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62-522: The Auke had a village on Auke Bay just east of Point Louisa, about 13 miles northwest of Juneau . There were seasonal festivals associated with the harvest of herring at spawning season. In 1880, after Joe Juneau and Richard Harris were led to gold in the Silver Bow Basin, U.S. naval officers encouraged the Auke to move from the area to avoid conflict with miners and prospectors. The census of Alaska at

124-671: A 1996 vote. After Alaska was given statehood in 1959, Juneau's population increased as well as the growth of state government. After construction of the Alaska Pipeline in 1977, the state budget was flush with oil revenues, and it expanded programs for the people. The growth slowed considerably in the 1980s. In 2005, the state demographer projected slow growth in the borough for the next twenty years. Cruise ship tourism has expanded rapidly, from approximately 230,000 passengers in 1990 to nearly 1,000,000 in 2006, as cruise lines have built more and larger ships. They sail to Juneau seven days

186-460: A mining camp sprang up. Many miners arrived within a year and the camp became a village, albeit made up mostly of tents and shacks rather than buildings. It was the first European American settlement founded in the territory after the United States purchased Alaska . By the autumn of 1881, the village had a population of over 100 and was known as Rockwell, after Lt. Com. Charles Rockwell; later it

248-543: A poor man's Lahaina ". The fishing industry is a major part of the Juneau economy, while not as strong as when a halibut schooner fleet generated considerable profits. The city was recently the 49th most lucrative U.S. fisheries port by volume and 45th by value. In 2004 it took in 15 million pounds of fish and shellfish, valued at 21.5 million dollars, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service . While

310-498: A population of 31,275 there is a per capita of about 28 people per business. Juneau's only power utility is Alaska Electric Light & Power (AEL&P). Most of the electricity in the borough is generated at the Snettisham Hydroelectric facility in the southern end of the borough, accessible only by boat or plane. In April 2008, an avalanche destroyed three transmission towers, forcing AEL&P to supply almost all of

372-535: A required amount of time per month. Law enforcement is provided primarily by Juneau Police Department, who are supported by the Alaska State Troopers and U.S. Forest Service law enforcement. The United States Coast Guard Cutter Reef Shark , a Marine-Protector Class Patrol Boat, is homeported out of Auke Bay / Statter Harbor. The cutter's primary mission set includes law enforcement, search and rescue, military operations, and environmental protection. During

434-414: A week over a longer season than before, but the cruising tourism is still primarily a summer industry. It provides few year-round jobs but stimulates summer employment in the city. In 2010, the city was recognized as part of the "Playful City USA" initiative by KaBOOM! , created to honor cities that ensure their children have great places to play. Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and

496-494: Is also located further out the road in Auke Bay at about 14 miles. The flamingo house on Auke Lake is a local attraction, known for its topical or weather-related formations of pink lawn flamingos . Whale watchings targeting curious humpbacks are available. Humpbacks in these areas are known to demonstrate special feeding methods, so-called " bubble-net feeding ", and come very close to shores. The Coast Guard cutter Liberty

558-454: Is declining in width and height. The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse, and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Today, Juneau is the home of the state legislature and

620-700: Is located past the Juneau Ferry Terminal and before the Auke Recreation Area operated by the U.S. Forest Service . Federal agencies including the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had proposals to build on the site. The Tlingit consider it sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and its place in their traditions of gathering sustenance. The city and state supported recognition of

682-499: Is unique among U.S. state capitals in that there are no roads connecting the city to the rest of the state or to the contiguous United States. Honolulu , Hawaii , is the only other state capital which is not connected by road to the contiguous United States. The absence of a road network is due to the extremely rugged terrain surrounding the city. In turn Juneau is a de facto island city in terms of transportation; all goods coming in and out must be transported by plane or boat, in spite of

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744-620: The Aleutian Islands and Kodiak . The first European to see the Juneau area was Joseph Whidbey , master of the Discovery during George Vancouver 's 1791–95 expedition . He and his party explored the region in July–August 1794. Early in August he viewed the length of Gastineau Channel from the south, noting a small island in mid-channel. He later recorded seeing the channel again, this time from

806-520: The Aleutian Low draws warm and moist air from the south, bringing ample snow- or rainfall, and even in summer, winds will tend to blow onshore. The strength and frequency of the rainfall depends on several factors, including the presence of El Niño (more mild and rainy weather) or La Niña (colder and drier periods due to the presence of an anticyclone in the Gulf of Alaska ). Conversely, offshore winds from

868-654: The City and Borough of Juneau , is the capital of the U.S. state of Alaska , located along the Gastineau Channel and the Alaskan panhandle . Juneau was named the capital of Alaska in 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. On July 1, 1970, the City of Juneau merged with the City of Douglas and

930-530: The Juneau Trail System , a series of wilderness trails which are easy to extremely difficult to hike. The Juneau area is in a transition zone between a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), and an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb/Cfc ), depending on the isotherm used. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean , specifically

992-707: The Juneau mining district prior to World War II included the Treadwell Mine , the Alaska-Juneau Mine , and the Alaska-Gastineau Mine . By 1906, after the decline of whaling and the fur trade, Sitka which was the original capital of Alaska, had become less important and the territorial legislature moved the seat of government to Juneau in accordance with a 1900 federal law. Juneau was the largest city in Alaska during

1054-498: The Tlingit language during the 1830s and 1840s. The Tlingit arranged for an Orthodox priest to come to their Juneau settlement. In 1890, about 700 people converted, following chief Yees Gaanaalx and his wife of Auke Bay . The Orthodox Church Missionary Society supported the Tlingit in furnishing and constructing a church for the large congregation. The St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church

1116-584: The University of Alaska Southeast , an elementary school, a church, a post office , a bar, a coffee shop , a waffle house, a thrift shop, a Thai restaurant, and one convenience store . The view of the Mendenhall Glacier behind Auke Bay and Mount McGinnis towering over Auke Lake are some of the most popular photo opportunities in Juneau. The ferry terminal of the Alaska Marine Highway system

1178-407: The third-most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage and Fairbanks . Juneau experiences a daily influx of 21,000 people or more from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September. The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec , Joe Juneau , although it was once called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris ). The Tlingit name of

1240-670: The 78-acre site, which in August 2016 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . "It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register." The Auke were originally formed around clans , based on kinship systems. These were traditionally divided into houses. Extended family groups used to live together in large longhouses. Juneau Juneau ( / ˈ dʒ uː n oʊ / JOO -noh ; Tlingit : Dzánti K'ihéeni [ˈtsʌ́ntʰɪ̀ kʼɪ̀ˈhíːnɪ̀] ), officially

1302-584: The Alaska Trollers Association, United Fishermen of Alaska, United Southeast Alaska Gillnetters Association, and the Southeast Alaska Seiners Association. Real estate agencies, federally funded highway construction, and mining are still viable non-government local industries. Alaska Seaplanes, an airline, has its headquarters in Juneau. As of the 2010 census, there were 1,107 businesses with operations in Juneau borough; with

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1364-566: The Federal and Territorial Building was transferred to the new state and became its capitol . The Alaska Governor's Mansion was commissioned under the Public Building Act in 1910. The mansion was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Federal style . Construction was completed in 1912. The territorial governor at the time was the first governor to live in the mansion, and he held the first open house for citizens on January 1, 1913. The area of

1426-581: The Gastineau Channel, directing them to Snow Slide Gulch (the head of Gold Creek). According to the Rev. Samuel Young, in his book Alaska Days with John Muir , Juneau and Harris decided to explore their party's campsite at the creek head in the summer of 1879. They found nuggets "as large as peas and beans" there, in Harris' words. On October 18, 1880, the two men marked a 160-acre (650,000 m ) town site and soon

1488-406: The United States, with 2,716.7 square miles (7,036 km ) being made up of land and 538.3 square miles (1,394 km ) consisting of water (16.54%). The central (downtown) area of Juneau is at 58°18′00″N 134°24′58″W  /  58.30000°N 134.41611°W  / 58.30000; -134.41611 . The City and Borough of Juneau includes Douglas Island , which is a tidal island to

1550-403: The airport (1981–2010 normals), but ranging from 55 to 92 inches (1,400 to 2,340 mm), depending on location. Most of it will occur in fall and winter, some falling as snow from November to March. Records have been officially kept at downtown Juneau from January 1890 to June 1943, and at Juneau International Airport since July 1943. The coldest temperature ever officially recorded in Juneau

1612-489: The area. In April 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive diesel system. Juneau shares its eastern border with the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is the only U.S. state capital which borders another country. Alaska State Parks maintains

1674-511: The borough's electricity from diesel-powered generators for one month. Also headquartered in Juneau is the Marine Exchange of Alaska , a nonprofit organization which operates an extensive vessel tracking network and ensures safe maritime operations for the entire state. Auke Bay Auke Bay ( Tlingit : Áakʼw Tá ) is a neighborhood located in the city and borough of Juneau, Alaska , that contains Auke Bay Harbor, Auke Lake ,

1736-563: The capital. In the 1970s, voters passed a plan to move the capital to Willow , a town 70 miles (110 km) north of Anchorage. But pro-Juneau people there and in Fairbanks persuaded voters also to approve a measure (the FRANK Initiative) requiring voter approval of all bondable construction costs before building could begin. Alaskans later voted against spending the estimated $ 900 million. A 1984 "ultimate" capital-move vote also failed, as did

1798-531: The capitol took less than two years, and the building was dedicated as the Federal and Territorial Building on February 14, 1931. It was designed by Treasury Department architects in the Art Deco architectural style . The building was originally used by the federal government to house the federal courthouse and the post office for the territory. Alaska gained statehood in 1959 and under the Alaska Statehood Act ,

1860-496: The census and reported as "Auk Settlements." It returned simply as "Auke" in 1900 and 1910. It did not report again separately until 1950, by which time it was a suburb of Juneau. It did not appear in 1960, but returned in 1970, just before all locales within Juneau Borough were consolidated into the city of Juneau. For several months in 1940, Auke Bay was a stop for Pan American Airways "Alaska Clipper". The Alaska Clipper

1922-503: The city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which accounts for the population jump between the 1970 and 1980 censuses. As of the census of 2020, there were 31,275 people, 12,922 households. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6 people/km ), making it the least densely populated state capital. There were 12,922 housing units at an average density of 4.0 units per square mile (1.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of

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1984-641: The city's location on the Alaskan mainland. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level with tides averaging 16 feet (5 m), below steep mountains about 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) high. Atop the mountains is the Juneau Icefield , a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of them, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system. The Mendenhall Glacier has been gradually retreating; its front face

2046-404: The city/borough was 64.7% White (62.5% Non-Hispanic White ), 1.0% African American , 10.1% Native American or Alaska Native , 6.7% Asian , 1.3% Pacific Islander , and 14.3% from two or more races. 7.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2.6% reported speaking Tagalog at home, and 2.4% reported speaking Spanish. The median income for a household in the city/borough

2108-449: The guiding principal of "neighbors helping neighbors." In 1992, Auke Bay VFD merged along with five other fire departments to become Capital City Fire & Rescue, which serves the majority of the Juneau area. The Auke Bay Fire Station is covered by volunteer firefighters. At night, the station is staffed by "Live-In" Resident Volunteer Firefighters, who are allowed to reside in the station rent-free in exchange for staffing emergency vehicles

2170-527: The impact of fishing, development, and industry on those stocks and the habitat on which they rely. The original Auke Bay Marine Station was funded by Congress in 1958–1959 and opened in 1960. The 4-acre facility was declared surplus by the US Government in 2016, after the Auke Bay Laboratories’ headquarters was moved to the new Ted Stevens Marine Research Institute in 2007. In 2017, an agreement

2232-601: The inter-war years, passing Fairbanks in population by the 1920 census . Anchorage became the largest city in terms of population in 1950 . In 1911, the United States Congress authorized funds for construction of a capitol building for the Alaska Territory . World War I delayed construction and there were difficulties purchasing the necessary land. Citizens of Juneau donated some of the required funds, and construction began on September 8, 1929. Construction of

2294-546: The interior are normally dry but may have extreme variations in temperature. Temperatures vary relatively little over the year. Winters are mild by Alaskan standards, with the average temperature of January slightly below freezing and highs often above 32 °F (0.0 °C); summers are rather cool but occasionally may get warm. Temperatures above 75 °F (23.9 °C) or below 10 °F (−12.2 °C) are not unheard of but are rare. Precipitation falls on an average 230 days per year, averaging 62.27 inches (1,580 mm) at

2356-616: The local economy is the tourism industry, which generates most income in the summer months. In 2005, nearly an estimated one million cruise ship passengers visited Juneau between May and September. That figure is now 1.65 million per year for the season ending in October 2023. On the other hand, former politician Bill Ray , who previously lived in Juneau and represented Juneau in the Alaska Legislature , said: "Juneau doesn't go forward. They've prostituted themselves to tourism. It looks like

2418-459: The mansion is 14,400 square feet (1,340 m ). It has ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces. It is the governor's residence when in Juneau on official business. In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding became the first president to visit Alaska. Harding visited the Governor's Mansion while Territorial Governor Scott Bone , who was appointed by Harding, was in office. Harding spoke from

2480-507: The offices of the governor and lieutenant governor . Some executive branch offices have moved certain functions to Anchorage and elsewhere in the state. The Gastineau Channel was a fishing place for the Auke ( A'akw Kwáan ) and Taku tribes, who had inhabited the surrounding area for thousands of years. The A'akw Kwáan had a village and burying ground here. In the 21st century it is known as Indian Point. They annually harvested herring during

2542-593: The plane was renamed again, this time "Hong Kong Clipper II", and began service on the Hong Kong - Manila route. The aircraft was destroyed by Japanese bombing in Hong Kong Harbor on December 8, 1941. For forty-seven years, Auke Bay was the home of Auke Bay Laboratories, the primary US Government facility researching commercially important fisheries in Alaska. Its studies included estimates of abundance of salmon , sablefish , crabs, and other commercial stocks, and

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2604-496: The porch of the mansion explaining his policies and met with attendees. During World War II , more than 50 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans residing in Juneau were evacuated to the internment camps inland as a result of Executive Order 9066 —which authorized the forced removal of all ethnic Japanese away from their homes and businesses on the West Coast of the United States . The removal of Juneau's Japanese community during

2666-404: The port of Juneau has comparatively little seafood processing compared to other towns of this size in Alaska, hundreds of commercial fishing boats sell their fish to plants in nearby Sitka, Hoonah , Petersburg and Ketchikan . The largest fleets operating from Juneau are the gillnet and troll salmon fleets. Juneau has many of the commercial fishing associations in Alaska. The associations include

2728-512: The register." Descendants of the indigenous cultures include the Tlingit people . Native cultures have rich artistic traditions expressed in carving, weaving, singing, dancing, and in oral lore. Juneau is a social center for the Tlingit, Haida , and Tsimshian of Southeast Alaska. Although the Russians had a colony in the Alaska territory from 1784 to 1867, they did not settle in Juneau. They conducted extensive fur trading with Alaskan Natives of

2790-533: The sea. They continue to gather clams , gumboot chitons , grass, and sea urchins , as well as tree bark for medicinal uses. The city and state supported the Sealaska Heritage Institute in documenting the 78 acres (32 ha) site, and in August 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . "It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on

2852-574: The spawning season. Since the late 20th century, the A'akw Kwáan, together with the Sealaska Heritage Institute , have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, including proposals by the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They consider it to be sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and the importance of the point in their traditions of gathering sustenance from

2914-517: The summer months, USCG Small Boat Station Juneau maintains a 45' Motor Lifeboat at Reef Shark's moorings, providing a faster search and rescue asset as well as law enforcement capability to the immediate harbor area. Auke Bay first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as three separate and unnamed "Auk Villages" with a combined total of 640 Auke Tlingit . These settlements extended beyond the present-day area near Juneau to include Admiralty Island and Douglas Island . In 1890, these were consolidated by

2976-421: The surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current consolidated city-borough , which ranks as the second- largest municipality in the United States by area and is larger than either Rhode Island or Delaware . Downtown Juneau is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and it is across the channel from Douglas Island . As of the 2020 census , the City and Borough had a population of 32,255, making it

3038-628: The time listed the Auke population as 640, of whom 300 were on Admiralty Island , 50 on Douglas Island , and 290 on Stephens Passage , the latter presumably including those at the Point Louisa village. The Auke people continued to return to what they called Indian Point, for the annual harvest of herring at spawning time. They have considered this a sacred place, both because of their traditional gathering for subsistence and their historic village and its burying ground. These local peoples have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, which

3100-451: The town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("Base of the Flounder's River", dzánti 'flounder,' –kʼi 'base,' héen 'river'), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Áak'w ("Little lake", áa 'lake,' -kʼ 'diminutive') in Tlingit. The Taku River , just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains. Juneau

3162-694: The war is memorialized by the Empty Chair Memorial , which was dedicated in July 2014 in the city's Capital School Park neighborhood. Robert Atwood , who was then the publisher of the Anchorage Times and an Anchorage "booster", was an early leader in efforts to move the capital to Fairbanks, which many in both cities resisted. Some supporters of a move wanted a new capital to be at least 30 miles (48 km) from Anchorage and Fairbanks, to prevent either city from having undue influence. Juneau has continued as

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3224-514: The warm Alaska Current , and the Coast Mountains that form a natural orographic barrier for incoming air. As a result, the weather is mild and moist, which, as in other parts of the Alaska Panhandle , allows the growth of temperate rainforests . Like other cities in S.E. Alaska, Juneau does not have permafrost . There are two prevalent types of wind in Juneau. Particularly in winter,

3286-487: The west of mainland Juneau. Douglas can be reached via the Juneau-Douglas Bridge . An unpopulated section of the city is located on Admiralty Island near its northern end. As in the rest of Southeast Alaska, the Juneau area is susceptible to damage caused by natural disasters . The 2014 Palma Bay earthquake caused widespread outages to telecommunications in the area due to damage to a fiber-optic cable serving

3348-753: The west. He said it was unnavigable, being filled with ice. After the California gold rush, miners migrated up the Pacific Coast and explored the West, seeking other gold deposits. In 1880, Sitka mining engineer George Pilz offered a reward to any local native in Alaska who could lead him to gold-bearing ore. A local native arrived with some ore, and several prospectors were sent to investigate. On their first trip to Gold Creek, they found deposits of little interest. However, Pilz sent Joe Juneau (the cousin of Milwaukee co-founder Solomon Juneau ) and Richard Harris back to

3410-570: Was $ 90,126. The per capita income for the city/borough was $ 45,607. 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line. The primary employer in Juneau is government including the state government, federal government (which has regional offices here, especially for resource agencies), municipal government (which includes the local airport, hospital, harbors, and school district), and the University of Alaska Southeast . State government offices and their indirect economic impact comprise approximately one-quarter of Juneau's economy. A large contributor to

3472-565: Was a Sikorsky S-42B four-engine flying boat. The aircraft was originally named "Bermuda Clipper" and served the Baltimore - Bermuda route. In 1940 it was renamed Alaska Clipper and flew from Matthews Beach on Lake Washington in Seattle to Auke Bay stopping in Ketchikan . The first flight landed in Auke Bay on June 14, 1940 and the last took place on November 6, 1940. After its Alaska service,

3534-563: Was a promotion with Mattel to draw "attention to new wild cards in [the] game". For Juneau's cooperation, Mattel donated $ 15,000 "to the Juneau Community Foundation in honor of the late Mayor Greg Fisk ." According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has an area of 3,255 square miles (8,430 km ). In land area, Juneau (proper) is the largest state capital and the second-largest city overall in

3596-540: Was completed in 1894 and has maintained an important presence among the Tlingit, Serbians, and other Europeans who follow Orthodox traditions. The iconostasis has six large panels which were sent from Russia . Prospector and placer miner John Lemon operated at the time in what is today the Lemon Creek area. The neighborhood which developed there was given his name by early settlers, several other landmarks in Juneau have also been named for him. Major mining operations in

3658-416: Was for several decades, the country's largest city by area. (Sitka surpassed it in 2000 when it incorporated.) Juneau is the only U.S. state capital on an international border: it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899. The city was temporarily renamed UNO, after the card game , on April 1, 2016 (April Fool's Day). It

3720-561: Was homeported at the Auke Bay Harbor for 33 years, before being reassigned to Valdez, Alaska in 2022. Auke Bay takes its name from the native Auke people, a part of the Tlingit tribe. Auke Bay has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb) Fire and EMS coverage is provided by Capital City Fire Rescue . Originally, the Auke Bay Volunteer Fire Department provided services beginning in 1952 under

3782-522: Was known as Harrisburg after prospector Richard Harris. On December 14, 1881, it was decided at a miners' meeting of 72 persons to name the settlement Juneau, after prospector Joe Juneau. Likely due to the pressure of European encroachment, some Tlingit appealed to the Russian Orthodox Church . It held services in northern Tlingit settlements in local languages as early as 1800 and 1824. One of its priests translated scripture and liturgy into

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3844-402: Was −22 °F (−30.0 °C) on February 2, 1968, and January 12, 1972, while the hottest was 90 °F (32.2 °C) on July 7, 1975. The normals and record temperatures for both downtown and the airport are given below. See or edit raw graph data . Juneau first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census. It was formally incorporated in 1900, and on July 1, 1970, the city of Juneau merged with

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