them, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system. The Mendenhall Glacier has been gradually retreating; its front face is declining in width and height. The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices,

2301-496: The porch of the mansion explaining his policies and met with attendees. During World War II , more than 50 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans residing in Juneau were evacuated to the internment camps inland as a result of Executive Order 9066 —which authorized the forced removal of all ethnic Japanese away from their homes and businesses on the West Coast of the United States . The removal of Juneau's Japanese community during

2360-404: The port of Juneau has comparatively little seafood processing compared to other towns of this size in Alaska, hundreds of commercial fishing boats sell their fish to plants in nearby Sitka, Hoonah , Petersburg and Ketchikan . The largest fleets operating from Juneau are the gillnet and troll salmon fleets. Juneau has many of the commercial fishing associations in Alaska. The associations include

2419-439: The primary agency pushing the construction of a new harbor. In the summer of 1962, while the villagers were at fish camp, the City of Douglas declared the buildings abandoned, condemned them, and had them bulldozed and burned. Around 20 buildings were destroyed, along with personal effects and tools for winter employment. As the village was condemned for being abandoned rather than through eminent domain, little to no compensation

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2478-651: The region in July–August 1794. Early in August he viewed the length of Gastineau Channel from the south, noting a small island in mid-channel. He later recorded seeing the channel again, this time from the west. He said it was unnavigable, being filled with ice. After the California gold rush, miners migrated up the Pacific Coast and explored the West, seeking other gold deposits. In 1880, Sitka mining engineer George Pilz offered

2537-547: The spring, summer, and fall. Having a keen appreciation of the advantages of their position for trade, the Taku held possession of the main river in the area that is now Juneau and compelled the natives of the interior territories to use them as middle-men, instead of allowing trade directly with the white settlers. In the early 1840s, the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post called Fort Durham in Taku Harbor. This fort

2596-541: The village dating back to the late 1800s, and the Douglas Indian Association (DIA) Tribal Government cites an 1899 census putting the population at 600. The tribe was recognized by the Federal Government in 1941, and the plans drawn up for Douglas Harbor included the village. A report by the Indian Law Reasource Center, commissioned for the Douglas Indian Association concluded that taken together, this

2655-645: The village was on city lands, to establish the village as a part of the city and challenging the village's claim to the land. Under this challenge, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) disclaimed their jurisdiction over the village, effectively denying the village protection under the Organic Act. At the time the BIA made this decision, two members of the BIA Realty Office were also serving on the City of Douglas zoning commission,

2714-514: The village, the plans were shelved. The Organic Act of 1884 provided for the protection of lands stating that "the Indians ... [in Alaska] shall not be disturbed in the possession of any lands actually in their use or occupation or now claimed by them, but the terms under which such persons may acquire the title to such lands is reserved for future legislation by Congress". There is photographic evidence of

2773-694: The war is memorialized by the Empty Chair Memorial , which was dedicated in July 2014 in the city's Capital School Park neighborhood. Robert Atwood , who was then the publisher of the Anchorage Times and an Anchorage "booster", was an early leader in efforts to move the capital to Fairbanks, which many in both cities resisted. Some supporters of a move wanted a new capital to be at least 30 miles (48 km) from Anchorage and Fairbanks, to prevent either city from having undue influence. Juneau has continued as

2832-514: The warm Alaska Current , and the Coast Mountains that form a natural orographic barrier for incoming air. As a result, the weather is mild and moist, which, as in other parts of the Alaska Panhandle , allows the growth of temperate rainforests . Like other cities in S.E. Alaska, Juneau does not have permafrost . There are two prevalent types of wind in Juneau. Particularly in winter,

2891-487: The west of mainland Juneau. Douglas can be reached via the Juneau-Douglas Bridge . An unpopulated section of the city is located on Admiralty Island near its northern end. As in the rest of Southeast Alaska, the Juneau area is susceptible to damage caused by natural disasters . The 2014 Palma Bay earthquake caused widespread outages to telecommunications in the area due to damage to a fiber-optic cable serving

2950-622: Was $ 90,126. The per capita income for the city/borough was $ 45,607. 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line. The primary employer in Juneau is government including the state government, federal government (which has regional offices here, especially for resource agencies), municipal government (which includes the local airport, hospital, harbors, and school district), and the University of Alaska Southeast . State government offices and their indirect economic impact comprise approximately one-quarter of Juneau's economy. A large contributor to

3009-563: Was a promotion with Mattel to draw "attention to new wild cards in [the] game". For Juneau's cooperation, Mattel donated $ 15,000 "to the Juneau Community Foundation in honor of the late Mayor Greg Fisk ." According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has an area of 3,255 square miles (8,430 km ). In land area, Juneau (proper) is the largest state capital and the second-largest city overall in

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3068-483: Was built to take advantage of the trade route up and down the Taku River. With the establishment of the fort, the Taku people abandoned their traditional winter village and moved to the area around the fort. Although Fort Durham was abandoned by 1843 as unprofitable, the Taku stayed in the area of the fort until 1880 when gold was discovered in Juneau. The Taku people then moved to the area around Sheep Creek to work with

3127-470: Was decided at a miners' meeting of 72 persons to name the settlement Juneau, after prospector Joe Juneau. Likely due to the pressure of European encroachment, some Tlingit appealed to the Russian Orthodox Church . It held services in northern Tlingit settlements in local languages as early as 1800 and 1824. One of its priests translated scripture and liturgy into the Tlingit language during

3186-416: Was for several decades, the country's largest city by area. (Sitka surpassed it in 2000 when it incorporated.) Juneau is the only U.S. state capital on an international border: it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899. The city was temporarily renamed UNO, after the card game , on April 1, 2016 (April Fool's Day). It

3245-414: Was irrefutable evidence that the village was in use, and should have been protected by the Organic Act. In 1960, the city of Douglas requested the conveyance of tidelands that include the Douglas Indian Village for the construction of a new harbor. The land conveyance was completed in 1963, without provisions for indigenous claims to the land. In 1962, the City of Douglas commissioned a survey to prove that

3304-403: Was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains. Juneau is unique among U.S. state capitals in that there are no roads connecting the city to the rest of the state or to the contiguous United States. Honolulu , Hawaii , is the only other state capital which is not connected by road to the contiguous United States. The absence of a road network is due to

3363-478: Was offered for the destruction of property. Without resources, the community was forced to disperse, and the DIA tribal council was disbanded until the 1990s. The site of the village has since been converted to a public park, and is now part of the City and Borough of Juneau . Taku people The Taku are an Alaska Native people, a ḵwáan or geographic subdivision of the Tlingit , known in their own language as

3422-469: Was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. On July 1, 1970, the City of Juneau merged with the City of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current consolidated city-borough , which ranks as the second- largest municipality in the United States by area and is larger than either Rhode Island or Delaware . Downtown Juneau

3481-402: Was −22 °F (−30.0 °C) on February 2, 1968, and January 12, 1972, while the hottest was 90 °F (32.2 °C) on July 7, 1975. The normals and record temperatures for both downtown and the airport are given below. See or edit raw graph data . Juneau first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census. It was formally incorporated in 1900, and on July 1, 1970, the city of Juneau merged with

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