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31-545: Divini Redemptoris (from the incipit " Divini Redemptoris promissio ", Latin for "the promise of a Divine Redeemer") is an anti-communist encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI . It was published on 19 March 1937. In this encyclical, the pope sets out to "expose once more in a brief synthesis the principles of atheistic Communism as they are manifested chiefly in Bolshevism ". Mariano Cordovani O.P. (February 25, 1883 – April 4, 1950) professor of dogmatic theology at

62-802: A Diaspora holiday—which are one day longer than those in Israel—extends into Shabbat. While the Parshyot divisions are fairly standardized, there are various communities with differing parsha divisions. For example, many Yemenites combine Korach with the first half of Chukat and the second half of Chukat ( "Vayis'u mi-kadesh" ) with Balak instead of combining Matot and Masei , and some Syrian communities combine Korach and Chukat instead of Matot and Masei . In Provence and Tunisia , Mishpatim and Im Kesef Talveh were occasionally divided so that Matot and Masei would always be read together. The division of parashiot found in

93-535: A clay tablet and its resolution did not permit long entries. An example from Lerner (1998): Honored and noble warrior Where are the sheep Where are the wild oxen And with you I did not In our city In former days Many books in the Hebrew Bible are named in Hebrew using incipits. For instance, the first book (Genesis) is called Bereshit ("In the beginning ...") and Lamentations , which begins "How lonely sits

124-517: A miniature or an illuminated or historiated letter . Traditionally, papal bulls and encyclicals , documents issued under the authority of the Pope , are referenced by their Latin incipit. Some of the mantras , suktas from the hymns of the Vedas , conform to this usage. The idea of choosing a few words or a phrase or two, which would be placed on the spine of a book and its cover, developed slowly with

155-401: A use is an incipit and not a title is most obvious when the line breaks off in the middle of a grammatical unit (e.g., Shakespeare 's sonnet 55 "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments"). Latin legal concepts are often designated by the first few words, for example, habeas corpus for habeas corpus ad subjiciendum ("may you have the person to be subjected [to examination]") which are itself

186-556: Is chanted publicly. In most communities, it is read by a designated reader ( ba'al koreh ) in Jewish prayer services, starting with a partial reading on the afternoon of Shabbat , the Jewish Sabbath, i.e. Saturday afternoon, again during the Monday and Thursday morning services, and ending with a full reading during the following Shabbat morning services (Saturday morning). The weekly reading

217-408: Is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion to be read during Jewish prayer services on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. The full name, Parashat HaShavua ( Hebrew : פָּרָשַׁת הַשָּׁבוּעַ ), is popularly abbreviated to parashah (also parshah / p ɑː r ʃ ə / or parsha ), and is also known as a Sidra or Sedra / s ɛ d r ə / . The parashah

248-455: Is a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. There are 54 parshas, or parashiyot in Hebrew , and the full cycle is read over the course of one Biblical year. Each Torah portion consists of two to six chapters to be read during the week. There are 54 weekly portions or parashot . Torah reading mostly follows an annual cycle beginning and ending on

279-537: Is called Me-ematai ("From when"). This word is printed at the head of every subsequent page within that chapter of the tractate. In rabbinic usage, the incipit is known as the "dibur ha-matḥil" (דיבור המתחיל), or "beginning phrase", and refers to a section heading in a published monograph or commentary that typically, but not always, quotes or paraphrases a classic biblical or rabbinic passage to be commented upon or discussed. Many religious songs and prayers are known by their opening words. Sometimes an entire monograph

310-493: Is celebrated on the day following Shemini Atzeret. If Shemini Atzeret falls on a Sabbath, in the Diaspora a special 'out of cycle' Torah reading is inserted for that day. The final parashah , V'Zot HaBerachah , is always read on Simchat Torah. Apart from this "immovable" final portion, there can be up to 53 weeks available for the other 53 portions. In years with fewer than 53 available weeks, some readings are combined to fit into

341-650: Is known by its "dibur hamatḥil". The published mystical and exegetical discourses of the Chabad-Lubavitch rebbes (called "ma'amarim"), derive their titles almost exclusively from the "dibur ha-matḥil" of the individual work's first chapter. The final book of the New Testament , the Book of Revelation , is often known as the Apocalypse after the first word of the original Greek text, ἀποκάλυψις apokalypsis "revelation", to

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372-513: Is named for the first words spoken in the episode (leading to episode titles such as "What I don't understand is this..." and "Um...I know what you're thinking"). Musical incipits are printed in standard music notation. They typically feature the first few bars of a piece, often with the most prominent musical material written on a single staff (the examples given at right show both the single-staff and full-score incipit variants). Incipits are especially useful in music because they can call to mind

403-564: Is pre-empted by a special reading on major religious holidays . Each Saturday morning and holiday reading is followed by an often similarly themed reading ( Haftarah ) from the Book of Prophets ( Nevi'im ). The custom of dividing the Torah readings dates to the time of the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE). The origin of the first public Torah readings is found in the Book of Nehemiah , where Ezra

434-458: The medieval period in Europe, incipits were often written in a different script or colour from the rest of the work of which they were a part, and "incipit pages" might be heavily decorated with illumination . Though the word incipit is Latin, the practice of the incipit predates classical antiquity by several millennia and can be found in various parts of the world. Although not always called by

465-570: The College of Saint Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum from 1912 to 1921 and Master of the Sacred Palace under Pope Pius XI contributed especially to the encyclical and afterward published his Appunti sul comunismo moderno treating the Church's position on communism. The encyclical describes communism as "a system full of errors and sophisms " that "subverts

496-420: The Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah , with the divisions corresponding to the lunisolar Hebrew calendar , which contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between leap years and regular years. There are some deviations to the cyclic regularity noted above, all related to the week of Passover and the week of Sukkot . For both holidays, the first day of the holiday may fall on a Sabbath, in which case

527-534: The Torah reading consists of a special portion relevant to the holiday rather than a portion in the normal cyclical sequence. When either holiday does not begin on a Sabbath, yet a different 'out of cycle' portion is read on the Sabbath within the holiday week. Immediately following Sukkot is the holiday of Shemini Atzeret . In Israel, this holiday coincides with Simchat Torah; in the Jewish Diaspora , Simchat Torah

558-525: The biblical psalms used as prayers during services are always titled with the first word or words of the text. Protestant hymns of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are also traditionally titled with an incipit. In computer science, long strings of characters may be referred to by their incipits, particularly encryption keys or product keys . Notable examples include FCKGW (used by Windows XP ) and 09 F9 (used by Advanced Access Content System ). Other sources Weekly Torah portion It

589-658: The birth of printing , and the idea of a title page with a short title and subtitle came centuries later, replacing earlier, more verbose titles. The modern use of standardized titles, combined with the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), have made the incipit obsolete as a tool for organizing information in libraries. However, incipits are still used to refer to untitled poems, songs, and prayers, such as Gregorian chants , operatic arias, many prayers and hymns, and numerous poems, including those of Emily Dickinson . That such

620-434: The city...", is called Eykha ("How"). A readily recognized one is the "Shema" or Shema Yisrael in the Torah : "Hear O Israel..." – the first words of the proclamation encapsulating Judaism's monotheism (see beginning Deuteronomy 6:4 and elsewhere). All the names of Parashot are incipits, the title coming from a word, occasionally two words, in its first two verses. The first in each book is, of course, called by

651-668: The growth of communism in the Soviet Union , Spain , and Mexico , and it condemns the Western press for its apparent "conspiracy of silence" in failing to cover such events in those countries. It was published five days after the publication of the more controversial Mit brennender Sorge encyclical, which condemned the German Nazi regime and ideology. Incipit Before the development of titles , texts were often referred to by their incipits, as with for example Agnus Dei . During

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682-535: The key words of a much longer writ. Many word processors propose the first few words of a document as a default file name, assuming that the incipit may correspond to the intended title of the document. The space-filling, or place-holding, text lorem ipsum is known as such from its incipit. Occasionally, incipits have been used for humorous effect, such as in the Alan Plater -written television series The Beiderbecke Affair and its sequels, in which each episode

713-593: The modern-day Torah scrolls of all Ashkenazic , Sephardic , and Yemenite communities is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah , Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls , Chapter 8 . Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Masoretic text of the Aleppo Codex . In the table, a portion that may be combined with the following portion to compensate for

744-410: The name of incipit today, the practice of referring to texts by their initial words remains commonplace. In the clay tablet archives of Sumer , catalogs of documents were kept by making special catalog tablets containing the incipits of a given collection of tablets. The catalog was meant to be used by the very limited number of official scribes who had access to the archives, and the width of

775-490: The needed number of weekly readings. The annual completion of the Torah readings on Simchat Torah, translating to "Rejoicing of the Torah", is marked by Jewish communities around the world. Each weekly Torah portion takes its name from the first distinctive word or two in the Hebrew text of the portion in question, often from the first verse. "[God] said to Abram , 'Go forth from your native land...'" The appropriate parashah

806-640: The point where that word has become synonymous with what the book describes, i.e. the End of Days ( ἔσχατον eschaton "[the] last" in the original). Each chapter in the Quran, with the exception of the ninth, begins with Bismillah Al-Rahman Al-Rahim -- meaning "in the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful." Incipits are generally, but not always, in red in medieval manuscripts. They may come before

837-506: The reader's own musical memory of the work where a printed title would fail to do so. Musical incipits appear both in catalogs of music and in the tables of contents of volumes that include multiple works. In choral music, sacred or secular pieces from before the 20th century were often titled with the incipit text. For instance, the proper of the Catholic Mass and the Latin transcriptions of

868-612: The same name as the book as a whole. Some of the Psalms are known by their incipits, most noticeably Psalm 51 (Septuagint numbering: Psalm 50), which is known in Western Christianity by its Latin incipit Miserere ("Have mercy"). In the Talmud , the chapters of the Gemara are titled in print and known by their first words, e.g. the first chapter of Mesekhet Berachot ("Benedictions")

899-576: The scribe writes about wanting to find a way to ensure the Israelites would not go astray again. This led to the creation of a weekly system to read the portions of the Torah at synagogues . In ancient times some Jewish communities practiced a triennial cycle of readings. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many congregations in the Reform and Conservative Jewish movements implemented an alternative triennial cycle in which only one-third of each weekly parashah

930-568: The social order, because it means the destruction of its foundations". Pius XI goes on to contrast Communism with the civitas humana (ideal human civilization), which is marked by love, respect for human dignity, economic justice, and the rights of workers. He faults industrialists and employers who do not adequately support their workers for creating a climate of discontent in which people are tempted to embrace Communism . He refers to two earlier papal writings on this topic, Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno . The work expresses concern at

961-517: Was read in a given year; and this pattern continues. The parashot read are still consistent with the annual cycle, but the entire Torah is completed over three years. Orthodox Judaism does not follow this practice. Due to different lengths of holidays in Israel and the Diaspora , the portion that is read on a particular week will sometimes not be the same inside and outside Israel. This only occurs when

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