Dogma , in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion , such as Judaism , Roman Catholicism , Protestantism , or Islam , the positions of a philosopher or philosophical school , such as Stoicism , and political belief systems such as fascism , socialism , progressivism , liberalism , and conservatism .
39-432: Dogme 95 ( pronounced [ˈtʌwmə] ; Danish for " Dogma 95") was a Danish avant-garde filmmaking movement founded by Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg , who created the "Dogme 95 Manifesto" and the "Vows of Chastity" ( Danish : kyskhedsløfter ). These were rules to create films based on the traditional values of story, acting, and theme, while excluding the use of elaborate special effects or technology. It
78-511: A "Dogme film-within-a-film". Keyboard player and music producer Money Mark used principles inspired by Dogme 95 to record his Mark's Keyboard Repair album. The Dogme 95 influenced Russian-born violinist Mikhail Gurewitsch to name his dogma chamber orchestra which he founded in 2004 in Germany. A complete list of the 35 films is available from the Dogme95 web site. Juan Pinzás (#22, #30, and #31)
117-621: A Dogme 95 work after finishing up his own trilogy. The founding "brothers" have begun working on new experimental projects and have been skeptical about the later common interpretation of the Manifesto as a brand or a genre. The movement broke up in 2005. Since the late 2000s, the emergence of video technology in DSLR photography cameras, such as the Canon EOS 550D , has resulted in a tremendous surge of both feature and short films shot with most, if not all, of
156-457: A Dogme film, and it was co-produced by von Trier's Zentropa . Finally, the director decided he did not want to be so severely constrained as by Dogme principles. The above rules have been both circumvented and broken from numerous films submitted as a Dogme, particularly a director's credit and background music appearing in Interview and Fuckland as for examples. Some films include; Breaking
195-457: A proposition about a non-evident matter. The main principle of Pyrrhonism is expressed by the word acatalepsia , which connotes the ability to withhold assent from doctrines regarding the truth of things in their own nature ; against every statement its contradiction may be advanced with equal justification. Consequently, Pyrrhonists withhold assent with regard to non-evident propositions, i.e., dogmas. Pyrrhonists argue that dogmatists, such as
234-547: A requirement for attendance, though membership may be required for some church activities. In the narrower sense of the church's official interpretation of divine revelation, theologians distinguish between defined and non-defined dogmas, the former being those set out by authoritative bodies such as the Roman Curia for the Catholic Church, the latter being those which are universally held but have not been officially defined,
273-499: A small number of decrees promulgated by popes exercising papal infallibility (for examples, see Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary ) are considered as being a part of the Catholic Church's sacred body of doctrine. In the Jewish commentary tradition, dogma is a principle by which the Rabbanim can try the proofs of faith about the existence of God and truth; dogma is what
312-1084: A voice actor, starring as the psychic Yuri (as well as the voice of the PsiCorps) in Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 and its expansion, Yuri's Revenge . He also voiced the Music Master in Justice League , Herbert Ziegler in The Batman , Ivan Bahn in Metropia , Professor Pericles in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated , Mister Toad in Beware the Batman , Warden in Axe Cop , Head Vampire Vampire in Major Lazer , Dylan Beekler's Backpack in Golan
351-515: Is a German actor. Known primarily as a character actor , he has appeared in more than 220 films in both leading and supporting roles throughout Europe and the Americas. He has collaborated with acclaimed filmmakers such as Lars von Trier , Gus Van Sant , Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Walerian Borowczyk , Kleber Mendonça Filho , Dario Argento , Tom Shadyac , Charles Matton , Guy Maddin , Alexander Payne , and Paul Morrissey . Kier
390-448: Is a term in Islam that refers to conforming to the teachings of a particular person. Classical usage of the term differs between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam . In Sunni Islam, taqlid refers to the unjustified conformity to the teachings of a person without inquiring or thinking about said teachings, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of mujtahid (a person who
429-462: Is applied to some strong belief that its adherents are not willing to discuss rationally. This attitude is named as a dogmatic one, or dogmatism, and is often used to refer to matters related to religion, though this pejorative sense strays far from the formal sense in which it is applied to religious belief. The pejorative sense is not limited to theistic attitudes alone and is often used with respect to political or philosophical dogmas. The word dogma
SECTION 10
#1732851455788468-520: Is necessarily true for rational thinking. In Jewish Kabbalah , a dogma is an archetype of the Pardes or Torah Nistar , the secrets of Bible. In the relation between "logical thinking" and "rational Kabbalah" the " Partzuf " is the means to identify "dogma". View or position ( Sanskrit : दृष्टि , romanized : dṛṣṭi ; Pali : diṭṭhi ) is a central idea in Buddhism that corresponds with
507-559: Is qualified for independent reasoning). In Shia Islam, taqlid refers to the general conformity of non- mujtahid to the teaching of mujtahid , without a negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on Shia views on the Imamate and Sunni imams . Taqlid can be seen as a form of dogma, as no particular scholar can always be correct, so their rulings should not be taken uncritically. Udo Kier Udo Kierspe (born 14 October 1944), known professionally as Udo Kier ,
546-591: Is the only filmmaker to have submitted more than once. Most of the Dogme films received mixed or negative reviews, though some were critically acclaimed such as Vinterberg's film Festen ( The Celebration ), Scherfig's film Italiensk for begyndere ( Italian for Beginners ), and Bier's film Elsker dig for evigt ( Open Hearts ). Films such as Von Trier's film Idioterne ( The Idiots ) and Jacobsen's film Mifunes sidste sang ( Mifune's Last Song ), also received lukewarm reviews. Festen won numerous awards including
585-857: The Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and won seven at Robert Awards in 1998. Italiensk for begyndere also won the Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize at the Berlin Film Festival in 2000. In 2015, the Museum of Arts and Design celebrated the movement with the retrospective The Director Must Not Be Credited: 20 Years of Dogme 95 . The retrospective included work by Lars von Trier , Thomas Vinterberg , Jean-Marc Barr , Susanne Bier , Daniel H. Byun , Harmony Korine , Kristian Levring , Annette K. Olesen , and Lone Scherfig . Although
624-543: The Stoics , Epicureans , and Peripatetics , have failed to demonstrate that their doctrines regarding non-evident matters are true. In Christianity, a dogma is a belief communicated by divine revelation and defined by the Church, The organization's formal religious positions may be taught to new members or simply communicated to those who choose to become members. It is rare for agreement with an organization's formal positions to be
663-537: The "Vow of Chastity", are as follows: ″Furthermore I swear as a director to refrain from personal taste! I am no longer an artist. I swear to refrain from creating a “work”, as I regard the instant as more important than the whole. My supreme goal is to force the truth out of my characters and settings. I swear to do so by all the means available and at the cost of any good taste and any aesthetic considerations. Thus I make my VOW OF CHASTITY.″ In total, thirty-five films made between 1998 and 2005 are considered to be part of
702-680: The Christian church was by Saint Irenaeus in his Demonstration of Apostolic Teaching , which provides a 'manual of essentials' constituting the 'body of truth'. For Catholicism and Eastern Christianity , the dogmata are contained in the Nicene Creed and the canon laws of two, three, seven, or twenty ecumenical councils (depending on whether one is Church of the East , Oriental Orthodox , Eastern Orthodox , or Roman Catholic ). These tenets are summarized by John of Damascus in his Exact Exposition of
741-474: The Dogme collective is to "purify" filmmaking by refusing expensive and spectacular special effects, post-production modifications and other technical gimmicks . The filmmakers concentrate on the story and the actors' performances. They claim this approach may better engage the audience, as they are not "alienated or distracted by overproduction". To this end, von Trier and Vinterberg produced ten rules to which any Dogme film must conform. These rules, referred to as
780-647: The Insatiable and Dr. Peter Straub in Call of Duty: WWII . A documentary on his life and career entitled ICH-UDO...der Schauspieler Udo Kier ( ME –UDO...the actor Udo Kier ) was filmed for Arte , the European Franco-German culture channel, and released in 2012. In 2013, the documentary won the New York Festival "Finalist Certificate". Another documentary entitled Udo Kier - Dracula trash et dandy magnétique
819-627: The Orthodox Faith , which is the third book of his main work, titled The Fount of Knowledge . In this book he takes a dual approach in explaining each article of the faith: one, directed at Christians, where he uses quotes from the Bible and, occasionally, from works of other Church Fathers , and the second, directed both at members of non-Christian religions and at atheists , for whom he employs Aristotelian logic and dialectics . The decisions of fourteen later councils that Catholics hold as dogmatic and
SECTION 20
#1732851455788858-461: The Waves , von Trier's first film after founding the Dogme 95 movement, was heavily influenced by the Dogme 95 style and ethos, even though it breaks many of the "rules" (including a directorial credit, background sets, non-diegetic music, and use of CGI ). The 2001 experimental film Hotel , directed by Mike Figgis , makes several mentions of the Dogme 95 style of filmmaking, and has been described as
897-658: The Western notion of dogma. In Buddhist thought, a view is not a simple, abstract collection of propositions, but a charged interpretation of experience which intensely shapes and affects thought, sensation, and action. Having the proper mental attitude toward views is therefore considered an integral part of the Buddhist path, as sometimes correct views need to be put into practice and incorrect views abandoned, while at other times all views are seen as obstacles to enlightenment. Taqlid ( Arabic : تَقْليد , romanized : taqlīd )
936-685: The film Road to St. Tropez . An early starring role in Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1973) led to a string of art-house, low-budget, and mainstream horror films, including a number of vampire-themed pictures Die Einsteiger (1985), Blade (1998), Modern Vampires (1998), Shadow of the Vampire (2000), Dracula 3000 and BloodRayne (2005). He has also become famous for his work with cult directors, including Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Walerian Borowczyk , Gus Van Sant , Christoph Schlingensief , and Dario Argento (whose classic Suspiria (1977) he
975-472: The film breaks many of the movement's "rules", including built sets, post-dubbed music, violence, and computer graphics in the end of the film. Like the No Wave Cinema creative movement, Dogme 95 has been described as a defining period in low budget film production. Since 2002 and the 31st film, Spanish director Juan Pinzás no longer needs to have his work verified by the original board to identify it as
1014-424: The future of film, Lars von Trier showered a bemused audience with red pamphlets announcing "Dogme 95". In response to criticism, von Trier and Vinterberg have both stated that they just wanted to establish a new extreme: "In a business of extremely high budgets, we figured we should balance the dynamic as much as possible." In 1996, the movement took Breaking the Waves as the main inspiration by ethos, although
1053-468: The manifesto. His first film after founding the movement was Breaking the Waves , which was heavily influenced by the movement's style and ethos, although the film broke many of the "rules" laid out by the movement's manifesto, including built sets, and usage of non-diegetic musics and computer graphics. Most of his films that followed these principles can be traced from the 1998 film Idioterne until Riget: Exodus . Vinterberg's 2012 film, Jagten ,
1092-812: The movement was dissolved in 2005, the filmmakers continued to develop independent and experimental films using or influenced the concept including Jan Dunn 's Gypo and Brillante Mendoza 's films Serbis , Tirador , and Ma' Rosa . The use of 'Dogme 95' style filming is in a list of a hostage taker's demands in the Black Mirror episode, " The National Anthem ". After the release of Byun's film Interview (2000), some South Korean films who considered as an influence to Dogme 95 films, but rejected that serves as an actual Dogme; this includes This Charming Girl (2004) by Lee Yoon-Ki , Secret Sunshine (2007) by Lee Chang-dong , and The Housemaid (2010) by Im Sang-soo . Much of Von Trier's works were influenced by
1131-411: The movement. Breaking the Waves (1996), von Trier's first film under his own production company Zentropa , is often considered the first project to come from the movement despite breaking many of the movement's rules. Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg wrote and co-signed the manifesto and its companion "vows". Vinterberg said that they wrote the pieces in 45 minutes. The manifesto initially mimics
1170-545: The movement. While Interview (2000) does not explicitly mention that it is registered as Dogma #7, the number had originally referred to a scheduled German film titled Broken Cookies , directed by another one of von Trier's frequent collaborators, Udo Kier . The film was never produced, and Interview was registered instead. The end credits of Het Zuiden ( South ) (2004), directed by Martin Koolhoven , included thanks to "Dogme 95". Koolhoven originally planned to shoot it as
1209-434: The nature of Christ as universal redeemer being an example. The term originated in late Greek philosophy legal usage, in which it meant a decree or command, and came to be used in the same sense in early Christian theology. Protestants to differing degrees are less formal about doctrine, and often rely on denomination-specific beliefs, but seldom refer to these beliefs as dogmata. The first unofficial institution of dogma in
Dogme 95 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-488: The rules pertaining to the Dogme 95 manifesto. However, because of advancements in technology and quality, the aesthetic of these productions typically appears drastically different from that of the Dogme films shot on Tape or DVD-R Camcorders. Largely erasing the primitive and problematic features of past technologies, newer technologies have helped Dogme 95 filmmakers achieve an aesthetic of higher resolution, as well as of lower contrast, film grain, and saturation. The goal of
1287-678: The villainous Lorenzini in The Adventures of Pinocchio and 1999 sequel The New Adventures of Pinocchio , and as Ralfi in the film Johnny Mnemonic . In 1992, Kier appeared in Madonna 's controversial book Sex . He also appeared in the music videos for Madonna's songs " Erotica " and " Deeper and Deeper ", both taken from Madonna's 1992 album Erotica . Kier also appeared in the music videos for Korn 's " Make Me Bad ", Eve's " Let Me Blow Ya Mind ", and "Die Schöne und das Biest" by defunct German band Rauhfaser. He has also worked extensively as
1326-496: The wording of François Truffaut 's 1954 essay "Une certaine tendance du cinéma français" in Cahiers du cinéma . They announced the Dogme movement on March 13, 1995, in Paris , at Le cinéma vers son deuxième siècle conference. The cinema world had gathered to celebrate the first century of motion pictures and contemplate the uncertain future of commercial cinema. Called upon to speak about
1365-613: Was adopted in the 17th century from Latin : dogma , derived from the Ancient Greek : δόγμα , romanized : dogma , lit. 'opinion, belief, judgement' from the Ancient Greek : δοκεῖ , romanized : dokeî , lit. 'it seems that...'. The plural is based on the Latin : dogmata , though dogmas may be more commonly used in English. In Pyrrhonism , "dogma" refers to assent to
1404-417: Was also influenced by the manifesto. Money Mark has stated that the album Mark's Keyboard Repair was an "experimental concept based loosely on" the Dogme 95 idea. Academy Award -nominee Daughter (2019) was inspired by its aesthetic. Dogma In the pejorative sense, dogma refers to enforced decisions, such as those of aggressive political interests or authorities. More generally, it
1443-450: Was born in Cologne near the end of World War II . The hospital where he was born was bombed by the invading Allied forces moments after his birth, and he and his mother had to be dug out of the rubble. Kier grew up without a father. In his youth, he was an altar boy and cantor . He moved to London, England, at the age of 18 to learn English. In 1966, Kier was cast in the lead role for
1482-576: Was featured in). He has appeared in almost all of Lars von Trier 's films since 1987's Epidemic (with the exceptions of The Idiots , The Boss of it All , Antichrist and The House That Jack Built ). His most famous Hollywood roles include his appearance as Ron Camp in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), Curly in Barb Wire , as a NASA flight psychologist in Armageddon , as
1521-459: Was supposedly created as an attempt to "take back power for the directors as artists" as opposed to the movie studio. Von Trier and Vinterberg were later joined by Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen , forming a group known as the Dogme 95 Collective or the Dogme Brethren. French-American filmmaker Jean-Marc Barr and American filmmaker Harmony Korine are also seen as major figures in
#787212