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86-634: The award was first presented in 1946. The prize was not awarded on 10 occasions (1947, 1949, 1953, 1967, 1974–79, 1981–82, 1984, and 2001). The festival was not held at all in 1948, 1950, and 2020. In 1968, no awards were given as the festival was called off mid-way due to the May 1968 events in France . Also, the jury vote was tied, and the prize was shared by two films on 20 occasions (1957, 1960, 1962–63, 1970–71, 1973, 1987, 1991–93, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2019, and 2021–22). Ken Loach and Andrea Arnold have won

172-598: A Communist takeover of the country in 1948. Socialist voters were divided; in a February 1968 survey a majority had favored allying with the Communists, but 44% believed that Communists would attempt to seize power once in government (30% of Communist voters agreed). On Bastille Day , there were resurgent street demonstrations in the Latin Quarter, led by socialist students, leftists and communists wearing red armbands and anarchists wearing black armbands. The Paris police and

258-478: A budget deficit each year since the early 1970s. As of 2021, French government debt reached an equivalent of 118.6% of French GDP. Under European Union rules, member states are supposed to limit their debt to 60% of output or be reducing the ratio structurally towards this ceiling, and run public deficits of no more than 3.0% of GDP. In late 2012, credit-rating agencies warned that growing French government debt levels risked France's AAA credit rating , raising

344-402: A government, claims that the "moderate, nonviolent and essentially antirevolutionary" Communists opposed revolution because they sincerely believed that the party must come to power through legal elections, not armed conflict that might provoke harsh repression from political opponents. Not knowing that the Communists did not intend to seize power, officials prepared to position police forces at

430-455: A growth of 0.8%. This was followed by a growth of 1.1% for 2016, a growth of 2.2% for 2017, and a growth of 2.1% for 2018. According to INSEE (2021), non-financial and non-agricultural medium-sized firms employed 3 million full-time equivalent employees (24.3% of the workforce), accounted for 27% of investment, 30% of turnover, and 26% of value added, despite accounting for only 1.6% of total firms in France. With 31 companies that are part of

516-456: A key role in avoiding revolution by both speaking to and spying on the revolutionaries, and by avoiding the use of force. While Communist leaders later denied that they had planned an armed uprising, and extreme militants only comprised 2% of the populace, they had overestimated de Gaulle's strength, as shown by his escape to Germany. Historian Arthur P. Mendel, otherwise skeptical of French Communists' willingness to maintain democracy after forming

602-531: A march. The strikes spread to all sectors of the French economy, including state-owned jobs, manufacturing and service industries, management, and administration. Across France, students occupied university structures and up to one-third of the country's workforce was on strike. These strikes were not led by the union movement; on the contrary, the CGT tried to contain this spontaneous outbreak of militancy by channeling it into

688-426: A meeting in the university council room about class discrimination in French society and the political bureaucracy that controlled the university's funding. The university's administration called the police, who surrounded the university. After the publication of their wishes, the students left the building without any trouble. After this, some leaders of what was named the " Movement of 22 March " were called together by

774-406: A period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes , and the occupation of universities and factories . At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68 ( French : Mai 68 ), the economy of France came to a halt. The protests reached a point that made political leaders fear civil war or revolution ;

860-493: A rally in the Charléty stadium with about 22,000 attendees. Its range of speakers reflected the divide between student and Communist factions. While the rally was held in the stadium partly for security, the speakers' insurrectionist messages were dissonant with the relative amenities of the sports venue. The Socialists saw an opportunity to act as a compromise between de Gaulle and the Communists. On 28 May, François Mitterrand of

946-496: A revolution, with the military moving from the provinces to retake Paris as in 1871 . Minister of Defence Pierre Messmer and Chief of the Defence Staff Michel Fourquet prepared for such an action, and Pompidou had ordered tanks to Issy-les-Moulineaux . While the military was free of revolutionary sentiment, using an army mostly of conscripts the same age as the revolutionaries would have been very dangerous for

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1032-577: A short-lived increase in governmental control of the economy, nationalizing many industries and private banks. This form of increased dirigisme , was criticised as early as 1982. By 1983, the government decided to renounce dirigisme and start an era of rigueur ("rigor") or corporation. As a result, the government largely retreated from economic intervention; dirigisme has now essentially receded, though some of its traits remain. The French economy grew and changed under government direction and planning much more than in other European countries. Despite being

1118-673: A significant shift in its bond market position on September 26, 2024, when its bond yield surpassed that of Spain for the first time since 2007. The yield on 10-year French bonds reached 2.97%, slightly exceeding the yield on Spanish bonds of similar maturity, despite France's typically higher credit rating . This development raised concerns among investors about France's ability to manage its public finances effectively. France's bond yields were reported to be higher than those of Portugal and approaching levels seen in Italy and Greece , countries traditionally viewed as having higher economic risks in

1204-427: A struggle for higher wages and other economic demands. Workers put forward a broader, more political and more radical agenda, demanding an ouster of de Gaulle's government and attempting, in some cases, to run their factories. When the trade union leadership negotiated a 35% increase in the minimum wage, a 7% wage increase for other workers, and half normal pay for the time on strike with the major employers' associations,

1290-662: A tentative appearance on television at 8 p.m. The national government had effectively ceased to function. Édouard Balladur later wrote that as prime minister, Pompidou "by himself was the whole government", as most officials were "an incoherent group of confabulators" who believed that revolution would soon occur. A friend of Pompidou offered him a weapon, saying, "You will need it"; Pompidou advised him to go home. One official reportedly began burning documents, while another asked an aide how far they could flee by automobile should revolutionaries seize fuel supplies. Withdrawing money from banks became difficult, gasoline for private automobiles

1376-460: A widely liberalised economy, the government continues to play a significant role in the economy: government spending, at 56% of GDP in 2014, is the second-highest in the European Union. Labor conditions and wages are highly regulated. The government continues to own shares in corporations in several sectors, including energy production and distribution, automobiles, aerospace industry, shipbuilding,

1462-607: Is Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate with 2,656,178 companies followed by Services and Retail Trade with 2,090,320 and 549,395 companies respectively. France embarked on an ambitious and very successful programme of modernisation under state coordination. This programme of dirigisme , mostly implemented by governments between 1944 and 1983, involved the state control of certain industries such as transportation, energy and telecommunications as well as various incentives for private corporations to merge or engage in certain projects. The 1981 election of president François Mitterrand saw

1548-604: Is also high in France at 2.26% of GDP, the fourth-highest in the OECD. Industry contributes to French exports: as of 2018, the Observatory of Economic Complexity estimates that France's largest exports "are led by planes, helicopters, and spacecraft ($ 43.8 billion), cars ($ 26 billion), packaged medicaments ($ 25.7 billion), vehicle parts ($ 16.5 billion), and gas turbines ($ 14.4 billion)." In December 2023, industrial production in France experienced its most significant change since May of

1634-473: Is known as a soixante-huitard (a "68-er")—a term that has entered the English language. Sous les pavés, la plage! ("Under the paving stones, the beach!") is a slogan coined by student activist Bernard Cousin in collaboration with public relations expert Bernard Fritsch. The phrase became an emblem of the events and movement of the spring of 1968, when the revolutionary students began to build barricades in

1720-593: Is located in central France, while the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine ranges from central to southern France. France is a large producer of many agricultural products and is currently expanding its forestry and fishery industries. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have resulted in reforms in

1806-402: Is the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialised countries in the world. Due to its overwhelming reliance on nuclear power, renewable energies have seen relatively little growth compared to other Western countries. In 2006, electricity generated in France amounted to 548.8 TWh , of which: In November 2004, EDF (which stands for Electricité de France), one of

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1892-404: Is the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the ninth-largest economy by PPP , constituting around 4% of world GDP . Due to a volatile currency exchange rate , France's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply, being smaller in 2024 than in 2008. France has a diversified economy, that is dominated by the service sector (which in 2017 represented 78.8% of its GDP), whilst

1978-432: Is the world's largest dairy products group; Sanofi is the world's fifth-largest pharmaceutical company; Publicis is the world's third-largest advertising company; Groupe PSA is the world's 6th and Europe's 2nd largest automaker; Accor is the leading European hotel group; Alstom is one of the world's leading conglomerates in rail transport. In 2022, the sector with the highest number of companies registered in France

2064-524: The April 1969 referendum would show, the country was ready for " Gaullism without de Gaulle". May 1968 is an important reference point in French politics, representing for some the possibility of liberation and for others the dangers of anarchy. For some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements . Someone who took part in or supported this period of unrest

2150-471: The Arc de Triomphe to demand that (1) all criminal charges against arrested students be dropped, (2) the police leave the university, and (3) the authorities reopen Nanterre and Sorbonne. Negotiations broke down, and students returned to their campuses after a false report that the government had agreed to reopen them, only to discover the police still occupying the schools. This led to near revolutionary fervor among

2236-603: The COVID-19 pandemic , the French government issued 10-years bonds which had negative interest rates, for the first time in its history (which means that investors buying French bonds will pay, rather than receive, interest for owning French sovereign debt). France possesses in 2020 the fourth-largest gold reserves in the world. Macron vowed in May 2023 to build factories, boost job creations and make France more independent, shaked by pension protests . The Government of France has run

2322-468: The Eurozone . Furthermore, France faces a budget crisis in 2024, with the deficit at risk of exceeding 6% of GDP, significantly higher than the previous government's estimate of 5.1%. Newly appointed Finance Minister Antoine Armand and Budget Minister Laurent Saint-Martin pledged to focus on spending cuts before considering tax increases to address the fiscal shortfall. Prime Minister Michel Barnier

2408-562: The Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left declared that "there is no more state" and said he was ready to form a new government. He had received a surprisingly high 45% of the vote in the 1965 presidential election . On 29 May, Pierre Mendès France also said he was ready to form a new government; unlike Mitterrand, he was willing to include the Communists. Although the Socialists lacked

2494-589: The French Section of the Workers' International formed an electoral alliance. Communists had long supported Socialist candidates in elections, but in the "February Declaration" the two parties agreed to attempt to form a joint government to replace President Charles de Gaulle and his Gaullist Party. On 22 March, far-left groups, a small number of prominent poets and musicians, and 150 students occupied an administration building at Paris University at Nanterre and held

2580-587: The National Assembly , as he believed that their party, the Gaullists, would lose the resulting election. At 11:00 am, he told Pompidou, "I am the past; you are the future; I embrace you." The government announced that de Gaulle was going to his country home in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises before returning the next day, and rumors spread that he would prepare his resignation speech there. However,

2666-492: The World Bank . The leading industrial sectors in France are telecommunications (including communication satellites), aerospace and defence, ship building), pharmaceuticals, construction and civil engineering, chemicals, textiles, and automobile production. The chemical industry is a key sector for France, helping to develop other manufacturing activities and contributing to economic growth. Research and development spending

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2752-426: The arms industry , electronics industry, machine industry, metallurgy, fuels, chemical industry, transportation, and telecommunications. In April and May 2012, France held a presidential election in which the winner François Hollande had opposed austerity measures, promising to eliminate France's budget deficit by 2017. The new government stated that it aimed to cancel recently enacted tax cuts and exemptions for

2838-490: The industrial sector accounted for 19.5% of its GDP and the primary sector accounted for the remaining 1.7%. In 2020, France was the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipient in Europe, and Europe's second largest spender in research and development . It was ranked among the 10 most innovative countries in the world by the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index , as well as the 15th most competitive nation globally according to

2924-664: The world's biggest 500 companies , France was in 2020 the most represented European country in the 2020 Fortune Global 500 , ahead of Germany (27 companies) and the UK (22). As of August 2020, France was also the country that weighed the most on the Eurozone's EURO STOXX 50 (representing 36.4% of all total assets), ahead of Germany (35.2%). Several French corporations rank amongst the largest in their industries such as AXA in insurance and Air France in air transportation. Luxury and consumer goods are particularly relevant, with L'Oreal being

3010-558: The 'consumer society ' ". Nonetheless, in the weeks that followed, approximately 401 popular action committees were set up in Paris and elsewhere to take up grievances against the government and French society, including the Sorbonne Occupation Committee . By the middle of May, demonstrations extended to factories, though workers' demands significantly varied from students'. A union-led general strike on 13 May included 200,000 in

3096-583: The 2019 Global Competitiveness Report (up 2 notches compared to 2018). It was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world (and second in Europe after Germany). France is also the most visited destination in the world , as well as the European Union 's leading agricultural power. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in 2023, France was the world's 23rd country by GDP per capita with $ 44,408 per inhabitant. In 2021, France

3182-399: The 2nd most attractive global city in the world in 2019 by KPMG . La Défense , Paris's Central Business District, was ranked by Ernst & Young in 2017 as the leading business district in continental Europe , and fourth in the world. The OECD is headquartered in Paris, the nation's financial capital. The other major economic centres of the country include Lyon , Toulouse (centre of

3268-602: The Champs-Élysées waving the national flag ; the Gaullists had planned the rally for several days, which attracted a crowd of diverse ages, occupations, and politics. The Communists agreed to the election, and the threat of revolution was over. From that point, the revolutionary feeling of the students and workers faded away. Workers gradually returned to work or were ousted from their plants by police. The national student union called off street demonstrations. The government banned several leftist organizations. The police retook

3354-618: The Communists' ability to form large street demonstrations, they had more than 20% of the country's support. On the morning of 29 May, de Gaulle postponed the meeting of the Council of Ministers scheduled for that day and secretly removed his personal papers from Élysée Palace . He told his son-in-law Alain de Boissieu : "I do not want to give them a chance to attack the Élysée. It would be regrettable if blood were shed in my personal defense. I have decided to leave: nobody attacks an empty palace." De Gaulle refused Pompidou's request that he dissolve

3440-538: The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) harshly responded starting around 10 pm and continuing through the night, on the streets, in police vans, at police stations, and in hospitals where many wounded were taken. There was, as a result, much bloodshed among students and tourists there for the evening's festivities. No charges were filed against police or demonstrators, but the governments of Britain and West Germany filed formal protests, including for

3526-533: The EU. In the early 1980s, France was the leading producer of the three principal grains of wheat, barley, and maize. Back in 1983, France produced around 24.8 million tonnes, ahead of the United Kingdom and West Germany, the next two largest wheat producers. Northern France is characterised by large wheat farms. Dairy products, pork, poultry, and apple production are concentrated in the western region. Beef production

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3612-454: The European aerospace industry), Marseille and Lille . France's economy entered the recession of the late 2000s later and appeared to leave it earlier than most affected economies, only enduring four-quarters of contraction. However, France experienced stagnant growth between 2012 and 2014, with the economy expanding by 0% in 2012, 0.8% in 2013 and 0.2% in 2014. Growth picked up in 2015 with

3698-467: The French government to produce the Grenelle agreements , which would increase the minimum wage 35% and all salaries 10%, and granted employee protections and a shortened working day. The unions were forced to reject the agreement, based on opposition from their members, underscoring a disconnect in organizations that claimed to reflect working class interests. The UNEF student union and CFDT trade union held

3784-587: The June elections, the Gaullists emerged stronger than before. The events of May 1968 continue to influence French society. The period is considered a cultural, social and moral turning point in the nation's history. Alain Geismar , who was one of the student leaders at the time, later said the movement had succeeded "as a social revolution, not as a political one". In February 1968, the French Communist Party and

3870-487: The National Assembly and call a new election by threatening to resign. At 4:30 pm, de Gaulle broadcast his refusal to resign. He announced an election, scheduled for 23 June, and ordered workers to return to work, threatening to institute a state of emergency if they did not. The government had leaked to the media that the army was outside Paris. Immediately after the speech, about 800,000 supporters marched through

3956-582: The Sorbonne on 16 June. Contrary to de Gaulle's fears, his party won the greatest victory in French parliamentary history in the legislative election held in June , taking 353 of 486 seats to the Communists' 34 and the Socialists' 57. The February Declaration and its promise to include Communists in government likely hurt the Socialists in the election. Their opponents cited the example of the Czechoslovak National Front government of 1945, which led to

4042-409: The Sorbonne. However, the surge of strikes did not recede. Instead, the protesters became even more active. When the Sorbonne reopened, students occupied it and declared it an autonomous "people's university". Public opinion at first supported the students, but turned against them after their leaders, invited to appear on national television, "behaved like irresponsible utopianists who wanted to destroy

4128-866: The United States (51.1 million in 2006). This figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours in France, such as northern Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy during the summer. According to figures from 2003, some popular tourist sites include (in visitors per year): Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (2.6 million), Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Centre Pompidou (1.2 million), Mont-Saint-Michel (1 million), Château de Chambord (711,000), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), Carcassonne (362,000). However,

4214-638: The United States face stiff competition from domestic production, other EU member states, and third-world countries in France. US agricultural exports to France, totaling some $ 600 million annually, consist primarily of soybeans and soybean products, feeds and fodders, seafood, and consumer products, especially snack foods and nuts. French exports to the United States are much more high-value products such as its cheese , processed products and its wine . The French agricultural sector receives almost €11 billion in EU subsidies. France produced in 2018 39.5 million tons of sugar beet (2nd largest producer in

4300-435: The aftermath shown on television the next day. It was alleged that the police had participated in the riots, through agents provocateurs , by burning cars and throwing Molotov cocktails . The government's heavy-handed reaction brought on a wave of sympathy for the strikers. Many of the nation's more mainstream singers and poets joined after the police brutality came to light. American artists also began voicing support of

4386-435: The agricultural sector of the economy. As the world's second-largest agricultural exporter, France ranks just after the United States. The destination of 49% of its exports is other EU members states. France also provides agricultural exports to many poor African countries (including its former colonies) which face serious food shortages. Wheat, beef, pork, poultry, and dairy products are the principal exports. Exports from

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4472-497: The capability to amend the French Constitution and allowing immediate enactment of the promised reforms. French government bond interest rates fell 30% to record lows, less than 50 basis points above German government bond rates. Hollande's successor as President of France, Emmanuel Macron , a centrist politician, took office in May 2017. His aim was to revive the euro zone’s second-largest economy. In July 2020, during

4558-599: The disciplinary committee of the university. After months of conflicts between students and authorities at the Nanterre campus of the University of Paris (now Paris Nanterre University ), the administration shut the university down on 2 May 1968. Students at the University of Paris's Sorbonne campus (today Sorbonne University ) met on 3 May to protest the closure and the threatened expulsion of several Nanterre students. On 6 May,

4644-514: The first city in Europe (and 3rd worldwide) by the number of companies classified in Fortune ' s Fortune Global 500 . Paris produced US$ 738 billion (or US$ 882 billion at market exchange rates ) or around 1/3 of the French economy in 2018 while the economy of the Paris metropolitan area —the largest in Europe with London—generates around 1/3 of France's GDP or around $ 1.0 trillion. Paris has been ranked as

4730-514: The flow of events had changed. The Grenelle accords , concluded on 27 May between the government, trade unions and employers, won significant wage gains for workers. A counter-demonstration organised by the Gaullist party on 29 May in central Paris gave De Gaulle the confidence to dissolve the National Assembly and call parliamentary elections for 23 June 1968. Violence evaporated almost as quickly as it arose. Workers returned to their jobs, and after

4816-441: The government. A survey conducted immediately after the crisis found that 20% of Frenchmen would have supported a revolution, 23% would have opposed it, and 57% would have avoided physical participation in the conflict. 33% would have fought a military intervention, while only 5% would have supported it and a majority of the country would have avoided any action. At 2:30 p.m. on 30 May, Pompidou persuaded de Gaulle to dissolve

4902-445: The indecent assault of two English schoolgirls by police in a police station. Despite the size of de Gaulle's triumph, it was not a personal one. A post-crisis survey conducted by Mattei Dogan showed that a majority of the country saw de Gaulle as "'too sure of himself' (70%), 'too old to govern' (59%), 'too authoritarian' (64%), 'too concerned with his personal prestige' (69%), 'too conservative' (63%), and 'too anti-American' (69%)"; as

4988-469: The marchers approached. While the crowd dispersed, some began to create barricades out of whatever was at hand, while others threw paving stones, forcing the police to retreat for a time. The police then responded with tear gas and charged the crowd again. Hundreds more students were arrested. High school student unions spoke in support of the riots on 6 May. The next day, they joined the students, teachers and increasing numbers of young workers who gathered at

5074-625: The military's support, de Gaulle rescheduled the meeting of the Council of Ministers for the next day, 30 May, and returned to Colombey by 6:00 pm. However, his wife Yvonne gave the family jewels to their son and daughter-in-law —who stayed in Baden for a few more days—for safekeeping, indicating that the de Gaulles still considered Germany a possible refuge. Massu kept as a state secret de Gaulle's loss of confidence until others disclosed it in 1982; until then most observers believed that his disappearance

5160-587: The most awards in this category, each winning three. Irma P. Hall is the only actress to win in this category, for her role in The Ladykillers (2004). Four directing teams have shared the award: Enrico Gras , Giorgio Moser and Leonardo Bonzi for Lost Continent (1955), Marjane Satrapi and Vincent Paronnaud for Persepolis (2007), Kleber Mendonça Filho and Juliano Dornelles for Bacurau (2019), and Felix van Groeningen and Charlotte Vandermeersch for The Eight Mountains (2022). Samira Makhmalbaf

5246-531: The national government briefly ceased to function after President Charles de Gaulle secretly fled France to West Germany on the 29th. The protests are sometimes linked to similar movements around the same time worldwide that inspired a generation of protest art in the form of songs, imaginative graffiti, posters, and slogans. The unrest began with a series of far-left student occupation protests against capitalism , consumerism , American imperialism and traditional institutions. Heavy police repression of

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5332-538: The national student union, the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France (UNEF, the National Union of Students of France)—still France's largest student union today—and the union of university teachers called a march to protest the police invasion of the Sorbonne. More than 20,000 students, teachers and supporters marched toward the Sorbonne, still sealed off by the police, who charged, wielding their batons, as soon as

5418-509: The possibility of a future credit downgrade and subsequent higher borrowing costs for the French government. In 2012 France was downgraded by ratings agencies Moody's , Standard & Poor 's (S&P), and Fitch to an AA+ credit rating. In December 2014 France's credit rating was further downgraded by Fitch and S&P to AA. Macron, shaken by pension protests, vowed in May 2023 to build factories, boost job creations and make France more independent. The Government of France experienced

5504-498: The presidential helicopter did not arrive in Colombey, and de Gaulle had told no one in the government where he was going. For more than six hours the world did not know where he was. The canceling of the ministerial meeting and de Gaulle's mysterious disappearance stunned the French, including Pompidou, who shouted, "He has fled the country!" With de Gaulle's closest advisors saying they did not know what he intended, Pompidou scheduled

5590-400: The protesters led France's trade union confederations to call for sympathy strikes , which spread far more quickly than expected to involve 11 million workers, more than 22% of France's population at the time. The movement was characterized by spontaneous and decentralized wildcat disposition; this created contrast and at times even conflict among the trade unions and leftist parties. It

5676-462: The same year, with a notable increase of 1.1%. 2021 electricity production of France France is the world-leading country in nuclear energy, home of global energy giants Areva , EDF and GDF Suez : nuclear power now accounts for about 78% of the country's electricity production, up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990. Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities. Due to its heavy investment in nuclear power, France

5762-476: The streets of major cities by tearing up street pavement stone . As the first barricades were raised, the students recognized that the stone setts were placed atop sand. The slogan encapsulated the movement's views on urbanization and modern society both literally and metaphorically. Other examples: Economy of France The economy of France is a highly developed social market economy with notable state participation in strategic sectors. It

5848-524: The strikers. The major left union federations, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) and the Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO), called a one-day general strike and demonstration for Monday, 13 May. Well over a million people marched through Paris that day; the police stayed largely out of sight. Prime Minister Georges Pompidou personally announced the release of the prisoners and the reopening of

5934-556: The students. On 10 May, another huge crowd congregated on the Rive Gauche . When the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité again blocked them from crossing the river, the crowd again threw up barricades, which the police then attacked at 2:15 a.m. after negotiations once again floundered. The confrontation, which produced hundreds of arrests and injuries, lasted until dawn. The events were broadcast on radio as they occurred and

6020-432: The top 3 tire manufacturers; JCDecaux is the world's largest outdoor advertising corporation; BNP Paribas , Credit Agricole and Société Générale rank amongst the largest banks in the world by assets. Capgemini and Atos are among the largest technology consulting companies. Carrefour is the world's second-largest retail group in terms of revenue; Total is the world's fourth-largest private oil company; Lactalis

6106-425: The wealthy, raising the top tax bracket rate to 75% on incomes over a million euros, restoring the retirement age to 60 with a full pension for those who have worked 42 years, restoring 60,000 jobs recently cut from public education, regulating rent increases; and building additional public housing for the poor. In June 2012, Hollande's Socialist Party won an overall majority in the legislative elections , giving it

6192-522: The whimsical nature of these awards, the Festival authorities decided to turn to a more traditional prize-giving arrangement. Since then, the Prix spécial du Jury reappeared only twice: Christopher Hampton won that award for  Carrington along with the regular Prix du Jury given to Xavier Beauvois for Don't Forget You're Going to Die in 1995; and David Cronenberg won for Crash  in 1996, which

6278-499: The workers occupying their factories refused to return to work and jeered their union leaders. On 24 May, two people died at the hands of out-of-control rioters. In Lyon, Police Inspector Rene Lacroix died when he was crushed by a driverless truck rioters sent careering into police lines. In Paris, Phillipe Metherion, 26, was stabbed to death during an argument among demonstrators. As the upheaval reached its apogee in late May, major trade unions met with employers' organizations and

6364-454: The world's largest cosmetic company while LVMH and Kering are the world's two largest luxury product companies. In energy and utilities, GDF-Suez and EDF are amongst the largest energy companies in the world, and Areva is a large nuclear-energy company; Veolia Environnement is the world's largest environmental services and water management company; Vinci SA , Bouygues and Eiffage are large construction companies; Michelin ranks in

6450-460: The world's largest utility company and France's largest electricity provider, was floated with huge success on the French stock market. However, the French state still retains 70% of the capital. Other electricity providers include Compagnie nationale du Rhône (CNR) and Endesa (through SNET ). France is the world's sixth largest agricultural producer and EU's leading agricultural power, accounting for about one-third of all agricultural land within

6536-404: The world); 4.9 million tons of rapeseed (4th largest producer in the world, behind Canada, China and India); 2.2 million tons of sugarcane ; 1.7 million tons of apple (9th largest producer in the world); 1.3 million tons of triticale (4th largest producer in the world, only behind Poland, Germany and Belarus); 1.2 million tons of sunflower seed (9th largest producer in

6622-424: The world); 712 thousand tons of tomatoes ; 660 thousand tons of linen ; 615 thousand tons of dry pea ; 535 thousand tons of carrot; 427 thousand tons of oats ; 400 thousand tons of soy ; in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products. France is the world's most popular tourist destination with more than 83.7 million foreign tourists in 2014, ahead of Spain (58.5 million in 2006) and

6708-432: The world, just behind Russia), which serves to produce sugar and ethanol ; 35.8 million tons of wheat (5th largest producer in the world); 12.6 million tons of maize (11th largest producer in the world); 11.2 million tons of barley (2nd largest producer in the world, only behind Russia); 7.8 million tons of potato (8th largest producer in the world); 6.2 million tons of grape (5th largest producer in

6794-436: The Élysée with orders to shoot if necessary. That it did not also guard Paris City Hall despite reports that it was the Communists' target was evidence of governmental chaos. The Communist movement largely centered around the Paris metropolitan area , and not elsewhere. Had the rebellion occupied key public buildings in Paris, the government would have had to use force to retake them. The resulting casualties could have incited

6880-421: Was intended to remind the French people of what they might lose. Although the disappearance was real and not intended as motivation, it indeed had such an effect on France. On 30 May, 400,000 to 500,000 protesters (many more than the 50,000 the police were expecting) led by the CGT marched through Paris, chanting: " Adieu, de Gaulle! " ("Farewell, de Gaulle!"). Maurice Grimaud , head of the Paris police , played

6966-545: Was listed on the United Nations's Human Development Index with a value of 0.903 (indicating very high human development) and 22nd on the Corruption Perceptions Index in 2021. Among OECD members, France has a highly efficient and strong social security system , which comprises roughly 31.7% of GDP . Paris is a leading global city , and has one of the largest city GDP in the world. It ranks as

7052-589: Was tasked with finalizing the 2025 budget within days, amidst pressure to present realistic plans for deficit reduction. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation below 5% is in green. (in Bil. US$ PPP (in US$ PPP) (in Bil. US$ nominal) (in US$ nominal) In 2019, France was the world's 8th largest manufacturer in terms of value added , according to

7138-477: Was the first woman to have won the award, for 2000's Blackboards . Since 1967, the official name of the award has been simply the Prix du Jury , but it has had two other names since its creation in 1946: the International Jury Prize , which was awarded for that year only, and the Prix spécial du Jury (1951–1967) that was given among other secondary prizes. In 1954, after facing much criticism about

7224-482: Was the largest general strike ever attempted in France, and the first nationwide wildcat general strike. The student occupations and general strikes across France met with forceful confrontation by university administrators and police. The de Gaulle administration's attempts to quell the strikes by police action only inflamed the situation, leading to street battles with the police in Paris's Latin Quarter . By late May

7310-804: Was the only prize allotted by the International Jury for that year. British film academic Andrew M. Butler regards jury prizes such as Cannes' as a way of helping a film gain a distribution deal . The following individuals received two or more Jury Prize awards: May 68 [REDACTED] Opposition: Students: Unions: [REDACTED] Government [REDACTED] Non-centralised leadership Some notable people participating: [REDACTED] François Mitterrand [REDACTED] Pierre Mendès France [REDACTED] Charles de Gaulle ( President of France ) [REDACTED] Georges Pompidou ( Prime Minister of France ) Incidents Beginning in May 1968,

7396-587: Was unavailable, and some people tried to obtain private planes or fake national identity cards . Pompidou unsuccessfully requested that military radar be used to follow de Gaulle's two helicopters, but soon learned that he had gone to the headquarters of the French Forces in Germany , in Baden-Baden , to meet General Jacques Massu . Massu persuaded the discouraged de Gaulle to return to France; now knowing that he had

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