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114-592: Dinham may refer to: Places [ edit ] England [ edit ] a historic settlement that forms part of the town of Ludlow , Shropshire Wales [ edit ] a village in Monmouthshire that was consumed by the Royal Navy Propellant Factory, Caerwent [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

228-421: A filling station , Travelodge hotel and chain pub/restaurant, opened in late 2008. The medieval settlement is largely on the top of a hill, with the castle, market place and parish church (St Laurence's) situated along the flat land on this hilltop, which has a maximum elevation of 111 metres (364 ft) at the castle, falling only gradually towards the east, with an elevation of 107 metres (351 ft) at

342-494: A 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991. The 2011 census government speaker targets (a 5% increase) were missed and the proportion of Welsh speakers decreased, causing much concern, from 21% in 2001 to 19% in 2011. For October 2020 to 30 September 2021, the Annual Population Survey showed that 29.5% of people aged three or older were able to speak Welsh, which equates to approximately 892,500 people. However, when

456-489: A Sainsbury's supermarket at Rocks Green. They are both approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the town centre. The town has regularly been held in high esteem by academics and commentators in the areas of urbanism and architecture. Ludlow was winner of The Great Town Award (UK & Ireland) from The Academy of Urbanism in 2007. The first episode of the BBC television series Town , in which geographer Nicholas Crane examines

570-555: A Welsh-language television channel was not established. In early September 1980, Evans addressed thousands at a gathering in which "passions ran high", according to the historian John Davies . The government yielded by 17 September, and the Welsh Fourth Channel ( S4C ) was launched on 2 November 1982. The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes, which would be supervised by

684-518: A campaign to withhold licence fees. The pressure was successful, and by the mid-1930s more programmes in Welsh were broadcast, with the formal establishment of a Welsh regional broadcasting channel by 1937. However, no dedicated Welsh-language television channel would be established until 1982. According to the 1931 census, out of a population of just over 2.5 million, the percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales had dropped to 36.8%, with Anglesey recording

798-549: A certain reputation for excess. Several coaching inns were constructed to accommodate travellers by stagecoach and mail coach . The Angel on Broad Street was one such notable coaching inn, where several passenger and mail coaches departed and arrived on a regular basis every week, including the Aurora coach which departed for London (taking 27 hours in 1822). The Angel was the last coaching inn in Ludlow to have such coach traffic, following

912-420: A community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately". Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 task force headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended that land should be allocated for affordable local housing, called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended that council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in

1026-645: A detailed gazetteer of all the settlements of Herefordshire and Shropshire in the late 20th century, stated that "There can be little doubt that Ludlow is the finest town in Shropshire." The medieval street plan remains, though the town walls and gates have disappeared in many places. Mill Street and Broad Street, leading down from the very centre to the Teme in the south, are particularly famous for their rich architectural heritage and vistas, with many fine Georgian buildings. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described Broad Street as "one of

1140-790: A district level, Llanfyrnach rural district in Pembrokeshire had the highest percentage of Welsh speakers at 97.5%, while Penllyn rural district in Merioneth had the highest percentage of Welsh monoglots, at 57.3%. Bethesda urban district in Caernarfonshire was the most Welsh-speaking urban district in Wales; 96.6% of the district's population could speak Welsh. The Welsh nationalist party Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ('the National Party of Wales'; later abbreviated to Plaid Cymru, 'the Party of Wales')

1254-517: A medium of instruction in schools, many of which actively discouraged the use of Welsh using measures such as the Welsh Not . Welsh was increasingly restricted in scope to the non-conformist religious chapels, who would teach children to read and write in Sunday schools. Individuals such as Matthew Arnold championed the virtues of Welsh literature whilst simultaneously advocating the replacement of Welsh as

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1368-596: A new 'Eco-Park' on the outskirts of the town on the east side of the A49 bypass, at the Sheet Road roundabout, with space for traditional handcraft businesses, new environmentally friendly office buildings and a park & ride facility. More construction work began in 2006 on the west side of the roundabout on a much-debated pasture land on the town's fringe known as the Foldgate. The land has now been turned over to commercial use with

1482-514: A number of local names from these studies and now applies them worldwide, in recognition of the importance of this area to scientific understanding, for example, Ludlow Series. The site is now an SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) and still attracts international studies. The geological interval of time , the Ludlow Epoch , is named after the town as part of the Silurian Period. By

1596-575: A paralysis of helplessness", the Conservative Home Secretary announced in September 1979 that the government would not honour its pledge to establish a Welsh-language television channel, much to widespread anger and resentment in Wales. In early 1980 over two thousand members of Plaid Cymru pledged to go to prison rather than pay the television licence fees, and by that spring Gwynfor Evans announced his intention to go on hunger strike if

1710-400: A pre-historic burial mound (or barrow) which existed at the eastern summit of the hill (dug up during the expansion of St Laurence's church in 1199) could explain the tumulus variation of the hlǣw element. Ludford , a neighbouring and older settlement, situated on the southern bank of the Teme, shares the hlud ("loud waters") element. The town is situated close to Wales , and lies near

1824-654: A private school named Ysgol Gymraeg yr Urdd composed of only seven children, it later became Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth and now teaches over 400 children. Ysgol Glan Clwyd was opened in 1956 with 94 pupils in Rhyl , becoming the first secondary school with a formal remit to teach through the medium of Welsh. It moved to St Asaph in 1969. In 1949 Cardiff gained its first Welsh medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Caerdydd, renamed Ysgol Bryntaf and moved to Llandaf in 1952. In 1978 Ysgol Glantaf opened, Cardiff's first Welsh-medium secondary school. In 1962 Rhydfelen secondary school

1938-582: A provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term "England" should include Wales, thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the United Kingdom. The act allowed the use of Welsh alongside English in courts of law in Wales, partly based on the Hughes Parry Report. Following the defeat of the "Yes Campaign" for a Welsh Assembly in 1979, and believing Welsh nationalism to be "in

2052-448: A road leading steeply down from Castle Square to the Teme and then over Dinham Bridge (an early 19th century replacement of an older bridge very slightly downstream). The old chapel in Dinham, a Grade II* listed building , though no longer used for worship, features the oldest built structure in Ludlow outside the castle. To the east a rolling landscape exists, and it is in this direction that

2166-453: A wide market place (later in-filled by buildings in places) running from the castle gates east across to St Laurence's and the Bull Ring, itself located on the ancient north–south road, now called Corve Street to the north and Old Street to the south. The wide Mill and Broad Streets were added later, as part of a southern grid plan of streets and burgage plots filling the area bounded by Dinham,

2280-504: Is a market town and civil parish in Shropshire , England. It is located 28 miles (45 km) south of Shrewsbury and 23 miles (37 km) north of Hereford , on the A49 road which bypasses the town. The town is near the confluence of the rivers Corve and Teme . The oldest part is the medieval walled town , founded in the late 11th century after the Norman conquest of England . It

2394-521: Is centred on a small hill which lies on the eastern bank of a bend of the River Teme. Situated on this hill are Ludlow Castle and the parish church, St Laurence's , the largest in the county. From there the streets slope downward to the rivers Corve and Teme , to the north and south respectively. The town is in a sheltered spot beneath Mortimer Forest and the Clee Hills , which are clearly visible from

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2508-502: Is commemorated in Wales with the graffitied slogan Cofiwch Dryweryn ('Remember Tryweryn'). The flooding of Tryweryn continues to influence debates on forced removal even today. Songs and poems also pay tribute to the loss and shame of the event. In a 1968 newspaper report the existence of a small number of elderly Welsh monoglots in the Llŷn Peninsula of North Wales was described. The leader of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans , won

2622-520: Is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was supposedly composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material and language in which it was originally composed. Middle Welsh ( Cymraeg Canol ) is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This

2736-660: Is known as the Six Castles Cycleway , with Ludlow Castle as one of the six. Modern Welsh Welsh evolved from British , the Celtic language spoken by the ancient Britons . Alternatively classified as Insular Celtic or P-Celtic , it probably arrived in Britain during the Bronze Age or Iron Age and was probably spoken throughout the island south of the Firth of Forth . During

2850-556: Is now restricted seven days a week. There is a town centre residents' parking permit scheme in operation. Council-owned car parks exist in a number of locations in Ludlow to cater for much of the long-stay car parking. The Eco-Park situated on the eastern outskirts of the town, at the Sheet and adjacent to the A49. The A4117 begins at the Rocks Green roundabout on the Ludlow by-pass and runs across

2964-521: Is the language of nearly all surviving early manuscripts of the Mabinogion , although the tales themselves are certainly much older. It is also the language of the existing manuscripts of Welsh law . Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible, albeit with some work, to a modern-day Welsh speaker. The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells the story of King Henry II of England . During one of the King's many raids in

3078-544: The Basque Country as successful examples to emulate. Lord Elis-Thomas , the former president of Plaid Cymru, disagreed with Dafis's assessment, however. At the Urdd Eisteddfod , Elis-Thomas said that there was no need for another Welsh language act, citing that there was "enough goodwill to safeguard the language's future". His comments prompted Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg and many others to call for his resignation as

3192-497: The Clee Hills to Cleobury Mortimer ; it then continues via the A456 onwards to Bewdley and Kidderminster. Two historic bridges cross the River Teme at Ludlow: Ludford Bridge (a Scheduled Ancient Monument) and Dinham Bridge (early 19th century, Grade II listed); both of which still take vehicular traffic as no modern bridges have been built over the Teme in the area. To the north of

3306-616: The Early Middle Ages , the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, evolving into Welsh and the other Brythonic languages ( Breton , Cornish , and the extinct Cumbric ). It is not clear when Welsh became distinct. Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that the evolution in syllabic structure and sound pattern was complete by around 550, and labelled the period between then and about 800 "Primitive Welsh". This Primitive Welsh may have been spoken in both Wales and

3420-618: The Exmoor National Park authority in England began to consider limiting second home ownership there, which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%. Elfyn Llwyd , Plaid Cymru's Parliamentary Group Leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as those in Wales, however, in Wales, there is the added dimension of language and culture. Reflecting on the controversy Glyn's comments caused earlier in

3534-583: The Hen Ogledd ('Old North'), the Brythonic-speaking areas of what is now northern England and southern Scotland , and may therefore have been the ancestor of Cumbric as well as Welsh. Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time. The Welsh language in documents predating around 1150. The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the Cynfeirdd or 'Early Poets' –

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3648-465: The Old English "hlud-hlǣw". At the time this section of the River Teme contained rapids, and so the hlud of Ludlow came from "the loud waters", while hlǣw meant "hill" or tumulus . Thus the name Ludlow describes a place on a hill by the loud waters . Some time around the 12th century, weirs were added along the river, taming these rapid flows. The hill is that which the town stands on, and

3762-618: The Scottish Highlands . However, the Welsh Labour – Liberal Democrat Assembly coalition rebuffed these proposals, with the Assembly housing spokesman Peter Black stating that "we [cannot] frame our planning laws around the Welsh language", adding "Nor can we take punitive measures against second homeowners in the way that they propose as these will have an impact on the value of the homes of local people". In contrast, by autumn 2001

3876-609: The Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri ) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro ) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. According to planners in Snowdonia and the Pembrokeshire Coast, applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or that the applicant had strong links with

3990-573: The Welsh Language Board . Some private sector companies, including British Telecom and British Gas , had already included Welsh-language schemes in company policies before this Act. In a speech at the 2000 National Eisteddfod at Llanelli , the Plaid Cymru Assembly Member Cynog Dafis called for a new Welsh-language movement with greater powers to lobby for the language at the Assembly, UK, and EU levels. Dafis felt

4104-585: The Welsh Languages Act . Late Modern Welsh began with the publication of William Morgan 's translation of the Bible in 1588. Like its English counterpart, the King James Version , this proved to have a strong stabilizing effect on the language, and indeed the language today still bears the same Late Modern label as Morgan's language. Of course, many changes have occurred since then. The 19th century

4218-775: The Welsh Marches , and one of the largest in the Norman/English ring of castles surrounding Wales. It played a significant role in local, regional and national conflicts such as the Owain Glyndŵr rebellion, the Wars of the Roses and the English Civil War . The castle and its adjoining town grew in political importance and in the 15th century the castle became the seat of the Council of Wales and

4332-515: The 12th century, Henry asked an old man of Pencader, Carmarthenshire , whether he thought the Welsh language had any chance: Modern Welsh can be divided into two periods. The first, Early Modern Welsh, ran from the early 15th century to roughly the end of the 16th century. In the Early Modern Welsh Period use of the Welsh language began to be restricted, such as with the passing of Henry VIII's 1536 Act of Union . Through this Act Wales

4446-469: The 1911 census, out of a population of just under 2.5 million, 43.5% of those aged three years and upwards in Wales and Monmouthshire spoke Welsh (8.5% monoglot Welsh speakers, 35% bilingual in English and Welsh). This was a decrease from the 1891 census with 49.9% speaking Welsh out of a population of 1.5 million (15.1% monoglot, 34.8% bilingual). The distribution of those speaking the language however

4560-407: The Assembly's presiding officer. In the 1991 census, the Welsh language stabilised at the 1981 level of 18.7%. According to the 2001 census, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20.8% in a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh. Further, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. The census revealed that

4674-508: The Buttercross. The streets then run down to the Rivers Teme and Corve (their confluence being to the northwest of the centre of Ludlow) to the north and south. The surface of the Teme has an approximate elevation of 76 metres (249 ft) as it passes Ludford Bridge. In the western part of the historic core, Dinham retains the character of a village, though dominated by the castle, with

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4788-513: The Crown, passing to Richard's son, Edward IV . The town rose in prominence under Edward's reign and was incorporated as a borough , and began sending representatives to Parliament . Edward set up the Council of Wales and the Marches in 1472, headquartering it at Ludlow, and sent his son Edward, Prince of Wales , to live there, as nominal (being only a young boy) head of the council. It was at Ludlow that

4902-596: The Ludlow Bone Bed represents terrestrial (land) conditions and thus a fundamental change in the landscape. At the time, this was believed to be the earliest occurrence of life on land. Murchison thus took the Ludlow Bone Bed as the base of his Devonian System, although over a century later this boundary was to be moved a little higher, the overlying rocks being ascribed to the Pridoli . The science of geology has taken

5016-508: The Marches . It was a temporary home to several holders of the title Prince of Wales , including King Edward V and Arthur Tudor , who died there in 1502. The site features heavily in the folk-story of Fulk FitzWarin , outlawed Lord of Whittington, Shropshire and a possible inspiration for the Robin Hood legend. Fulk is brought up in the castle of Josce de Dinan , and fights for his master against Sir Gilbert de Lacy – these battles are

5130-440: The Welsh language unless direct action was taken. Lewis was responding to the 1961 census, which showed a decrease in the number of Welsh speakers from 36% in 1931 to 26% in 1961, out of a population of about 2.5 million. Meirionnydd, Anglesey, Carmarthen, and Caernarfon averaged a 75% concentration of Welsh speakers, but the most significant decrease was in the counties of Glamorgan , Flint , and Pembroke . Lewis's intent

5244-455: The administration centre for Wales and the counties along the border, known as the Welsh Marches . During this period, when the town served as the effective capital of Wales, it was home to many messengers of the king, various clerks and lawyers for settling legal disputes. The town also provided a winter home for local gentry , during which time they attended the council court sessions. Henry VII sent his heir Prince Arthur to Ludlow, where he

5358-530: The area. The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK. The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner , replacing the Welsh Language Board. Following the referendum in 2011,

5472-479: The arrival of the railways in 1852. The Angel ceased trading in the early 1990s, though was revived in 2018 as a wine bar occupying a front part of the original establishment. A surviving medieval coaching inn today is the 15th century Bull Hotel on the Bull Ring. Several other pubs and hotels in the town have historic pedigree, including the Rose and Crown where allegedly a pub has existed since 1102. Glove manufacture

5586-455: The average earned income in Wales and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home or compete with second-home buyers. In 2001 nearly a third of all properties sold in Gwynedd were bought by buyers from out of the county, and some communities reported as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. Holiday homeowners spend less than six months of the year in

5700-621: The castle grounds. The Royal Welch Fusiliers were formed by Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury at Ludlow in March 1689 to oppose James II and to take part in the imminent war with France. The regiment continued to have ties with the town of Ludlow, and its successor battalion in The Royal Welsh regiment was granted the freedom of the town in 2014. The town contained several coaching inns , public houses and ale houses, leading to court records of some alcohol-induced violence and

5814-556: The construction of Ludlow Castle on the western promontory of the hill about 1075, forming what is now the inner bailey . Between about 1090 and 1120, the Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene was built inside the walls, and by 1130 the Great Tower was added to form the gatehouse . About 1170 the larger outer bailey was added to the castle. (The town walls however were not built until the mid-13th century.) The settlement of Dinham grew up alongside

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5928-516: The council until 1689, when it was abolished by William III and Mary II as part of the Glorious Revolution . The castle then fell into decay. The structure was poorly maintained and the stone was pillaged . In 1772 demolition was mooted, but it was instead decided to lease the buildings. Later still it was purchased by the Earl of Powis , and together, he and his wife directed the transformation of

6042-464: The development of the early castle in the late 11th century, with the northern part of this early settlement disturbed by the building of the outer bailey. Dinham had its own place of worship, the Chapel of St Thomas the Martyr, dedicated to Thomas Becket sometime in 1177–1189 when the present chapel replaced an older (late 11th-century) church building. During the 12th century, the planned town of Ludlow

6156-450: The end of the century, novels all appearing in the language, as well as countless newspapers, journals and periodicals. An ongoing interest in antiquarianism ensured the dissemination of the language's medieval poetry and prose (such as the Mabinogion ). A further development was the publication of some of the first complete and concise Welsh dictionaries . Early work by Welsh lexicographic pioneers such as Daniel Silvan Evans ensured that

6270-408: The everyday language of the country with English, and many Welsh speakers themselves such as David Davies and John Ceiriog Hughes advocated bilingualism, if not necessarily the extinction of Welsh. By the end of the nineteenth century, English came to prevail in the large cities of south-east Wales. Welsh remained strong in the north-west and in parts of mid-Wales and south-west Wales. Rural Wales

6384-401: The first floor. During the Napoleonic Wars , Lucien Bonaparte , younger brother of the French Emperor, and his family were imprisoned at Dinham House in 1811. In 1832 Thomas Lloyd, the Ludlow doctor and amateur geologist, met Roderick Murchison at Ludford Corner to study the rocks exposed along the River Teme and on Whitcliffe, advancing Murchison's theory for a Silurian System that he

6498-565: The five predominantly Welsh-speaking counties, Welsh was spoken by more than 75% of the population, and was more widely understood than English: Denbighshire was the only other county where a majority could still speak Welsh; here, 51.0% could speak Welsh and 94.0% could speak English. As for larger urban areas, Aberdare was the only one where a majority could still speak Welsh, here 59.0% could speak Welsh while 95.4% could speak English. In Cardiff , Wales's largest city, 5.2% of people could speak Welsh, while 99.7% of people could speak English. At

6612-408: The four main gates are based on the streets they crossed; the postern gates on the other hand are located by and named after old outlying districts. The 7 gates are (clockwise from the castle; postern gates in italics ) Linney , Corve, Galdeford , Old, Broad, Mill and Dinham . An eighth unnamed 'portal' gate (smaller than a postern gate) existed in the wall just to the northwest of the castle, now in

6726-463: The gardens of Castle Walk House. The town walls are largely still in existence, although a section alongside the churchyard of St Lawrence's is, as of 2015, in need of repairs. The castle complex continued to expand (a Great Hall, kitchen and living quarters were added) and it gained a reputation as a fortified palace . In 1306 it passed through marriage to the ambitious Earl of March , Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March . Queen Isabella and her son,

6840-428: The great towns of the United Kingdom, focused solely on Ludlow for the hour-long documentary. Ludlow also was one of the Six English Towns , a 1977 television programme by architectural historian Alec Clifton-Taylor . The historic centre of Ludlow has largely escaped development that would otherwise alter its medieval, Tudor and Georgian character. Furthermore, the lack of development to the south and west allows for

6954-399: The highest concentration of speakers at 87.4%, followed by Cardigan at 87.1%, Merionethshire at 86.1%, and Carmarthen at 82.3%. Caernarfon listed 79.2%. Radnorshire and Monmouthshire ranked lowest with a concentration of Welsh speakers less than 6% of the population. The first Welsh-medium primary school was established in Aberystwyth in 1939 by Ifan ab Owen Edwards . Originally

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7068-404: The increase was most significant in urban areas, such as Cardiff with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taf with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001. However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7%, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8%. Ceredigion, in particular, experienced the greatest fluctuation with

7182-521: The language was documented as accurately as possible. Modern dictionaries such as Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (the University of Wales Dictionary) are direct descendants of these dictionaries. Despite these outward signs of health, it was during the nineteenth century that English replaced Welsh as the most widely spoken language within the country. Wales, particularly the South Wales Coalfield , experienced significant population growth and in-migration (primarily from England and Ireland), which changed

7296-530: The large increase in the total population over the century (due to the effects of industrialisation and in-migration) meant that the total number of Welsh speakers grew throughout the 19th century, peaking in the 1911 census at over one million even as the proportion of the Welsh population that could speak Welsh fell below 50% for the first time. Especially when compared to other stateless languages in Europe, Welsh boasted an extraordinarily active press, with poetry, religious writing, biography, translations, and, by

7410-493: The late 20th century, the town had seen a growth in tourism, leading to the appearance of many antique dealers , as well as art dealers and independent bookshops (the latter now mostly gone). Bodenhams, a clothing retailer, has been trading from a 600-year-old timbered building since 1860 and is one of the oldest stores in Britain. Ludlow was described by Country Life as "the most vibrant small town in England." A long battle of words between local activists (including many of

7524-415: The linguistic profile of some areas (though other areas would remain Welsh-speaking despite the changes). Welsh held no official recognition and had limited status under the British state. It did not become officially recognised as the language of Wales until the passing of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 . Learning English was enthusiastically encouraged; in contrast, Welsh was not taught or used as

7638-416: The local community. The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout the United Kingdom, but in Wales, the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language. Concern for the Welsh language under these pressures prompted Glyn to say "Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in

7752-403: The location for this military site after plans for similar bases in the English counties of Northumberland and Dorset had met with protests. The prime minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against basing this RAF establishment in Wales, despite a deputation claiming to represent half a million Welsh protesters. The opposition against "British" military usage of this site in Wales

7866-399: The majority of those living in Wales did not speak English, meaning that interpreters were regularly needed in order to conduct hearings. Before passing the Act many gentry and government officials already spoke English; however, the Act codified the class ruling of the English language, with numbers who were fluent in English rising significantly after its passing. The Act's primary function

7980-437: The midpoint of the 257-kilometre-long (160 mi) England–Wales border ; it is also very close to the county border between Shropshire and Herefordshire (neighbouring Ludford remained part of Herefordshire until 1895). This strategic location invested it with national importance in medieval times, and thereafter with the town being the seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches during its existence (1472 to 1689). At

8094-452: The most memorable streets in England". The 2011 UK census recorded 10,266 people living in Ludlow's civil parish . A further 673 live in the neighbouring Ludford parish, meaning the population for the town and adjoining settlements is approximately 11,000. In 1377, poll tax was levied against 1,172 of the parish's residents. By this measure, Ludlow was the 35th most populous town in England. Ludlow railway station began serving

8208-534: The most notable in the town, the Palmer's Guild. In the mid sixteenth century the London merchant Sir Rowland Hill gave the money for a new bridge over the Teme, and the annual St. Catherine's fair. There were merchants of moderate wealth in the town and especially wool merchants, such as Laurence of Ludlow, who lived at nearby Stokesay Castle . The collection and sale of wool and the manufacture of cloth continued to be

8322-500: The nascent castle was being counted. Neighbouring places Ludford, the Sheet and Steventon do feature in the Book, as they were manors, proving that they were well-established places by the Norman conquest. The manor of Stanton came within the hundred of Culvestan , but during the reign of Henry I this Saxon hundred was merged into the new Munslow hundred. Walter's son Roger de Lacy began

8436-483: The needs of the Welsh language were ignored during the first year of the Assembly, and that to ensure the language's dynamic growth a properly resourced strategy was needed. In his speech Dafis encouraged other Welsh-language advocacy groups to work more closely together to create a more favourable climate in which the use of Welsh was "attractive, exciting, a source of pride and a sign of strength". Additionally, Dafis pointed towards efforts in areas such as Catalonia and

8550-433: The new High Street market, Old Street and the Teme to the south. Originally, Old Street ran down to a ford which took the ancient route south across to Ludford . A bridge was constructed (possibly by Josce de Dinan ) at the foot of Broad Street, upstream of the ford, which then replaced the ford; its 15th-century replacement is the present-day Ludford Bridge . St Laurence's church , whose origins are late 11th century,

8664-423: The next two centuries. This time the grant was made by name to Geoffrey de Genevile , Lord of Ludlow. From this and other surviving documents it seems that the town walls and gates were in place by 1270. They were constructed about the central part of the community with four main gates and three postern gates. Because the walls were constructed after the development of the town's streets, the positions and names of

8778-521: The nickname "the cathedral of the Marches", and from 1981 to 2020 there was a suffragan Bishop of Ludlow . During the Wars of the Roses , the castle—which he held through his Mortimer inheritance—was one of Richard, Duke of York 's main strongholds. The Lancastrian forces captured Ludlow in 1459, at the Rout of Ludford Bridge , but the Yorkists won control of England in 1461. The castle became property of

8892-429: The north of the station, with a goods line leading off the main line up to the quarries on Titterstone Clee Hill . Bus services in the area are operated by Diamond Bus , Lugg Valley Travel and Minsterley Motors . Routes link the town with Church Stretton, Kidderminster and Shrewsbury; there is also a park and ride service, on a circular route. On 4 February 1980, the £4.7 million single-carriageway by-pass road

9006-712: The party's first ever Parliamentary seat in Carmarthen in 1966, which "helped change the course of a nation". This, paired with the Scottish National Party 's Winnie Ewing 's winning a seat in 1967, may have contributed to pressure on the Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission . This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967 . The act repealed

9120-468: The primary source of wealth until the 17th century. This prosperity is expressed in stone masonry, wood carvings and stained-glass at St. Laurence 's parish church ; effectively a wool church , it is the largest in Shropshire and a member of the Greater Churches Group . Despite the presence of some Decorated work it is largely Perpendicular in style. Its size and grandeur has given it

9234-420: The results of the 2021 census were published, they showed a further decrease to 17.8%, equating to 538,000 speakers. The decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd and Anglesey (Ynys Môn) may be attributable to non–Welsh-speaking people moving to North Wales, driving up property prices to levels that local Welsh speakers cannot afford, according to Seimon Glyn , a former Gwynedd county councillor with Plaid Cymru. Glyn

9348-482: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinham&oldid=1033131942 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ludlow Ludlow ( / l ʌ d . l oʊ / )

9462-497: The source of the story of Marion de la Bruyere, the betrayed lover whose ghost is still said to be heard screaming as she plummets from the castle's turrets. The first recorded royal permission to maintain defensive town walls was given to the "men of Ludlow" in the Patent Rolls of 1233. The entry is however incomplete and atypical and was not renewed in the usual way. A murage grant was next made in 1260 and renewed regularly over

9576-454: The time of the Domesday Book survey, the area was part of the large Stanton parish and manor , a possession of Walter de Lacy . Neither Ludlow nor Dinham are mentioned in the Book, compiled in 1086, although the Book recorded manors and not settlements per se . The Book does record a great number of households and taxable value for Stanton, perhaps suggesting that any early settlement by

9690-741: The town centre, the historic Corve Bridge crosses the River Corve and this bridge was relieved by Burway Bridge in the mid-20th century. However, on 26 June 2007, dramatic flooding on the Corve caused the Burway Bridge to collapse, severing a gas main and causing 20 homes in nearby Corve Street to be evacuated. The old stone bridge has now been replaced with a modern steel and pre-fabricated concrete construction. National Cycle Network route 44 runs over Dinham and Ludford Bridges (via Camp and Silkmill Lanes in-between) en route from Bromfield to Pipe Aston . It

9804-419: The town has steadily grown. East Hamlet was the name of the settlement to the east of the town. The growth of the town in this eastwards (and to the north-east) direction continues to the present day, with little or no development especially to the south or west, to an extent that the traditional town centre (the medieval town) is actually in the southwest corner of the entire settlement. It has also meant that

9918-472: The town in 1852 and is about five minutes' walk from the town centre. It is on the Welsh Marches Line and is served by trains between Manchester Piccadilly , Crewe , Shrewsbury , Hereford , Abergavenny , Cardiff Central and Swansea ; these are operated by Transport for Wales . There is a short tunnel to the south of the station, which runs under Gravel Hill. Clee Hill Junction existed just to

10032-439: The town's historic setting (and particularly that of the castle) by the Teme and the neighbouring countryside to be readily appreciated in the modern day. M.R.G. Conzen remarked of Ludlow "Its composite medieval town plan and a history of eight and a half centuries with several periods of considerable importance have endowed its Old Town with an historically well-stratified and richly textured landscape." Michael Raven, who created

10146-409: The town's independent businesses) and Tesco was eventually solved when the mega retailer obtained planning permission to build a supermarket on Corve Street, on the northern edge of the town centre, but only after agreeing to conform to the architectural demands of the local council. The building is designed to follow the outline of the hills in the background, with a curving roof. An Aldi supermarket

10260-429: The town. Ludlow has nearly 500 listed buildings , including examples of medieval and Tudor -style half-timbered buildings. The town was described by Sir John Betjeman as "probably the loveliest town in England". The thirteenth century romance Fouke le Fitz Waryn records that Ludlow had been called Dinam "for a very long time". It is also known that Ludlow Castle was originally named Dinham Castle when it

10374-535: The various owners of the ZX Spectrum , and its sister magazine Zzap!64 catered for Commodore's rival machine the C64 . The magazine was extremely popular and became Britain's biggest-selling computer magazine in 1986 selling over 100,000 copies monthly. In 1991 Newsfield suffered financial difficulty and the magazines were sold and relaunched by Europress . In 2004 funding was granted by Advantage West Midlands to build

10488-414: The village of Ludford , immediately on the other side of the Teme at Ludford Bridge (itself at the foot of Lower Broad Street), remains a distinct community. Localities in the town's suburbs include Gallows Bank and Sandpits. Immediately beyond the A49 by-pass are Rocks Green and the Sheet , and it is in these two places that much of the present development and growth of the town is taking place, including

10602-502: The year, Llwyd observed "What is interesting is, of course, it is fine for Exmoor to defend their community but in Wales when you try to say these things it is called racist". Llwyd called on other parties to join in a debate to bring the Exmoor experience to Wales when he said "I really do ask them and I plead with them to come around the table and talk about the Exmoor suggestion and see if we can now bring it into Wales". By spring 2002 both

10716-545: The young Edward III , were entertained at the castle in 1329. The town prospered, with a population of about 1,725 by 1377, and sustained a population of about 2,000 for several centuries thereafter. It was a market town; market day was held on every Thursday throughout the 15th century. In particular, it served as a centre for the sale of wool and cloth. It was home to various trades, and in 1372 boasted 12 trade guilds including metalworkers , shoemakers , butchers, drapers , mercers , tailors, cooks , bakers and probably

10830-503: The young prince heard the news of his father's death in 1483 and was himself proclaimed King Edward V of England. It was from Ludlow that Edward V was brought back to London with his young brother, both to be confined in the Tower of London when, after a short period of time, they were never seen again. Under Henry VII the castle continued as the headquarters of the Council of Wales and served as

10944-405: Was a critical period in the history of the language and one that encompassed many contradictions. In 1800 Welsh was the main spoken language of the vast majority of Wales, with the only exceptions being some border areas and other places which had seen significant settlement, such as south Pembrokeshire ; by the 1901 census, this proportion had declined to a little over half of the population, though

11058-465: Was a major industry of the town, peaking in production in 1814. In 1802, Horatio Nelson was awarded the freedom of the borough and stayed at The Angel coaching inn on Broad Street, together with his mistress Emma and her husband Sir William Hamilton . The honour was presented to him in a room at the inn, later to be known as the Nelson Room, and he addressed the crowds from one of the bay windows on

11172-414: Was a stronghold of the Welsh language, and so also were the industrial slate-quarrying communities of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire. Many of the nonconformist churches throughout Wales were strongly associated with the Welsh language. By the 20th century, the numbers of Welsh speakers were shrinking at a rate which suggested that the language would be extinct within a few generations. According to

11286-511: Was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that "traditional Welsh communities could die out" as a consequence. Much of the rural Welsh property market was driven by buyers looking for second homes for use as holiday homes or for retirement. Many buyers were drawn to Wales from England because of relatively inexpensive house prices in Wales as compared to those in England. The rise in house prices outpaced

11400-509: Was constructed in the eleventh century, even today the area immediately south of the castle retains the original name. Samuel Lewis states that while Leadlowe and Ludlowe were the Saxon names for the town, the British name was Dinam , which he translates as "The Palace of Princes". The Modern Welsh name for the town is Llwydlo . Lodelowe was in use for this site before 1138 and comes from

11514-431: Was formed, in stages, the town providing a useful source of income for successive Marcher Lords , based on rents, fines, and tolls. They developed the town on a regular grid pattern, although this was adapted somewhat to match the local topography , from the late 11th century through the 12th century. The first laid street was along the ridge of the hilltop, what is now Castle Square, High Street and King Street. This formed

11628-598: Was founded at a meeting in the 1925 National Eisteddfod in Pwllheli , Gwynedd, with the primary aim of promoting the Welsh language. Concern for the Welsh language was ignited in 1936 when the British government decided to build an RAF training camp and aerodrome at Penyberth on the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd. The events surrounding the protest became known as Tân yn Llŷn ('Fire in Llŷn'). The government had settled on Llŷn as

11742-507: Was founded, the first Welsh medium secondary school in South Wales (later Ysgol Garth Olwg ). The Welsh Courts Act was passed in 1942, repealing Henry VIII's earlier laws; this finally permitted limited use of the Welsh language in courts of law. In 1962 Saunders Lewis gave a radio speech entitled Tynged yr Iaith ('The Fate of the Language'), in which he predicted the extinction of

11856-472: Was governed solely under English law . Only 150 words of this Act were concerned with the use of the Welsh language. Section 20 of the Act banned the use of the language in court proceedings and those who solely spoke Welsh and did not speak English could not hold government office. Wales was to be represented by 26 members of parliament who spoke English. Outside certain areas in Wales such as South Pembrokeshire ,

11970-432: Was joined briefly by his wife Catherine of Aragon later to become wife to Henry VIII. Ludlow Castle was therefore the site of perhaps the most controversial honeymoon in English history, when Catherine's claim that the marriage was never consummated became central to the dispute concerning Henry VIII and Catherine's annulment in 1531. Eventually, the council resumed and except for brief interludes, Ludlow continued to host

12084-451: Was officially opened by Kenneth Clarke . The by-pass had been built to the east of Ludlow in the late 1970s, opening to traffic in the summer of 1979, and diverts the A49 trunk road around the town. The former route of the A49 through the town was reclassified as the B4361. The town centre retains its medieval streets and has had long-running problems with motor traffic and car parking, which

12198-401: Was rebuilt and enlarged (with a bell tower) in 1199-1200 and became a parish church, with the separation of Ludlow from the parish of Stanton Lacy by 1200. The town notably had two schools (a choir and a grammar) in existence c.  1200 ; Ludlow Grammar School remained in existence until 1977, when it became Ludlow College. Ludlow Castle was an important border fortification along

12312-442: Was subsequently constructed on a site over the road from Tesco. A development of 91 houses by South Shropshire Housing Association at Rocks Green won a Sustainable Housing award in 2009, and a Sainsbury's supermarket at Rocks Green was opened in 2021. In 1983 a small computer magazine started publication in Ludlow by Roger Kean, Oliver Frey and Franco Frey by Newsfield Publications Ltd called Crash . The magazine catered for

12426-409: Was summed up by Saunders Lewis when he wrote that the government was intent upon turning one of the "essential homes of Welsh culture , idiom , and literature " into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare. On 8 September 1936, the building was set on fire, and the Welsh nationalists Saunders Lewis , Lewis Valentine and D. J. Williams claimed responsibility for the arson. The case

12540-403: Was to create uniform control over the now united England and Wales ; however, it laid a foundation for the superiority of classes through the use of language. Welsh was now seen as a language spoken by the lower working classes, with those from higher classes seen superior and given roles in government for choosing to speak English over Welsh. This part of the Act was not repealed until 1993 under

12654-664: Was to motivate Plaid Cymru to take more direct action to promote the language; however, it led to the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) later that year at a Plaid Cymru summer school held in Pontardawe in Glamorgan . In 1965 the village of Capel Celyn was drowned in the Tryweryn valley . This created tension between natural resources provision and the protection of cultural identity. This event

12768-474: Was to publish in 1839. Immediately above the topmost layer of the marine rock sequence forming Murchison's Silurian System was a thin layer of dark sand containing numerous remains of early fish, especially their scales, along with plant debris, spores and microscopic mites . In contrast to the underlying sediments of the Ludlow Series which were deposited in a shallow warm sea some 400 million years ago,

12882-551: Was tried at Caernarfon, where the jury failed to reach a verdict. It was then sent to the Old Bailey in London, where the "Three" were convicted and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. On their release from Wormwood Scrubs they were greeted as heroes by a crowd of 15,000 people at a pavilion in Caernarfon . With the advent of broadcasting in Wales , Plaid Cymru protested against the lack of Welsh-language programming and launched

12996-406: Was unevenly distributed with five counties remaining overwhelmingly and predominantly Welsh-speaking: Outside these five counties, a further two areas were noted as having a majority who spoke Welsh, those being: The 1921 census recorded that of the population of Wales (including Monmouthshire), 38.7% of the population could speak Welsh while 6.6% of the overall population were Welsh monoglots. In

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