81-476: A doge ( / d oʊ dʒ / DOHJ , Italian: [ˈdɔːdʒe] ; plural dogi or doges ; see below ) was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states , notably Venice and Genoa , during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Such states are referred to as " crowned republics ". The word is from the Venetian language , reaching English via French . Doge , along with
162-682: A 100-galley Ottoman fleet under the command of Dragut defeated the 40 Genoese galleys commanded by Doria in the Ponza . The war between France and the Empire having broken out once more, the French invaded Corsica , then administered by the Genoese Bank of Saint George . Doria was again summoned, and he spent two years (1553–1555) on the island fighting the French with varying fortune. He returned to Genoa for good in 1555, and being very old and infirm, he gave over
243-590: A Franco-Turk fleet in Marseille, although the defenses built by Doria dissuaded them from trying to take Genoa. In July 1537 near Naxos , Doria captured 12 Turk galleys captained by Ali Zelif, who died in the battle. Upon finding out Barbarossa was now coming for him with a huge fleet of 135 galleys, Doria retreated to Messina , where he was forced to hear how Barbarossa sacked Apulia . The Ottomans boasted they might be able to choose their own Pope some day, but in reality their fleet had to be diverted against Venice due to
324-1008: A Germanic title of respect (in this case, from the Proto-Germanic root *haira- , "hoary, venerable, grey", likely a loan translation of Latin seniorem ). In other European languages there is Welsh Arglwydd , Hungarian Úr , Greek Kyrie , Polish Pan , Czech pán , Breton Aotrou , and Albanian Zoti . In several Indian languages there are the Hindi Swami , Prabhu , Thakur , Samprabhu (Overlord) and also words like Saheb or Laat Saheb from Lord Saheb were once used but have changed in meaning now, Telugu Prabhuvu , Tamil Koman , Kannada Dore , Bengali Probhu , Gujarati Swami , Punjabi Su'āmī , Nepali Prabhu . Words like Swami and Prabhu are Sanskrit -origin words, common in many Indian languages. Philippine languages have different words for "lord", some of which are cognates. Tagalog has Panginoón for "lord" in both
405-578: A Spanish fleet on 28 April 1528 at the Battle of Capo d'Orso , capturing the enemy commanders Alfonso d'Avalos and Ascanio Colonna. However, Andrea became dissatisfied with his treatment at the hands of Francis, who was mean about payment and replaced Doria for the French admiral François de la Rochefoucault. Meanwhile, d'Avalos capitalized on the chance to try convince Doria to switch sides, leading Doria to refuse to hand d'Avalos and Colonna to Francis as he asked. Charles V and Doria exchanged letters, and eventually
486-560: A collision in 1956. Doria was born at Oneglia from the ancient Genoese family the Doria di Oneglia, a branch of the noble Doria family, who played a major role in the history of the Republic since the 12th century. His parents were related: Ceva Doria, co-lord of Oneglia, and Caracosa Doria, of the Doria di Dolceacqua branch. Orphaned at an early age, he became a soldier of fortune , serving first in
567-740: A deity. After the 11th-century Norman invasion of England and the influx of Norman-French-speaking clerics, this semantic field began to appear in religious texts as well, but that occurred during the later Middle Ages and not in Bede's early medieval period. The word "Lord" appears frequently in the King James Bible of the early 17th century. See also the article Jesus is Lord . Historical usage Present usage: Andrea Doria Andrea Doria , Prince of Melfi ( Italian: [anˈdrɛːa ˈdɔːrja] ; Ligurian : Drîa Döia [ˈdɾiːa ˈdɔːja] ; 30 November 1466 – 25 November 1560)
648-455: A highly respected senior public official (see Roman censor ), rather than its modern meaning having to do with censorship . He was given two palaces, many privileges, and the title of Liberator et Pater Patriae (Liberator and Father of His Country). He established himself in his newly-renovated villa in Fassolo, a Renaissance masterpiece known as Villa del Principe , in an area just outside
729-486: A large effort to reorganize the other Genoese captains. In 1542, the now allied French and Ottomans sacked Nice , being chased away by Doria, who captured four ships. In May, Hayreddin Barbarossa attacked Reggio with 110 galleys, linking with the French fleet in Marseille, where command was shared with Francis of Bourbon . Again, Barbarossa and Bourbon conquered and sacked Nice , except by its citadel, and retreated with
810-623: A master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom , or are entitled to courtesy titles . The collective "Lords" can refer to a group or body of peers . According to the Oxford Dictionary of English , the etymology of the word can be traced back to the Old English word hlāford which originated from hlāfweard meaning "loaf-ward" or "bread-keeper", reflecting
891-562: A new attempt to capture Barbarossa. Doria tried to warn the emperor of the terrible timing of the move, as it was autumn and the Mediterranean weather was dangerous, but he was not heeded, and the Genoese reluctantly accepted to participate anyways. The result was a fiasco, as a storm disintegrated he imperial fleet, although the Dorias managed to secure the rereat of a large part of the fleet, taking
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#1732851296086972-454: A plan to try to rescue him, but Francis ordered him to refrain. Doria then clashed with Francis' regent, Anne de Montmorency , and abandoned French service, forming a naval mercenary fleet. However, he ended up siding with France again when Pope Clement VIII formed the League of Cognac to oppose Charles V , for which Doria was hired to command their armada while Giovanni delle Bande Nere did
1053-458: A threat. Doria and Mendoza captured Mahdia , which Dragut had recently conquered and turned into his base. In the citadel was captured Hesar, a nephew to Dragut. Doria reinforced the garrison the next year, after which he found and chased Turgut and his 20 galleys to Djerba , blockading the privateer with few ships in an inlet. Dragut still escaped, digging a channel and dragging his ships overland to it. Disgruntled, Doria sacked Djerba. In 1552
1134-414: A wide, loose and varied meaning. An overlord was a person from whom a landholding or a manor was held by a mesne lord or vassal under various forms of feudal land tenure . The modern term " landlord " is a vestigial survival of this function. A liege lord was a person to whom a vassal owed sworn allegiance. Neither of these terms were titular dignities, but rather factual appellations, which described
1215-406: Is "The Lord (X)": for example, Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson , can be referred to as "The Lord Tennyson", although the most common appellation is "Lord Tennyson". Marquesses, earls and viscounts are commonly also addressed as Lord. Dukes use the style "The Duke of (X)", and are not correctly referred to as "Lord (X)". Dukes are formally addressed as "Your Grace", rather than "My Lord". "Lord"
1296-643: Is a particle that generally accords respect to an addressee of higher status than the speaker. In the Yoruba language of West Africa, the words Olu and Oluwa are used in much the same way as the English term. Olodumare , the Yoruba conception of God Almighty , is often referred to using either of these two words. In the Yoruba chieftaincy system, meanwhile, the Oluwo of Iwo 's royal title translates to "Lord of Iwo". In Lagos ,
1377-504: Is also derived from the middle English word 'Lard' also meaning 'Lord'. The word is generally used to refer to any owner of a landed estate and has no meaning in heraldic terms and its use is not controlled by the Lord Lyon . Lord is occasionally used as part of a substantive British noble title in its own right: In the Peerage of Scotland , the members of the lowest level of the peerage have
1458-422: Is also used as a courtesy title for younger sons of a British prince , duke, or marquesses, in the style "Lord (first name) (surname)". The eldest son of a peer would be entitled to use one of his father's subsidiary titles (if any). For example, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent holds the subsidiary title of Earl of St Andrews, which is used by his elder son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews , while his younger son
1539-482: Is simply "lord of X", X being the name of the manor. The term "Lord of the Manor" is a recent usage of historians to distinguish such lords from feudal barons and other powerful persons referred to in ancient documents variously as "Sire" (mediaeval French), "Dominus" (Latin), "Lord" etc. The Scottish title Laird is a shortened form of 'laverd' which is an old Scottish word deriving from an Anglo-Saxon term meaning 'Lord' and
1620-511: Is styled Lord Nicholas Windsor . However, if the father has no subsidiary title, the older son will assume a courtesy title of "Lord (last name)", such as in the case of the Earl of Devon . As these forms of address are merely courtesy titles, the holder is not actually a member of the peerage and is not entitled to use the definite article "The" as part of the title. The upper house of the Parliament of
1701-802: The Barbary pirates . When a fleet led by the brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa , coming from a failed siege of the Spanish port of Béjaïa , captured a Genoese ship in 1512, Doria attacked the brothers' base in La Goulette with twelve galleys, sacking the place and destroying the ships in port. In the meanwhile, however, Genoa was recaptured by the French, as a new change of tide in Marignano forced Fregoso to pledge Genoa to King Francis I of France in 1515. Doria focused in his actions against Muslims, defeated another Turk fleet in at Pianosa in 1519. In 1522, during
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#17328512960861782-857: The Commonwealth , bishops may be addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lord Bishop" or "Your Lordship", particularly on formal occasions. This usage is not restricted to those bishops who sit in the House of Lords . Indeed, by custom, it is not restricted to bishops of the Church of England but applies to bishops of the Church in Wales , the Scottish Episcopal Church , and the Roman Catholic Church , and may be applied (though less commonly) to bishops of other Christian denominations. It has become more common to use simply
1863-473: The Court of Appeal of England and Wales , are called "Lord Justice". Other Commonwealth judges, for example judges of Canadian provincial supreme courts, are known only as Justices but are addressed with deference in court as 'My Lord', 'My Lady', 'Your Lordship' or 'Your Ladyship'. Examples of judges who use the appellation "lord" include: The Board of Admiralty (1628–1964) was established in 1628 when Charles I put
1944-522: The Cybo , Doria , Fieschi , Giustiniani , Grimaldi , Imperiale , Pallavicino , and Spinola families. He refused offers to take the lordship of Genoa and even the dogeship , but accepted the position of "perpetual censor ", and exercised predominant influence in the councils of the republic until his death. The title "censor" in this context was modelled on its meaning in the Roman Republic , i.e. ,
2025-608: The Germanic tribal custom of a chieftain providing food for his followers. The appellation "lord" is primarily applied to men, while for women the appellation " lady " is used. This is no longer universal: the Lord of Mann , a title previously held by the Queen of the United Kingdom , and female Lords Mayor are examples of women who are styled as "Lord". Under the feudal system , "lord" had
2106-590: The Italian War between France and the empire of Charles V , King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor , Genoa was conquered and sacked by imperial troops under the command of Prospero Colonna and Fernando d'Ávalos , forcing Doria to escape with the fleet again. Taking refuge in Monaco , he helped the French defend Marseille, but the war came to an abrupt end when Francis I was captured by the imperial army in Pavia . Doria prepared
2187-658: The Peloponnese , capturing Corone and Patras . The Ottomans attempted to recover Corone the following year with a grand armada captained by Lütfi Pasha , but Doria defeated them, outmaneuvering the Turks by towing his ships with his galleys in absence of wind. His tactics during the battle would be called by Edmond Jurien de La Gravière one of the most skillful naval operations of the 16th century. Barbarossa launched his own offensives from Algiers and Tunis , helped by his Jewish lieutenant Sinan Reis . In 1535, Charles V called for
2268-588: The conquest of Tunis , with Doria sharing the naval command with another rising admiral, Álvaro de Bazán the Elder . The fleet succeeded in taking Tunis, but Barbarossa managed to escape. Charles intended to continue the campaign taking Algiers next, but the weather impeded it. One year later, Babarossa attacked and sacked the Balearic Islands by disguising 27 galleasses as Spanish vessels, leading Doria to give him chase with 30 galleys, with orders of Charles V to bring
2349-640: The Admiralty ceased to exist, but the First, Second and Third Sea Lords retained their titles, despite ceasing to be Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. To this day (2023) the first two senior officers of the Royal Navy are still known as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff , and Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff . The Lords Commissioners were entitled collectively to be known as "The Right Honourable
2430-790: The Admiralty. With the abolition of the Board of Admiralty and its merger into the Ministry of Defence in 1964, formal control of the Navy was taken over by the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council of the United Kingdom, with the day-to-day running of the Navy taken over by the Navy Board. The office of Lord High Admiral was vested in the Crown (i.e. in the person of the current British monarch) and that of First Lord of
2511-703: The Crown (in reference to the Australian Monarchy) or the Commonwealth (in reference to the Australian Government). Lord is used as a generic term to denote members of the peerage . Five ranks of peer exist in the United Kingdom: in descending order these are duke , marquess , earl , viscount , and baron . The appellation "Lord" is used most often by barons, who are rarely addressed by their formal and legal title of "Baron". The most formal style
Doge (title) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-515: The French from capitalizing on the chance, attacking the French positions in the coast. After the Peace of Crépy between Francis and Charles in 1544, Doria hoped to end his days in quiet. However, his great wealth and power, as well as the arrogance of his nephew and heir Giannettino Doria, had made him many enemies, and in 1547 the Fieschi conspiracy to dislodge his family from power took place. Giannettino
2673-492: The Genoese deserted the French for the emperor on June 1528. Without Doria's fleet, the League collapsed. In September 1528 Andrea Doria and his forces drove the French out of Genoa and were triumphantly received by the city. Charles appointed him grand admiral, prince of Melfi and Marquis of Tursi in reward for his services. He found Doria an invaluable ally in the wars with Francis I, and through him extended his domination over
2754-734: The House of Lords by virtue of holding life peerages. Most of them (those who were members of the Appellate Committee ) were known collectively as the Law Lords . All judges, including former Law Lords, lost the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords, despite retaining their life peerages, upon creation of the Supreme Court. The appellation "Lord", though not the style, is also used to refer to some judges in certain Commonwealth legal systems, who are not peers. Some such judges, for instance judges of
2835-476: The League, along with blundering on Doria's part, caused the defeat of their fleet in the subsequent Battle of Preveza in September 1538. This victory secured Turkish dominance over the eastern Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Doria was harshly criticized for his lack of strategy, which might have obeyed to Spain and Genoa being unwilling to commit themselves in defense of
2916-490: The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", and were commonly referred to collectively as "Their Lordships" or "My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", though individual members were not entitled to these styles. More informally, they were known in short as "The Lords of the Admiralty". The Lords of the Admiralty are not peers. In Great Britain and Ireland , and in most countries that are members or former members of
2997-559: The Manor" is still recognised by the British Government for any such title registered at His Majesty's Land Registry before 13 October 2003 (the commencement date of the Land Registration Act 2002) but after that date titles can no longer be registered, and any such titles voluntarily de-registered by the holder cannot later be re-registered. However any transfer of ownership of registered manors will continue to be recorded in
3078-555: The Oluwa of Lagos is one of that kingdom's most powerful chiefs. English -speakers use the word "Lord" (generally with an initial upper-case letter) as a title of deference for various gods or deities. The earliest recorded use of "Lord" in the English language in a religious context occurred in the work of English writers such as Bede ( c. 673 – 735). However, Bede wrote in Latin ( Michael Lapidge describes him as "without question
3159-590: The Ottomans. In 1538, being given command of the Holy League, Doria sailed off with 80 Venetian galleys, 36 from the Vatican States, 30 from Spain, as well as 50 naos, with the goal to seek the encounter with Barbarossa's fleet and defeated him. He tracked Barbarossa and his lieutenants, which included Sinan, Salih and Dragut or Turgut Reis , to the strait of Corinth , where he blockaded them. However, infighting within
3240-555: The Turk privateer dead or alive, but again Barbarossa escaped. After the death of Francesco I Sforza death in 1535, Charles V and Francis I clashed again for the succession of the Duchy of Milan . Doria was vital for the emperor to secure the friendship of the Médicis of Florence , favoring the ascension of Cosimo I . In a shocking move, Francis allied with the Ottomans, installing Barbarossa with
3321-660: The United Kingdom is the House of Lords , which is an abbreviation of the full title, "The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled". The Lords Temporal are the people who are entitled to receive writs of summons to attend the House of Lords in right of a peerage. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Bishops of London , Winchester and Durham , and
Doge (title) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-518: The appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the Great Council , the Gran Consiglio . In Venice, doges normally ruled for life, although a few were forcibly removed from office. While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268, the doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he
3483-685: The arrival of Doria, who disembarked a land army led by Alfonso d'Avalos in Villefranche. Nice was recovered, while the Franco-Turk fleet moved to Antibes . Meanwhile, Bazán the Elder destroyed the French Atlantic fleet in Muros Bay , where his son Álvaro de Bazán was present. To great outrage of Christendom, in 1544 Doria freed Dragut in exchange for a rich rescue of 3,000 ducats paid by Barbarossa, who had also threatened with blockading Genoa. Doria
3564-403: The city. He also acted as a privateer with the ships he owned in order to increase his wealth. His fleet helped secure the imperial naval lines between Spain and Italy, although he had a mixed success against the eminent threat of the Ottoman navy. As the ruler of Genoa, Doria reformed the Republic's constitution. Originally elected for life, the Doge's office was reduced to two years. At
3645-441: The command of the galleys to his great-nephew Giovanni Andrea Doria , the son of Giannettino Doria, who conducted an expedition against Tripoli , but proved even more unsuccessful than his great-uncle had been at Algiers , barely escaping with his life after losing the Battle of Djerba against the Turkish fleet of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis . Andrea Doria left his estates to Giovanni Andrea. The family of Doria-Pamphili-Landi
3726-530: The doge is termed dogeship . The title of doge was used for the elected chief of state in several Italian " crowned republics ". The two best known such republics were Venice (where in Venetian he was called doxe [ˈdoze] ) and Genoa (where he was called a dûxe [ˈdyːʒe] ) which rivalled each other, and the other regional great powers, by building their historical city-states into maritime, commercial, and territorial empires. Other Italian republics to have doges were Amalfi and
3807-431: The end of the republic in 1797. Their object was to minimize as far as possible the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by complex elective machinery. Thirty members of the Great Council, chosen by lot , were reduced by lot to nine; the nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five. The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine and the nine elected forty-five. Then
3888-412: The existent Genoese fleet. A French invasion of Genoa forced him and his fleet to escape to La Spezia . With the French defeat in Novara the following year, Doria returned and conquered the local French garrison in Briglia, expelled them from Genoa and helped Ottaviano Fregoso to become the new Doge. Doria also scoured the Mediterranean in command of the Genoese fleet, waging war on the Turks and
3969-428: The forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge. None could be elected but by at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors. Initially, the doge of Genoa was elected without restriction and by popular suffrage . Following reforms in 1528, plebeians were declared ineligible, and
4050-424: The latter. As of December 2016, 92 Lords Temporal sit in the House in right of hereditary peerages (that being the maximum number allowed under the House of Lords Act 1999 ) and 19 sit in right of judicial life peerages under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . The rest are life peers under the Life Peerages Act 1958 . Until the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009), certain judges sat in
4131-417: The manor of lands they have inherited. The UK Identity and Passport Service will include such titles on a British passport as an "observation" (e.g., 'The Holder is the Lord of the Manor of X'), provided the holder can provide documentary evidence of ownership. The United States forbids the use of all titles on passports. Australia forbids the use of titles on passports if those titles have not been awarded by
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#17328512960864212-444: The modern French Monsieur , derives directly from the Latin seniorem , meaning "elder, senior". From this Latin source derived directly also the Italian Signore , the Spanish Señor , the Portuguese Senhor . Non- Romance languages have their own equivalents. Of the Germanic family there is the Dutch Meneer/Mijnheer/De Heer (as in: aan de heer Joren Jansen ), German Herr , and Danish Herre . All three of these stem from
4293-428: The most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon period" ). He used an Anglo-Saxon phrase that indicated a noble, prince, ruler or lord to refer to God ; however, he applied this as a gloss to the Latin text that he was producing, and not as a clear translation of the term itself. "Lord", as a gloss to Old English dryhten , meant "royal", "ruler", "prince", or "noble", and did not indicate
4374-407: The noble and the religious senses. Its root, ginoo , is also found in Visayan languages like Cebuano as the term for "lord". Ginoo is also the Tagalog root for Ginoóng , the modern equivalent of the English term " Mister " (akin to how Romance language terms like señor may be glossed as either "lord", "mister", or "sir"). Ilocano meanwhile employs Apo for "Lord" in religious contexts; it
4455-526: The notorious Siege of Castelnuovo . In 1540, his nephew Giannettino Doria obtained a big victory in the Battle of Girolata , capturing Dragut, the most eminent Turkish captain other than Babarossa. Andrea had him as a galley slave in his flagship during four years. Around this time, an usual partner to Doria, Bernardino de Mendoza, achieved another victory over Ottoman privateers in the Battle of Alborán . Andrea, Giannettino and Mendoza were recruited by Charles V in 1541 to launch an expedition to Algiers ,
4536-415: The now demolished Porta di San Tomaso, where he resided until his death. To protect the restored republic from future foreign attacks, Andrea Doria sponsored the construction of a new city wall, which was built in the third decade of the sixteenth century, on a design by the military engineer Giovanni Maria Olgiati. This new city wall actually followed the path of the previous 14th-century walls but replaced
4617-485: The office of Lord High Admiral into commission. The title Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty was first used around the 1600s. These were a body of Senior Admirals, first called Naval Lord Commissioners, then Naval Lords then Professional Naval Lords then Sea Lords. The President of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty (with the other five Naval appointments being the Second Sea Lord, Third Sea Lord, etc. sequentially), or sometimes First Lord Commissioner of
4698-417: The old square-plan towers and walls with new curtain-shaped curtain walls and triangular bastions. Actions against the Ottomans and Barbary pirates occupied again much of Doria's time. In 1529, Spanish captain Rodrigo de Portundo was defeated by Aydin and Salih , lieutenants of Hayreddin Barbarossa . With hired French mercenaries, Doria launched an attack on Cherchell , Barbarossa's protectorate, sacking
4779-534: The one word " Bishop ". In the United States, bishops are addressed as "Excellency". Various other high offices of state in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Republic of Ireland are prefixed with the deferential appellation of "lord". These include: Holders of these offices are not ex officio peers, although the holders of some of the offices were in the past always peers. In most cultures in Europe an equivalent appellation denoting deference exists. The French term Mon Seigneur ("My Lord"), shortened to
4860-421: The outbreak of the Ottoman-Venetian War . In February 1538, Pope Paul III called for peace among the Christians and the formation of a Holy League (comprising the Papal States , Spain, the Holy Roman Empire , the Republic of Venice , and the Maltese Knights ) against the Turks. Although Francis did not join, the Italian War came to its end with the Truce of Nice , and he accepted to break his alliance with
4941-415: The papal guard and then under various Italian princes. In 1503, he fought in Corsica in the service of the Genoese Navy , at that time under French vassalage . However, after the Battle of Ravenna of 1512, he turned against the Francophile government of Genoa represented by Gian Fregoso . With 46, despite having no previous naval experience, Doria was apponted admiral and took upon him reorganizing
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#17328512960865022-406: The politically distant Venice, not any less to the fact that Doria owned many of the ships employed. To compensate the defeat, they captured Castelnuovo, but Charles and Venice argued about who would keep the place, causing the practical disbandment of the Holy League. The garrison, initially conceived as the beachhead of an invasion of the Ottoman Balkans, was besieged and defeated by Barbarossa in
5103-413: The port and freeing many Christian prisoners, although the mercenaries' undiscipline drove him abandon them to their fate when his fleet had to sail off before the Turk's arrival. In September 1532, in response to the Turk invasion of Hungary in April, Andrea attacked the Ottoman positions in the Aegean Sea with a Spanish-Genoese fleet of 48 galleys and 35 vessels. He reached to the Dardanelles and
5184-419: The purchaser the impression of a physical existence. Whether a title of "Lord of the Manor" is registered or unregistered has no effect on its legal validity or existence, which is a matter of law to be determined by the courts. Modern legal cases have been won by persons claiming rights as lords of the manor over village greens . The heads of many ancient English land-owning families have continued to be lords of
5265-405: The reform effected by Andrea Doria in 1528 the term of his office was reduced to two years. The ruling caste of Genoa tied them to executive committees, kept them on a small budget, and kept them apart from the communal revenues held at the Casa di San Giorgio . Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority , control, or power over others, acting as
5346-416: The register, on the appropriate notification. Thus in effect the register is closed for new registrations. Such titles are legally classified as "incorporeal hereditaments" as they have no physical existence, and usually have no intrinsic value. However a lucrative market arose in the 20th century for such titles, often for purposes of vanity, which was assisted by the existence of an official register, giving
5427-407: The related English word duke and the Italian duce , duca (masculine) and duchessa (feminine) all descend from the Latin dux , meaning either "spiritual leader" or "military commander". However, the words duce and Duca are not interchangeable. Moreover, Duca (duke) is an aristocratic and hereditary title. The wife of a doge is styled a Dogaressa and the office of
5508-425: The relationship between two or more persons within the highly stratified feudal social system. For example, a man might be lord of the manor to his own tenants but also a vassal of his own overlord, who in turn was a vassal of the King. Where a knight was a lord of the manor, he was referred to in contemporary documents as "John (Surname), knight, lord of (manor name)". A feudal baron was a true titular dignity, with
5589-457: The right to attend Parliament, but a feudal baron, Lord of the Manor of many manors, was a vassal of the King. The substantive title of "lord of the manor" came into use in the English medieval system of feudalism after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The title "Lord of the Manor" was a titular feudal dignity which derived its force from the existence and operation of a manorial court or court baron at which he or his steward presided, thus he
5670-439: The same in their land army. Doria defeated a bigger Spanish fleet in Corsica and planned to conquer Genoa, still under imperial rule, but it was never carried on. With Giovanni's death in action and the sack of Rome by mutinied imperial troops, the situation worsened for the League of Cognac, who depended on Doria more than ever. In 1528, the League's armada, under the command of Doria and his nephew, Filippino Doria , crushed
5751-419: The same time, plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment of the doge was entrusted to the members of the great and the little councils. His reformed constitution of the Republic of Genoa would last until the end of the republic in 1797. Several ships were named in honour of the admiral, the most famous being the Italian passenger liner SS Andrea Doria , launched in 1951, which sank following
5832-444: The small town of Senarica . After 1172 the election of the Venetian doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice , which was itself nominated annually by 12 persons. After a deadlocked tie at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one. New regulations for the elections of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until
5913-557: The substantive title " Lord of Parliament " rather than Baron. The heir to the throne in Scotland holds the title Lord of the Isles . In England, the title Lord of the Isle of Wight used to exist but fell out of use before the creation of the modern peerage system. The British sovereign is also accorded the title Lord of Mann as head of state of the Isle of Mann. The feudal title of "Lord of
5994-464: The twenty-one longest-serving bishops of the Church of England from among the other bishops (plus some female bishops of shorter service in consequence of the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 ), who are all entitled to receive writs of summons in right of their bishoprics or archbishoprics. The Lords Temporal greatly outnumber the Lords Spiritual, there being nearly 800 of the former and only 26 of
6075-468: The whole of Italy. He continued to serve the emperor in various wars, in which he was generally successful and always active. Doria reformed the constitution in an aristocratic sense, eliminating the factions that had plagued the republic in the past centuries, and constituted a new oligarchic form of government composed of the city’s principal aristocratic families, creating 28 Alberghi or "clans". The 28 Alberghi that formed this new ruling class included
6156-550: Was a patriot and successfully opposed Emperor Charles's repeated attempts to have a citadel built in Genoa and garrisoned by Spaniards; neither blandishments nor threats could win him over to the scheme. Nor did age lessen his energy, for in 1550, aged 84, he again put to sea to confront the Muslim armadas, as although Barbarossa had retired in 1545, Dragut and the Barbary pirates continued being
6237-565: Was an Italian statesman, condottiero , and admiral , who played a key role in the Republic of Genoa during his lifetime. From 1528 until his death, Doria exercised a predominant influence in the councils of the Genoese republic, and was considered the foremost naval leader in Europe at his time. He became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 's grand admiral, a position he employed both to protect Genoa's independence and to maintain his own control over
6318-418: Was killed, but the conspirators were defeated, and Doria showed great vindictiveness in punishing them, seizing many of their fiefs for himself. He was also implicated in the murder of Pier Luigi Farnese , duke of Parma and Piacenza , who had helped Fieschi. Other conspiracies followed, of which the most important was that of Giulio Cybo (1548), but all failed. Although Doria was ambitious and harsh, he
6399-444: Was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land. After a doge's death, a commission of inquisitori passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of the doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures. Originally, Genoese doges held office for life in the so-called "perpetual dogeship"; but after
6480-517: Was probably trying to gain the Ottoman's sympathy in the case one of his own relatives was captured, although he eventually repented his decision due to Dragut's many future successes. The Genoese then advised d'Avalos not to look for a direct battle against the French, but due to the bad state of their relationship, d'Avalos rebuked him and did it nonetheless, being defeated in Ceresole . Doria helped impeding
6561-447: Was the lord of the manorial court which determined the rules and laws which were to govern all the inhabitants and property covered by the jurisdiction of the court. To the tenants of a certain class of manor known in Saxon times as Infangenthef their lord was a man who had the power of exercising capital punishment over them. The term invariably used in contemporary mediaeval documents
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