Dollar Savings Bank of New York was a bank that operated in New York City between 1890 and 2004.
60-578: Dollar Savings Bank of New York was formed on June 23, 1890, of possibly 1887, founded by John Haffen. In February 1983, after it was on the verge of bank failure , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the New York State Banking Department arranged for a merger of the bank with Dry Dock Savings Bank to form Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank . On February 21, 1992, the bank and its 21 branches were seized by
120-474: A bank run whereby customers withdrew $ 16.7 billion in deposits over those nine days, and in excess of $ 22 billion in cash outflow since July 2008, both conditions which ultimately led the Office of Thrift Supervision to close the bank. The FDIC then sold most of the bank's assets to JPMorgan Chase for $ 1.9 billion in cash plus assumption of all secured debt and some unsecured debt. Claims of
180-572: A commercial bank charter and not a more restrictive savings & loan charter, WaMu decided to allow Western Bank to keep its charter and name and to remain semi-autonomous for a while. At the time of the acquisition, Western Bank had 41 offices throughout Oregon. Five years later, WaMu decided to abandon the Western Bank brand and integrate most of the former Western Bank offices into the existing WaMu network in Oregon in 2001. Due to branch overlaps between
240-774: A counterclaim in the Federal Bankruptcy Court in Delaware, where the WaMu bankruptcy proceedings had been continuing since the Office of Thrift Supervision's seizure of the holding company's bank subsidiaries. Despite its name, WaMu ceased being a mutual company in 1983 when it demutualized and became a public company on March 11. On June 30, 2008, WaMu had total assets of $ 307 billion (~$ 427 billion in 2023), with 2,239 retail branch offices operating in 15 states, with 4,932 ATMs , and 43,198 employees. It held liabilities in
300-504: A plan internally nicknamed "Project West". All WaMu branches were rebranded as Chase branches by the end of 2009. The holding company was left with $ 33 billion in assets, and $ 8 billion in debt, after being stripped of its banking subsidiary by the FDIC. The next day, it filed for Chapter 11 voluntary bankruptcy in Delaware, where it was incorporated. Regarding total assets under management , WaMu's closure and receivership
360-528: A so-called white knight , that would allow a merger on much better terms. One such company was WaMu. In March, Great Western Financial announced that it had accepted WaMu's merger proposal for $ 6.6 billion in WaMu stock. Ahmanson quickly increased their bids but the bids were also rejected. Great Western approved the merger with WaMu in June and the merger was completed in July. As part of its merger agreement, it
420-659: A time of recession. Washington Mutual Washington Mutual, Inc. (often abbreviated to WaMu ) was an American savings bank holding company based in Seattle . It was the parent company of Washington Mutual Bank , which was the largest savings and loan association in the United States until its collapse in 2008. On September 25, 2008, the United States Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) seized WaMu's banking operations and placed it into receivership with
480-620: A toe hold entry into Oregon via Portland. As a result of the Pacific First acquisition in April 1993, WaMu became the fourth largest banking institution based upon consumer deposits within the state of Oregon. Originally, Pacific First grew quickly in Oregon during the late 1980s through the acquisition of troubled savings and loans. By February 1991, Pacific First had 78 branches in Oregon, more than any other thrift. Pacific First had 71 branches in Oregon by July 1992. In April 1994, WaMu announced
540-473: A wider scale. The failure of a bank is relevant not only to the country in which it is headquartered, but for all other nations with which it conducts business. This dynamic was highlighted during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , when the failures of major bulge bracket investment banks affected local economies globally. This interconnectedness was manifested not on a high level, with respect to deals negotiated between major companies from different parts of
600-824: Is the largest bank failure in American financial history. Before the receivership action, it was the sixth-largest bank in the United States. According to WaMu's 2007 SEC filing, the holding company held assets valued at $ 327.9 billion (~$ 464 billion in 2023). On March 20, 2009, WaMu filed suit against the FDIC in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia , seeking damages of approximately $ 13 billion (~$ 17.9 billion in 2023) for an alleged unjustified seizure and unfair low sale price to JPMorgan Chase. JPMorgan Chase promptly filed
660-405: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The OTS took the action due to the withdrawal of US$ 16.7 billion in deposits during a 9-day bank run (amounting to 9% of the deposits it had held on June 30, 2008). The FDIC sold the banking subsidiaries (minus unsecured debt and equity claims) to JPMorgan Chase for $ 1.9 billion, which had been considering acquiring WaMu as part of
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#1733106165380720-734: The New York State Banking Department with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation named as receiver. Emigrant Savings Bank bought 20 of the branches and the Flushing branch was purchased by Apple Bank . In 2011, the headquarters building in the Bronx was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Bank failure A bank failure occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations to its depositors or other creditors because it has become insolvent or too illiquid to meet its liabilities. A bank typically fails economically when
780-761: The Salt Lake City –based Olympus Capital Corporation with its Olympus Bank, FSB, subsidiary for $ 52.1 million in stock. At the time of the announcement, WaMu had 250 branch offices in Washington and Oregon while Olympus had eight branch offices in Utah and two in Montana. The acquisition was completed in May 1995. In March 1996, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Ogden -based Utah Federal Savings Bank for an undisclosed amount. At
840-460: The brokerage firm Murphey Favre for undisclosed amount in cash and demutualized the following year, converting into a capital stock savings bank. Stock in the capital stock savings bank was first offered for sale on March 11, 1983. By 1989, its assets had doubled. In November 1994, WaMu reorganized as a holding company, Washington Mutual, Inc. It separated the non-banking units from its primary banking unit, Washington Mutual Savings Bank, which
900-441: The market value of its assets falls below the market value of its liabilities . The insolvent bank either borrows from other solvent banks or sells its assets at a lower price than its market value to generate liquid money to pay its depositors on demand. The inability of the solvent banks to lend liquid money to the insolvent bank creates a bank panic among the depositors as more depositors try to take out cash deposits from
960-417: The 2008 failure of Washington Mutual the FDIC was able to broker a deal in which JP Morgan Chase bought the assets of Washington Mutual for $ 1.9 billion. Existing customers were immediately turned into JP Morgan Chase customers, without disruption in their ability to use their ATM cards or do banking at branches. Such policies are designed to discourage bank runs that might cause economic damage on
1020-477: The 2010s saw the most banks fail, it wasn't the worst decade in terms of the value of the banks going under. The 2000s saw 192 banks go under with $ 533 billion in assets ($ 749 billion in 2023 dollars) compared to the $ 273 billion ($ 354 billion) lost in the 2010s. No advance notice is given to the public when a bank fails. Under ideal circumstances, a bank failure can occur without customers losing access to their funds at any point. For example, in
1080-620: The 41 office Coos Bay–based Western Bank in Oregon. By 1997, the Enterprise name and Western Bank name were merged and operated under Western Bank moniker. After WaMu expanded into California through the acquisitions of American Savings, Great Western, and Home Savings, WaMu quietly acquired the one-office Industrial Bank in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles an undisclosed amount in 1999 and renamed it WM Business Bank. By 2001, WaMu had 38 specialized business banking centers operating under
1140-543: The New York City area of both New York and New Jersey. With a thrift charter, there were a few things that WaMu was not able to do until it was able to obtain a commercial bank charter, such as making commercial loans above a certain size. To get around this problem, WaMu began to purchase commercial banks and maintain them as separate business entities. In August 1995, WaMu acquired the one office Bellevue-based Enterprise Bank in Washington. A few months later, WaMu acquired
1200-590: The Resolution Trust Corporation for $ 1.3 million (~$ 2.68 million in 2023). In November 1990, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Vancouver -based VanFed Bancorp with its Vancouver Federal Savings Bank subsidiary for $ 23.3 million (~$ 48 million in 2023). At the time of the announcement in November 1990, WaMu had 75 branch offices, all within Washington state. The acquisition
1260-659: The Seattle-based Old Stone Bank of Washington from the Rhode Island– based Old Stone Corporation for an undisclosed amount. Old Stone originally entered the state of Washington through the acquisition of the ailing Seattle-based Citizens Federal Savings and Loan Association in 1985 with the assistance of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation . The acquisition by WaMu was completed in June 1990 for $ 10 million. In June 1990, WaMu announced
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#17331061653801320-456: The WaMu name. The previous month, it was announced in November that 85 redundant branch offices were identified in California and were to be closed within the following year. Before the merger was complete, WaMu had a total of 413 branch operating under various names across the country while Great Western had 416 branch offices operating in California and Florida. In March 1998, WaMu announced
1380-538: The West Coast on February 10, 1890. It changed its name to Washington Savings and Loan Association on June 25, 1908. By September 12, 1917, it was operating under the name Washington Mutual Savings Bank. The company purchased its first company, the financially distressed Continental Mutual Savings Bank, on July 25, 1930. Its marketing slogan for much of its history was "The Friend of the Family". In April 1982, WaMu purchased
1440-494: The aim of expanding the corporation. By acquiring companies including PNC Mortgage , Fleet Mortgage and Homeside Lending, WaMu became the third-largest mortgage lender in the U.S. With the acquisition of Providian Financial Corporation in October 2005, WaMu became the nation's 9th-largest credit-card company. Many of WaMu's acquisitions became reviled as the rapid post-merger integrations resulted in numerous errors. The purchase of
1500-439: The bank. As such, the bank is unable to fulfill the demands of all of its depositors on time. A bank may be taken over by the regulating government agency if its shareholders' equity are below the regulatory minimum. The failure of a bank is generally considered to be of more importance than the failure of other types of business firms because of the interconnectedness and fragility of banking institutions. Research has shown that
1560-428: The company's sale to WaMu. In March 2006, WaMu began the move into its new headquarters, WaMu Center , located in downtown Seattle . The company's previous headquarters, WaMu Tower , stands about a block away from the new building on Second Avenue. In August 2006, WaMu began using the official abbreviation of WaMu in all but legal situations. After the acquisition of Murphey Favre, WaMu made numerous acquisitions with
1620-549: The completed acquisition of all six offices of the failed Walla Walla –based Frontier Federal Savings and Loan Association in Eastern Washington from the Resolution Trust Corporation for $ 1.8 million (~$ 3.71 million in 2023). In September 1990, WaMu announced the completed acquisition of all three Washington branches of the failed Utah-based Williamsburg Federal Savings and Loan Association from
1680-551: The completed acquisition of three Portland -area offices of the failed Portland-based Far West Federal Savings Bank from the Resolution Trust Corporation for $ 2.2 million (~$ 4.1 million in 2023). In October 1995, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Coos Bay –based Western Bank for $ 156 million (~$ 285 million in 2023) in stock. The acquisition was completed in February 1996. Since Western Bank possessed
1740-633: The country while Home Savings had 409 branch offices operating in California and Texas. A few days after the completion of the merger, WaMu announced plans to close 161 branch offices in California. Through the 1998 acquisition of Home Savings, WaMu had gained 48 branch offices in Texas. In August 2000, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Houston -based Bank United Corporation with its 155 branch offices, all located in Texas, for $ 1.49 billion (~$ 2.51 billion in 2023) in stock. The acquisition
1800-473: The deposits, the FDIC acts as the receiver of the failed bank, taking control of the bank's assets and deciding how to settle its debts. The number of bank failures has been tracked and published by the FDIC since 1934, and has decreased after a peak in 2010 due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . Since the year 2000, over 500 banks have failed. The 2010s saw the most bank failures in recent memory, with 367 banks collapsing over that decade. However, while
1860-637: The following year, WaMu opened a fourth Idaho location in a Moscow supermarket in February 1995. A branch office in Idaho Falls was acquired from the Utah-based United Savings Bank when WaMu purchased the savings bank in January 1997. By March 2000, there were 9 locations within Idaho and later 22 locations in 2008 when Chase acquired WaMu. In July 1994, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of
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1920-550: The form of deposits of $ 188.3 billion, and owed $ 82.9 billion to the Federal Home Loan Bank , and had subordinated debt of $ 7.8 billion. It held as assets of $ 118.9 billion in single-family loans, of which $ 52.9 billion were "option adjustable rate mortgages" (option ARMs), with $ 16 billion in subprime mortgage loans, and $ 53.4 billion of Home Equity lines of Credit (HELOCs) and credit cards receivables of $ 10.6 billion. It
1980-411: The holding company for the largest thrift in the nation Home Savings of America , that would have involved $ 5.8 billion (~$ 10.2 billion in 2023) worth of stock. Since the two companies had large overlapping territories, many Great Western offices would have been closed by the victor if the takeover attempt had succeeded. The only way the combat a hostile takeover was to find another company,
2040-501: The largest banking institution based upon consumer deposits in the state of Washington, second only to Seafirst . In June 1994, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Bellevue -based Summit Bancorp with its Summit Savings Bank subsidiary for $ 25 million in stock. At the time of the announcement, WaMu had 231 branch offices in Washington and Oregon. The acquisition was completed in November 1994. In June 1995, WaMu announced
2100-448: The market value of customers of the failed banks is adversely affected at the date of the failure announcements. It is often feared that the spill over effects of a failure of one bank can quickly spread throughout the economy and possibly result in the failure of other banks, whether or not those banks were solvent at the time as the marginal depositors try to take out cash deposits from these banks to avoid from suffering losses. Thereby,
2160-580: The original PNC Mortgage came at a time when subprime lending was in a " boom " period, with PNC Financial Services believing that the market was too volatile. (PNC later re-entered the mortgage market in 2009 through its acquisition of National City Corp. , with no plans to re-enter subprime lending.) The Dime merger resulted in account ownership to be split with account beneficiaries. The Fleet Mortgage merger resulted in entire loans simply disappearing—being serviced, but unable to be found by customer service representatives. In April 1983, WaMu announced
2220-606: The pending acquisition of both Washington state branch offices of the California-based World Savings and Loan Association of America , a subsidiary of Golden West Financial , for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition was completed in March 1992. In August 1992, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Lynnwood -based Pioneer Savings Bank for $ 181 million (~$ 353 million in 2023) in stock. The acquisition
2280-484: The pending acquisition of the Irwindale -based H. F. Ahmanson & Company with its Home Savings of America subsidiary for approximately $ 10 billion in stock. The acquisition was completed in October 1998 for only $ 6.9 billion (~$ 12 billion in 2023) in stock. Before the merger was complete, WaMu had a total of 892 branch operating under various names (WaMu, American Savings, Great Western, etc.) across
2340-543: The pending acquisition of the Wenatchee -based Columbia Federal Savings Bank for $ 40 million and also the Seattle-based Shoreline Savings Bank for $ 7.5 million. At the time of the announcement in May 1987, WaMu had 50 branch offices, all within Washington state. Both acquisitions were completed in April 1988. In January 1990, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of all seven offices of
2400-560: The pending acquisition of the Bellevue-based Enterprise Bank for $ 26.8 million (~$ 49 million in 2023) in stock, this was WaMu's entry into the commercial banking sector. Enterprise Bank was a highly profitable one unit carriage trade business bank staffed with highly successful management. WaMu named Tom Cleveland President of the commercial banking unit which later included Western Bank in Coos Bay Oregon. At
2460-538: The pending acquisition of three branch offices from the Tacoma -based United Mutual Savings Bank for $ 3.25 million (~$ 8.36 million in 2023). In April 1984, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Spokane -based Lincoln Mutual Savings Bank with 14 of its 16 branch offices for $ 4.5 million. At the time of the announcement, WaMu had 39 branch offices, mostly in western Washington. In May 1987, WaMu announced
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2520-474: The scale and impact of major bank failures. It does not include partial purchases by governments to prevent bank or banking system failures, such as government intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis : In the U.S., deposits in savings and checking accounts are backed by the FDIC . As of 1933, each account owner is insured up to $ 250,000 in the event of a bank failure. When a bank fails, in addition to insuring
2580-436: The spill over effect of bank panic or systemic risk has a multiplier effect on all banks and financial institutions leading to a greater effect of bank failure in the economy. As a result, banking institutions are typically subjected to rigorous regulation , and bank failures are of major public policy concern in countries across the world. The following table lists significant acquisitions of failed banks, illustrating
2640-507: The state of Montana. In July 1996, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Fort Worth, Texas -based Keystone Holdings Inc. with its Irvine -based American Savings Bank subsidiary for $ 1.6 billion (~$ 2.87 billion in 2023) in stock. At the time of the announcement, WaMu had 317 branch offices in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah and Montana while American Savings Bank had 220 branch offices in California. The acquisition
2700-574: The subsidiary bank's equity holders, senior and subordinated debt (all primarily owned by the holding company) were not assumed by JPMorgan Chase. WaMu was incorporated as the Washington National Building Loan and Investment Association on September 25, 1889, after the Great Seattle Fire destroyed 120 acres (49 ha) of the central business district of Seattle. The newly formed company made its first home mortgage loan on
2760-556: The time of the announcement in August 1991, WaMu had 84 branch offices, all within Washington state. The acquisition was completed in January 1992. In September 1991, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Bremerton -based GNW Financial Corporation with its Great Northwest Bank subsidiary for $ 64 million (~$ 128 million in 2023) in cash and stock. The acquisition was completed in April 1992. In December 1991, WaMu announced
2820-575: The time of the announcement, United Savings Bank had eight branch offices in Utah and one in Idaho. The acquisition was completed in January 1997. In May 1995, WaMu acquired two branch offices in Butte as the result of the acquisition of the Utah-based Olympus Capital Corporation with its Olympus Bank FSB subsidiary. Four years later, WaMu later sold the two offices to Glacier Bancorp in 1999 for an undisclosed amount and quietly left
2880-584: The time of the announcement, Utah Federal had five branch offices while WaMu had 16 within Utah. The acquisition was completed in December 1996 for $ 15.2 million (~$ 27.3 million in 2023). In September 1996, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Salt Lake City–based United Western Financial Group Inc. with its United Savings Bank subsidiary for $ 80.3 million (~$ 144 million in 2023) in cash. At
2940-485: The time of the announcement, WaMu had 260 branch offices. Unlike the previous acquisition targets, Enterprise held a commercial bank charter and not a thrift charter. In April 1991, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the 25 offices in the Portland, Oregon / Vancouver, Washington area from the failing New York –based CrossLand Savings Bank, a subsidiary of Brooklyn Bancorp, for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition
3000-505: The two brands, 12 Western Bank branch offices and one WaMu branch office were sold to the Klamath Falls -based Klamath First Bancorp for $ 33 million. In March 1994, WaMu announced that they were planning to expand into the state of Idaho by building new branch offices inside Fred Meyer supermarket stores with the first three being opened in the Boise -area in July and August. In
3060-445: The world, but also to the global nature of any one company's makeup. Outsourcing is a key example of this makeup; as major banks such as Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns failed, the employees from countries other than the United States suffered in turn. A 2015 analysis by the Bank of England found greater interconnectedness between banks has led to a greater transmission of stresses during
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#17331061653803120-407: Was completed in April 1993. At the time of the initial announcement in October 1992, WaMu had 118 branch offices in Washington and Oregon while Pacific First had 127 branch offices in Washington, Oregon and California. Pacific First had previously announced that it was trading its California offices for Great Western's Washington offices. As a result of the Pacific First acquisition, WaMu became one of
3180-641: Was completed in August 1991. The acquisition of the Pacific Northwest branch offices from the New York –based CrossLand Savings Bank that was announced in April 1991 and completed in November 1991 gave WaMu four offices within the state of Washington in addition to other offices located in the state of Oregon. In August 1991, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the Seattle-based Sound Savings and Loan Association for an undisclosed amount. At
3240-517: Was completed in December 1996. American kept its name after the acquisition. The result of the acquisition nearly doubled the total deposits of all WaMu subsidiaries from $ 22 billion to $ 42 billion. In February 1997, the Chatsworth -based Great Western Financial, the holding company for second largest thrift in the nation Great Western Bank , found itself the target of a hostile takeover attempt of arch-rival H. F. Ahmanson & Co. ,
3300-561: Was completed in February 2001. As a result of branch overlap between Bank United and WaMu, 17 branch offices were closed in Texas, 10 of which were in Houston. In June 2001, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the New York City –based Dime Bancorp with its Dime Savings Bank subsidiary for $ 5.2 billion (~$ 8.55 billion in 2023) in cash and stock. The acquisition was completed in January 2002. Dime had 123 branch offices in
3360-495: Was completed in March 1993. In October 1992, WaMu announced the pending acquisition of the ailing Seattle-based Pacific First Financial Corporation with its Pacific First Bank subsidiary for $ 663 million (~$ 1.29 billion in 2023) from its Canada-based parent Royal Trustco . The acquisition was contingent on having Pacific First dispose of its branch offices in California and having its Canadian parent Royal Trustco assume all of Pacific First's bad loans. The acquisition
3420-492: Was completed in November 1991. Seven of the 25 offices were located in Washington with the remainder in Oregon. As part of the transaction, CrossLand Savings closed seven offices in Oregon and three offices in Washington, leaving eleven offices in Oregon and four in Washington. CrossLand had previously entered Oregon (and three other states) through the relatively recent acquisition of the troubled Utah-based Western Savings and Loan Association. The CrossLand acquisition gave WaMu
3480-563: Was originally announced that Great Western offices would be allowed to keep the Great Western name and there were later discussion of converting the American Savings offices to the Great Western brand. In the end, it was felt that it was best for the company to have only one brand throughout the nation instead of multiple regional brands so it was announce in December 1997 that both Great Western and American names would be retired in favor of
3540-427: Was servicing for itself and other banks loans totaling $ 689.7 billion, of which $ 442.7 were for other banks. It had non-performing assets of $ 11.6 billion, including $ 3.23 billion in payment option ARMs and $ 3.0 billion in subprime mortgage loans. On September 15, 2008, the holding company received a credit rating agency downgrade. From that date through September 24, 2008, WaMu experienced
3600-465: Was simultaneously renamed Washington Mutual Bank. The company's stock continued to trade on Nasdaq under WAMU. In October 2005, WaMu purchased the formerly " subprime " credit card issuer Providian for approximately $ 6.5 billion, although Providian's new management team's strategy of targeting Prime credit card consumers had been underway since 2001, therefore the credit card unit's nonperforming loan portfolio had improved significantly prior to
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