106-610: Dilma Vana Rousseff ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈdʒiwmɐ ˈvɐ̃nɐ ʁuˈsɛf(i)] ; born 14 December 1947) is a Brazilian economist and politician who has been the Chair of the New Development Bank since March 2023. Previously, she served as the 36th president of Brazil from 2011 until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016. She is the first woman to have held the Brazilian presidency. She also previously served as
212-520: A civil ceremony , after dating for one year. Rousseff participated in COLINA and advocated Marxist politics among labour union members and as editor of the newspaper The Piquet . According to the magazine Piauí , she handled weapons. Gilberto Vasconcelos, a former fellow militant, has stated that she "has never … practiced an act of violence". In early 1969 the Minas Gerais branch of Colina had only
318-539: A cancer in the lymphatic system , which was detected in her left armpit during a routine mammogram . It was diagnosed as a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , an intermediate-grade type, but her chances of being cured were up to 90%. She had curative chemotherapy treatment for four months. In mid-May 2009, she was hospitalized in the Hospital Sírio-Libanês in São Paulo , with severe pains in her legs. The diagnosis
424-627: A different location, since their apartment had been visited by one of those arrested. They returned home secretly to destroy documents so when in March 1969, the police searched the apartment, no documents were found. They stayed in Belo Horizonte a few more weeks trying to reorganize Colina, but had to avoid their parents' houses, since these were watched by the military. (Rousseff's family had no knowledge of her participation in underground activities). In addition, Galeno had to undergo facial plastic surgery or
530-469: A dozen militants , little money, and few weapons. Its activities boiled down to four bank robberies, some stolen cars and two bombings, with no casualties. On 14 January, after some arrests during a bank robbery, they gathered to debate what to do to release them from jail. At dawn, the police invaded the group's house and they responded by using a machine gun, which killed two policemen and wounded another. Rousseff and Galeno then began sleeping each night in
636-410: A dream to build a better Brazil, we learned a lot. We did a lot of nonsense, but that is not what characterizes us. What characterizes us is to have dared to want a better country. Carlos Araújo was chosen as one of the six leaders of VAR Palmares, a "political-military organization of Marxist-Leninist partisan orientation which aims to fulfill the tasks of the revolutionary war and the establishment of
742-516: A friend of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara . Heringer says that "the book inflamed everybody, including Dilma". During that period, Rousseff met Cláudio Galeno Linhares, a brother-in-arms five years her senior. Galeno, who had joined POLOP in 1962, had served in the Army , participating in the uprising of sailors against the military coup , for which he had been arrested in Ilha das Cobras . They married in 1968 in
848-555: A helpful supplement to the global financial system ," Li Keqiang said at a meeting with K. V. Kamath in Beijing in July, 2015. Bulgarian Communist Party The Bulgarian Communist Party ( Bulgarian : Българска комунистическа партия (БΚП), Romanised : Bŭlgarska komunisticheska partiya ; BKP ) was the founding and ruling party of the People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 until 1990, when
954-538: A meeting; the two developed an attraction to one another. Araújo headed a dissident group of the Brazilian Communist Party ( Portuguese : Partido Comunista Brasileiro—PCB ) and sheltered Galeno in Porto Alegre. Rousseff's breakup with Galeno was friendly. As Galeno said, "in that difficult situation, we had no prospect of being a regular couple". Araújo, son of a prominent labor defense lawyer, had joined
1060-587: A military prosecutor labeled her the " Joan of Arc " of the guerrilla movement. Rousseff was taken to the OBAN headquarters, the same place where Vladimir Herzog would be tortured and killed five years later. She was allegedly tortured for 22 days by punching, ferule , and electric shock devices. As Maria Luisa Belloque, a cellmate, said "Dilma was shocked even with car wiring." Some ex-military officers have dismissed Rousseff's account, saying that she could not have survived that extent of torture. Later, Rousseff denounced
1166-626: A month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request, a pivotal witness was Vânia Abrantes, who
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#17328557307391272-671: A narrow second-round victory over Aécio Neves , also of PSDB, to serve her second term as president. Impeachment proceedings against Rousseff began in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 December 2015. On 12 May 2016, the Senate of Brazil suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate decided whether to remove her from office or to acquit her. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as acting president of Brazil during her suspension. On 31 August 2016,
1378-561: A positive assessment to the bank's work. At the meeting, the first green financial bond issuance in renminbi was highlighted as a milestone event for the NDB. In 2016, the NDB board of directors approved the first set of projects in all members of the bank. On 21 December 2016, the NDB signed its first loan agreement. The NDB received AA+ credit ratings from S&P Global Ratings ( S&P ) and Fitch Ratings ( Fitch ) in August 2018, which enables
1484-492: A preparatory course in order to take the vestibular exam in economics at the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University . She was admitted to the university and graduated in 1977, this time not participating actively in the students' movement there. The year before, in March 1976, she gave birth to her only child, daughter Paula Rousseff Araújo. After graduation, she got her first paid job after serving her prison sentence as an intern at
1590-632: A principle introduced by the Russian Marxist scholar and leader Vladimir Lenin , which entails democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed-upon policies. The highest body of the BCP was the Party Congress, convened every fifth year. When the Party Congress was not in session, the Central Committee was the highest body, but since the body normally met only once
1696-543: A representative of the Bank's management, the NDB and AIIB are sister institutions in many respects. These two banks have complementary mandates and different geographic focuses, with the NDB being more focused on BRICS countries. At the same time, there is a certain overlapping between mandates of the NDB and the AIIB, as both of them are aimed at developing infrastructure and pay a special attention to sustainable development. However, due to
1802-609: A similar procedure (although he denies this) after a sketch of him was released for participating in a bank robbery. The organization ordered them to move to Rio de Janeiro since it was unsafe to remain. Rousseff was 21 and had just finished her fourth semester at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais School of Economics. There were many people from Minas Gerais in the Rio de Janeiro cell of Colina (including now-former Belo Horizonte mayor Fernando Pimentel , then 18 years old), but
1908-525: A year, most duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. The party's leader held the offices of General Secretary. The BCP was committed to Marxism-Leninism , an ideology based on the writings of the German philosopher Karl Marx and of Lenin (from 1922 to 1953 as formulated by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ). In the 1960s, the BCP announced some economic reforms, which allowed
2014-566: Is at the core of NDB's operational strategy in 2017–2021, and the Bank will dedicate about two-thirds of financing commitments in its first five years to this area. The New Development Bank is planning to give a priority to projects aimed at developing renewable energy sources. As it was stated by the bank, it wants to cooperate with other institutions in accelerating ‘green’ financing expansion and promoting environment protection . The NDB has expressed interest in funding projects that conform to high environmental standards, including those in
2120-469: Is equally distributed among the founding members. The payment of the amount initially subscribed by each founding member to the paid-in capital stock of the bank will be made in dollars in 7 installments. Each member cannot increase its share of capital without all other four members agreeing. The bank will allow new members to join but the BRICS capital share cannot fall below 55%. The bank aims to contribute to
2226-626: Is in no condition to propose the decriminalization of any drug." As a member of the Workers' Party , a social-democratic party which opposes Third Way politics , Rousseff was expected to be against privatization and neoliberalism . The Nation , as an example of this rationale, described Rousseff's victory as a defeat for the Washington Consensus . Rousseff, however, has had an ambiguous stance on issues that involve privatization. She is, for instance, "in favor of granting to private enterprises
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#17328557307392332-417: Is the only daughter of Dilma Rousseff and her former husband, Carlos Araújo. Paula is a law graduate and holds the office of Labor Prosecutor in Porto Alegre. Paula Rousseff married business administrator Rafael Covolo in Porto Alegre on 18 April 2008. On 9 September 2010, Paula Rousseff gave birth to Rousseff's first grandchild , a boy named Gabriel Rousseff Covolo, in the city of Porto Alegre, during
2438-664: The Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) ( Tesni Sotsialisti , "Narrow Socialists"), which was founded in 1903 after a split in the 10th Congress of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party . The party's founding leader was Dimitar Blagoev , who was the driving force behind the formation of the BSDWP in 1894. It comprised most of the hardline Marxists in the Social Democratic Workers' Party. The party opposed World War I and
2544-617: The Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP). A number of hardline Communists established several splinter parties with a small number of members. One of these parties, named Communist Party of Bulgaria ( Komunisticeska Partija na Balgarija ), is led by Aleksandar Paunov . The Party House (Партийния дом, Partiyniya dom ) served as the headquarters of the Bulgarian Communist Party, located at the Largo . The Party House building
2650-683: The Democratic Labour Party (PDT) in Rio Grande do Sul , and participated in several of the party's electoral campaigns. She became the treasury secretary of Porto Alegre under Alceu Collares , and later Secretary of Energy of Rio Grande do Sul under both Collares and Olívio Dutra . In 2001, after an internal dispute in the Dutra cabinet, she left the PDT and joined the Workers' Party (PT). In 2002, Rousseff became an energy policy advisor to presidential candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , who on winning
2756-458: The Soviet Union and remained close to its leadership after Nikita Khrushchev was deposed by Leonid Brezhnev . His rule led to relative political stability and an increase in living standards. The demands for democratic reform which swept Eastern Europe in 1989 led Zhivkov to resign. He was succeeded by a considerably more liberal Communist, Petar Mladenov . On 11 December Mladenov announced
2862-652: The chief of staff to former and current president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from 2005 to 2010. Rousseff was raised in an upper middle class household in Belo Horizonte . She became a socialist in her youth. After the 1964 coup d'état she joined left-wing and Marxist urban guerrilla groups that fought against the military dictatorship . Rousseff was captured, tortured, and jailed from 1970 to 1972. After her release, Rousseff rebuilt her life in Porto Alegre with her husband Carlos Araújo. They both helped to found
2968-602: The 1964 coup). After the Supreme Electoral Court gave the name registry to the group linked to Ivete Vargas ( Getúlio Vargas ' niece), Rousseff and the group linked to Brizola founded the Democratic Labour Party ( Portuguese : Partido Democrático Trabalhista—PDT ). Araújo was elected state deputy three times for this party, in 1982, 1986, and 1990. He was also the party's candidate for Porto Alegre mayor twice, losing to Workers' Party members Olívio Dutra in 1988, and Tarso Genro in 1992. Rousseff got her second job in
3074-499: The 2010 presidential campaign of her mother. After the last debate with four other candidates, on 30 September 2010, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was aired on national TV, Rousseff flew to Porto Alegre for the christening of Gabriel in the Roman Catholic Cathedral on 1 October 2010. At a press conference on 25 April 2009, Rousseff revealed that she was undergoing treatment to remove an early-stage axillar lymphoma ,
3180-603: The Foundation of Economics and Statistics ( Portuguese : Fundação de Economia e Estatística—FEE ), an organization linked to the government of Rio Grande do Sul. Her political activism, this time within the law, resumed at the Institute of Social and Political Studies ( Portuguese : Instituto de Estudos Políticos e Sociais—IEPES ) linked to the only legalized opposition party, the Democratic Movement (MDB). Even though she
3286-466: The NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank." The initial authorized capital of the bank is $ 100 billion divided into 1 million shares having a par value of $ 100,000 each. The initial subscribed capital of the NDB is $ 50 billion divided into paid-in shares ($ 10 billion) and callable shares ($ 40 billion). The initial subscribed capital of
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3392-630: The NDB announced that "sound banking principles" required that all new transactions with Russia be put on hold. Even though the NDB quickly cut ties with Russia, Fitch Ratings still downgraded the NDB from stable to negative on its Long-Term Issuer Default scale. In May 2022, the New Development Bank set up a regional office in India in the state of Gujarat with the goal of financing and observing infrastructure projects in both India and Bangladesh. In May 2023, Saudi Arabia expressed its intention to join
3498-468: The NDB successfully issued its first green financial bond with issue size of RMB 3 billion, tenor of 5 years in China onshore interbank bond market. The bond's nominal interest rate is 3.07%. The bank became the first international financial institution that issued a green financial bond in the China onshore bond market. The proceeds of the bond will be used for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in
3604-580: The NDB ;plans to expand membership gradually so as not to overly strain its operational and decision-making capacity. In September 2021, Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB. In December 2021, the NDB admitted Egypt as a new member. Algeria formally presented a request to join after the Algerian president visit to China in 2023, and
3710-480: The NDB. According to the Articles of Agreement, the main organs of the bank are: Information about the composition of the NDB board of governors is available on the bank's official website. The NDB president is elected on a rotational basis from one of the founding members, and there are four vice presidents from each of the other four founding members. K. V. Kamath , from India, is the first elected president of
3816-446: The NDB. In September 2016, NDB and World Bank Group signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation and it was announced that the NDB and WBG's cooperative efforts will focus primarily on infrastructure. In July 2014, Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz said the NDB marks a "fundamental change in global economic and political power ." In his opinion, "The existing institutions just don't have enough resources ." In
3922-503: The NDB. He was replaced as president by Marcos Prado Troyjo from Brazil since 7 July 2020. Marcos Troyjo was elected president of the New Development Bank on 27 May 2020. Following Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva election, the Brazilian government solicited his renouncement, after then he was replaced by Dilma Rousseff by 24 March 2023. The New Development Bank has an initial subscribed capital of US$ 50 billion and an initial authorized capital of US$ 100 billion. The initial subscribed capital
4028-533: The PCB early. He had traveled through Latin America, met Castro and Che Guevara , and been imprisoned for several months in 1964. He joined the armed struggle after the issue of AI-5 by the dictatorship in 1968. In early 1969, he began to discuss the merger of his group with Colina and Popular Revolutionary Vanguard ( Portuguese : Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária—VPR ), led by Carlos Lamarca . Rousseff attended meetings about
4134-733: The Senate voted 61–20 to convict, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws, and removed her from office. On 5 August 2018, the PT officially launched Rousseff's candidacy for a seat in the Federal Senate from the state of Minas Gerais. Rousseff finished fourth in the final vote and was defeated for her Senate run. Dilma Vana Rousseff was born in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , southeastern Brazil, on 14 December 1947, to Bulgarian lawyer and entrepreneur Pedro Rousseff (born Petar Rusеv, Bulgarian : Петър Русев , 1900–1962) and schoolteacher Dilma Jane da Silva (26 June 1924 – 13 July 2019). Her father
4240-481: The United Nations could be members of the bank, however the share of the original BRICS group can never be less than 55% of total voting power. The current voting power of the original five members is more than 90%. Expanding the NDB's membership is considered by some experts to be crucial to its long-term development by helping boost the bank's business growth. According to the Bank's General Strategy: 2017–2021,
4346-517: The United States." Rousseff opposes gay marriage , but supports same-sex civil unions . She said, "Marriage is a religious issue. I, as an individual, would never say what a religion should or should not do. We have to respect them." On the subject of same-sex civil union, Rousseff said that "basic civil rights should be recognized within the civil legal framework." She also opposes the decriminalization of illegal drugs , stating that "Brazil today
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4452-501: The actions attributed to her. According to her former comrade and current colleague, Environment Minister Carlos Minc , her role in the group was sensationalized. "Because she is a very important person, they'll say anything about her." Rousseff has sometimes been described as the mastermind of the theft of a safe belonging to former governor of São Paulo , Ademar de Barros . The action was carried out on 18 June 1969, in Rio de Janeiro, and netted 2.5 million U.S. dollars. It became
4558-535: The alliance. Suspected counter-revolutionaries were imprisoned. In 1948 the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists) was forced to merge into the BKP, thus liquidating any left-wing alternative to the communists. In March 1954, one year after Joseph Stalin 's death, Chervenkov was deposed. From 1954 until 1989 the party was led by Todor Zhivkov , who was very supportive of
4664-568: The analysis of academic Suisheng Zhao , China's role in the creation of the NBD is "a symbolic gesture to create a sort of IMF clone writ small toward reshaping the Western-dominated international financial architecture." Chinese Premier Li Keqiang called the opening of the NDB an "important step forward" in cooperation among BRICS countries. "This is great progress in financial cooperation among developing countries and emerging economies, as well as
4770-418: The bank has initially subscribed 100,000 shares, in a total of $ 10 billion, of which 20,000 shares correspond to paid-in capital, in a total of $ 2 billion and 80,000 shares correspond to callable capital, in a total of $ 8 billion. The current distribution of shares between NDB member countries is presented in the following table. According to the Bank's General Strategy, sustainable infrastructure development
4876-526: The bank regards other international financial institutions, including IMF and World Bank as partners, not rivals. In July 2016, the NDB signed with Asian Development Bank (ADB) a memorandum of understanding on strategic cooperation. The two institutions expressed willingness to work together through co-financing and knowledge exchanges in areas including sustainable development projects in renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation, sustainable water management, and sewage treatment. According to
4982-467: The bank say that the NDB was established to complement the existing efforts of multilateral and regional financial institutions for global growth and development. Moreover, the NDB is authorized by its founders to cooperate within its mandate with other international organizations, as well as national entities (public or private), in particular with international financial institutions and national development banks. The NDB President K.V.Kamath stresses that
5088-481: The bank to offer full suite of financial products to its public and private sector clients. In April 2020, the New Development Bank established an Emergency Assistance Facility that sought to finance costs related to the fight against the Coronavirus and soften the blow from the economic impact. In addition to committing US$ 5 billion to this cause, the NDB targeted to provide up to 10 billion dollars. In March 2022,
5194-604: The bank was equally distributed among the founding members (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The Agreement on the NDB specifies that every member will have one vote and that no member would have any veto powers. The bank is headquartered in Shanghai , China. The first regional office of the NDB is in Johannesburg, South Africa. The second regional office was established in 2019 in São Paulo, Brazil, followed by GIFT City , India and Moscow, Russia. The idea for setting up
5300-672: The bank was proposed by India at the 4th BRICS summit in 2012 held in Delhi. The creation of a new development bank was the main theme of the meeting. The establishment of a development bank will simplify mutual settlement and lending operations among BRICS countries, reducing dependence on the US dollar and the Euro, and therefore, BRICS leaders agreed to set up a Development bank at the 5th BRICS summit held in Durban, South Africa on 27 March 2013. On 15 July 2014,
5406-529: The board of directors meeting in January 2016. On 19 July 2016, the NDB reported that it successfully issued the bank's first green financial bond with issue size of RMB 3 billion, tenor of 5 years in the China interbank bond market. On 20 July 2016, the first annual meeting of the NDB board of governors was held in Shanghai. The participants of the meeting discussed the bank's future work and development and gave
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#17328557307395512-485: The clandestine organization in São Paulo and profiled dozens of their members, said that Rousseff was one of the principal masterminds. The attorney who prosecuted the organization called her " Joan of Arc of subversion", saying that she led strikes and advised bank robberies. She was also dubbed "the she-pope of subversion", a "political criminal" and a "female figure of sadly notable aspect". Rousseff ridicules such comparison, stating that she does not even remember many of
5618-516: The construction of new power plants and roads, should it be cheaper to do them through grants than through public works ." Additionally, she favored the privatization of airports in order to prepare Brazil's infra-structure for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . She also pledged to deepen the social welfare network inaugurated by the Lula administration, saying that, under her rule, "Brazil will continue to grow, with social inclusion and mobility." In 2014, during
5724-653: The country ceased to be a socialist satellite state of the Soviet Union . The party had dominated the Fatherland Front , a coalition that took power in 1944, late in World War II , after it led a coup against Bulgaria's tsarist regime in conjunction with the Red Army 's crossing of the border. It controlled its armed forces, the Bulgarian People's Army . The BCP was organized on the basis of democratic centralism ,
5830-516: The development plans established nationally through projects that are socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. Taking this into account, the main objectives of the NDB can be summarized as follows The Agreement on the New Development Bank entered into force in July 2015, with the official declaration of all five states that have signed it. The five founding members of the Bank include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The NDB's Articles of Agreement specify that all members of
5936-489: The dictatorship that had been established after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état . In 1967 she joined Worker's Politics ( Portuguese : Política Operária—POLOP ), an organization founded in 1961 as a spinoff of the Brazilian Socialist Party . Its members found themselves divided over methods; some wanted to advocate for the election of a constituent assembly , but others advocated an armed struggle. Rousseff joined
6042-646: The early 1990s, she enrolled in a course in Greek theater taught by playwright Ivo Bender. Greek mythology then became an obsession for her, and, influenced by Penelope , she decided to learn how to embroider . Her favorite actress is Fernanda Montenegro . Her website claims she is an avid reader, citing Machado de Assis , Guimarães Rosa , Cecília Meireles , and Adélia Prado as her favorite authors. She understands English very well when spoken slowly and can speak Spanish and limited amounts of French. Paula Rousseff, born on 26 March 1976, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul,
6148-430: The eastern zone of the city, where they hid the weapons under their beds. José Olavo Leite Ribeiro, who met three times a week with Rousseff, was captured by the military. As Ribeiro reported, after a day of torture, he revealed the place where he would meet with another militant, in a bar on Rua Augusta in São Paulo. On 16 January 1970, he was forced to go to the bar accompanied by undercover policemen, where his colleague
6254-484: The election invited her to become his minister of energy . After chief of Staff José Dirceu resigned in 2005 in a political crisis triggered by the Mensalão corruption scandal , Rousseff became chief of staff and remained in that post until 31 March 2010, when she stepped down to run for president. She was elected in a run-off in 2010, beating Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) candidate José Serra . In 2014 she won
6360-587: The entry into force of the Agreement on the New Development Bank. On 27 February 2016, the NDB signed Headquarters Agreement with the Government of the P.R.C. and the Memorandum of Understanding with Shanghai Municipal People's Government concerning the arrangements in relation to Headquarters of the bank in Shanghai. According to the bank, most of the NDB policies and procedures for all functional areas were approved at
6466-493: The fact that current financing and investment patterns are inadequate in meeting investment needs, there is "space for newcomers", he said. In February 2016, the president of the NDB dismissed concerns over overlapping of interests of China-backed AIIB and the NDB. According to media reports, other multilateral development institutions, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have expressed an intention to work together with
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#17328557307396572-474: The field of infrastructure, such as energy, railways and highways in the future. At the same time, according to K. V. Kamath , the NDB President, one of the key strategies of the bank will be financing profitable projects (bankable) with return on capital. The NDB wants "to fund projects that are creative and bring benefits to the local people and environment", said Vice President Zhu Xian. The leadership of
6678-466: The first day of the 6th BRICS summit held in Fortaleza , Brazil, the BRICS states signed the Agreement on the New Development Bank, which makes provisions for the legal basis of the bank. In a separate agreement, a reserve currency pool worth $ 100 billion was set up by BRICS members. On 11 May 2015, K. V. Kamath was appointed as the president of the bank. The 7th BRICS summit in July 2015 marked
6784-589: The free sale of production that exceeded planned amounts. After Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985, the BCP underwent political and economic liberalization , which promptly liquidated the party and dissolved the People's Republic of Bulgaria completely. After the end of the BCP, the party was renamed to the Bulgarian Socialist Party in 1990; though Bulgaria retained its socialist-era constitution until 1991 along with its Warsaw Pact membership until its dissolution that same year. The party's origins lay in
6890-540: The indemnification has a symbolic value to her, and Rousseff demanded the requests be tried only after her departure from public office. On 5 April 2009, an alleged criminal record of Rousseff containing notes about various crimes allegedly committed by her was published on the front page of Folha de S.Paulo published. The document would have been part of the file of the Department of Political and Social Order ( Portuguese : Departamento de Ordem Política e Social—DOPS ),
6996-521: The last to French (Rousseff). During a trip to Uberaba , he met Dilma Jane da Silva, a young schoolteacher born in Nova Friburgo , Rio de Janeiro , and raised in Minas Gerais, where her parents were ranchers. The two married and settled in Belo Horizonte, where they had three children: Igor, Dilma Vana, and Zana Lúcia (who died in 1977). Igor Rousseff, Dilma's elder brother, is a lawyer. Pedro Rousseff
7102-516: The life of the mother or are the result of rape, cases in which the current Brazilian legislation allows women to terminate their pregnancies. However, she was criticized by sectors of the Catholic Church in Brazil and other religious groups, due to her past support for the legalization of abortion. This was also a main target of criticism by José Serra 's campaign as well as the newsmagazine Veja , which emphasized Rousseff's past and current positions on its cover. The subject only faded away from
7208-504: The member countries task the bank with developing a strong pipeline of projects and responding in a fast and flexible manner to aspirations and interests of its members. As of 6 March 2019, the NDB Board of Directors approved 30 projects with loans aggregating over approx. USD 8 billion. The bank has begun non-sovereign operations with loans approved in Brazil, South Africa, and Russia. In May 2024, BRICS Development Bank announces to allocate US$ 1.115 bi to Rio Grande do Sul for rebuilding
7314-494: The member countries. In February 2019, the bank successfully placed CNY 3 billion RMB-denominated bond in the China Interbank Bond Market, and it was priced at the lower end of announced pricing range. On May 18, 2022, the New Development Bank issued a 7 billion RMB - 3 year bond into the Chinese Interbank Bond Market (CIMB), making it the largest bond ever made by foreign issuers. It received an Issuer Rating(IR) of AA+ from both S&P and Fitch. The Articles of Agreement of
7420-486: The members of the organization were captured just weeks before. Rousseff emphatically denies that she was aware of the plan and doubts that anyone involved really remembers much about it. She also said that Espinosa fantasized about the event. After learning about the quotes that were being attributed to him, Espinosa denied stating that Rousseff knew about the plan, which was vague in any case. He said that Rousseff never participated or planned any paramilitary actions; her role
7526-494: The merger, formalized in two conferences in Mongaguá , thus leading to the creation of Revolutionary Armed Vanguard Palmares ( Portuguese : Vanguarda Armada Revolucionária Palmares—VAR Palmares ). Rousseff and Araújo attended these conferences. So did Lamarca, who thought that Rousseff was a "stuck-up intellectual" because she defended revolution through political engagement of the working class, as opposed to VPR's military-based sense of revolution. We fought and participated in
7632-749: The mid-1980s as an adviser for the PDT members of the Rio Grande do Sul Legislative Assembly. New Development Bank The New Development Bank ( NDB ), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank , is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states ( Brazil , Russia , India , China , and South Africa ). According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans , guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments. " Moreover,
7738-469: The military lawsuits both were being prosecuted for. For a few months they were even in the same prison in São Paulo, where during conjugal visits they reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and
7844-408: The military regime's political police. Rousseff questioned the veracity of the file, claiming that it was a forged document, which led the newspaper to declare that it had not obtained the document from DOPS' file, but rather via e-mail and, thus, could not guarantee its veracity. The record can be found on a far right-wing website which supports the regime. Rousseff left jail at the end of 1972. She
7950-460: The most powerful civilian in the federal government at the time. This would have been carried out in December according to the book Os Carbonários , written by Alfredo Sirkis in 1981. Antonio Roberto Espinosa, former head of both VPR and VAR Palmares, was reported to have said that Rousseff was one of the five members of the organization's leadership aware of it. The kidnapping did not take place because
8056-436: The most spectacular and profitable action of the armed struggle. Carlos Minc has denied the participation of Rousseff in the event, saying that the widespread version that she was the leader of the organization is rather exaggerated, since she was merely a member of no distinction. On at least three different occasions Rousseff herself also denied participating in the event. Testimonials and police reports indicated that Rousseff
8162-410: The news after the information became public that José Serra's wife, Monica Serra, had reportedly had an abortion in her youth. When asked about the criminal prosecution against Flamengo goalkeeper Bruno Fernandes de Souza , accused of killing his former girlfriend Eliza Samudio, Rousseff said that she opposes the death penalty. According to her, "if it were effective, there would not be such crimes in
8268-527: The organization had no shelter for them. Rousseff and Galeno stayed briefly with Rousseff's aunt, who thought that they were on vacation. They moved to a small hotel, then to an apartment, until Galeno was sent by the organization to Porto Alegre . Rousseff remained in Rio and helped the organization, attending meetings and transported weapons and money, according to piauí . She met Rio Grande do Sul -born lawyer Carlos Franklin Paixão de Araújo, then 31 years old, at
8374-592: The party merged with the Bulgarian Workers' Party and took the former party's name. Following Dimitrov's sudden death, the party was led by Valko Chervenkov , a Stalinist who oversaw a number of party purges that met with Moscow 's approval. The party joined the Cominform at its inception in 1948 and conducted purges against suspected Titoites following the expulsion of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia from
8480-470: The party was giving up its guaranteed right to rule. For all intents and purposes, this was the end of Communist rule in Bulgaria , though it would be another month before the provision in the constitution enshrining the party's "leading role" was deleted. The party moved in a more moderate direction, and by the spring of 1990 was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. That April, the party changed its name to
8586-553: The presidential elections, the president, Dilma Rousseff, supported the criminalization of homophobia , citing the "high rate" of acts of violence against homosexuals in the country. When the mandatory two-party system ended in the early 1980s, Rousseff participated, along with Carlos Araújo, in Leonel Brizola 's efforts to restructure the Brazilian Labor Party (of social-democratic President João Goulart , overthrown by
8692-529: The second group, which became the National Liberation Command ( Portuguese : Comando de Libertação Nacional—COLINA ). According to Apolo Heringer Lisboa [ pt ] , leader of Colina in 1968 who taught Marxism to Rousseff in high school, she chose armed struggle after reading Revolution inside the Revolution by Régis Debray , a French intellectual who had moved to Cuba and become
8798-406: The second—including Rousseff—continued as VAR Palmares. There was a dispute over the money and weapons. After the split, Rousseff was sent to São Paulo , where she was in charge of keeping her group's weapons safe. She avoided the risk of keeping them in apartments by moving with a friend (Maria Celeste Martins, who would become her chief of staff assistant decades later) to a simple boarding house in
8904-459: The subject of controversy as her official biography listed these master's and doctoral degrees that she had never earned. She was, however, twice enrolled in the graduate program in economics at the State University of Campinas , without ever fulfilling the requirements for those degrees. In 1968 she married journalist Cláudio Galeno de Magalhães Linhares, who introduced 20-year-old Rousseff to
9010-463: The torture she suffered in court proceedings, citing even the names of those who tortured her, such as Army Captain Benoni de Arruda Albernaz, mentioned by several other witnesses. Although she revealed the locations of some militants during torture interrogation, Rousseff managed to preserve the identities of Carlos Araújo (who would be arrested several months later) and Maria Celeste Martins. Rousseff's name
9116-407: The underground resistance movement against the dictatorship. In the early 1970s, Rousseff separated from Galeno and started a relationship with Carlos Franklin Paixão de Araújo. She legally divorced Galeno in 1981. Rousseff and Araújo have a daughter named Paula Rousseff de Araújo born in 1976. Rousseff divorced Araújo in 2000. According to Rousseff, she enjoys history and is interested in opera. In
9222-531: The urban and rural infrastructure after the 2024 floods . In March 2016, the NDB announced that it will do a bond issue in China to raise funding domestically on the Chinese market. The bond issue is likely to happen in the second quarter of the year 2016, said the NDB Vice President Leslie Maasdorp. He added the bank is starting to finalize the exact size of this bond issue. On 18 July 2016
9328-511: The working class party, in order to seize power and build socialism." According to Maurício Lopes Lima, a former member of Operação Bandeirantes [ pt ] (OBAN) – a para-legal structure which included the intelligence and torture services of the Armed Forces —Rousseff was the primary leader of VAR Palmares, and he received reports calling her "one of the brains" of the revolution. Police commissioner Newton Fernandes, who investigated
9434-434: The works of Karl Marx , Nicos Poulantzas , and Louis Althusser , discussing what would be the right moment to resume their political activity. Rousseff declared that she "attended the master's degree program", but did not finish it, failing to present her thesis. "That's why I returned to university to pursue a doctorate. And then I became minister and did not finish the doctorate", she said. Her academic credentials have been
9540-597: Was a myopathy , a muscle inflammation resulting from the cancer treatment. In early September that same year, she revealed she had completed her radiotherapy treatment, claiming to be cured, later confirmed by her doctors. She began to wear a wig due to hair loss caused by the chemotherapy. After seven months of wearing a wig, Rousseff wore her natural dark brown hair at the 3rd Human Rights Program launch on 21 December 2009. She had announced in November that she would retire her wig as soon as her hair became more even. She said it
9646-399: Was a contractor for Mannesmann steel in addition to building and selling real estate. The family lived in a large house, had three servants, and maintained European habits. The children had a classical education with both piano and French lessons. After they overcame the initial resistance of the community to accepting foreigners, the family attended traditional clubs and schools. Rousseff
9752-552: Was admitted as a member in 2024. Algeria officially has been given membership status of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) in September 2024. Potential or prospective members include Colombia , Honduras , and Zimbabwe . According to Articles of Agreement of the New Development Bank, the initial authorized capital of the bank is divided into 1 million shares, having a par value of $ 100,000. Each founding member of
9858-959: Was born in Gabrovo , in the Principality of Bulgaria , and was a friend of the Nobel Prize-nominated Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagryana . As an active member of the Bulgarian Communist Party , banned in 1924, Petar Rusev fled Bulgaria in 1929 to escape political persecution; he settled in France. He arrived in Brazil in the 1930s, already widowed (he left behind his son Lyuben-Kamen, who died in 2007), but soon moved to Buenos Aires , Argentina. He returned to Brazil several years later, settling in São Paulo , where he succeeded in business. Petar Rusev adapted his first name to Portuguese (Pedro) and
9964-405: Was captured and, when they were preparing to leave, 23 year-old Rousseff unexpectedly arrived. Realizing that something was wrong, Rousseff tried to leave the place without being noticed. The officers suspected Rousseff and searched her, discovering that she was armed. "If it was not for the gun, it is possible that she could have escaped," says Ribeiro. Rousseff was considered a big enough catch that
10070-743: Was deactivated, and Araújo served the remainder of his sentence in the Presídio Central. Prominent lawyer Afrânio Araújo, Carlos' father, died in June 1974, prompting his friends to pressure the regime for the release of Carlos, which happened just a week later. Punished for subversion in accordance with decree number 477, considered the AI-5 of universities, Rousseff was expelled from the Minas Gerais Federal University and barred from resuming her studies at that university in 1973. She decided to attend
10176-595: Was enrolled in preschool at the Colégio Izabela Hendrix and primary school at Colégio Nossa Senhora de Sion, a girls' boarding school run by nuns, who primarily taught in French. Her father died in 1962, leaving behind about fifteen properties. In 1964 Rousseff left the conservative Colégio Sion and joined the Central State High School, a co-ed public school where the students often protested against
10282-538: Was in the same police car that transferred her from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro (Vânia was Araújo's girlfriend when he and Rousseff began to date). Rousseff also requested compensation in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, since she was arrested in São Paulo but taken for interrogation in the cities of Juiz de Fora and Rio de Janeiro. She also seeks damages from the federal government. The total compensation figure paid to victims of political persecution may be up to 72,000 reais . However, as her advisors have declared,
10388-473: Was later pardoned. In 1978, Rousseff attended the Campinas State University , with the intention of receiving a master's degree in economics. At that time, she began attending a discussion group formed by other VAR Palmares former members, such as Rui Falcão , Antonio Roberto Espinosa, and eventually Carlos Araújo. Meeting once every three months, the group lasted a couple of years. They would read
10494-434: Was not affiliated with the party, Rousseff organized debates at the institute, which received lectures from scholars such as Francisco de Oliveira, Fernando Henrique Cardoso , and Francisco Weffort. In 1976, Rousseff and Araújo worked for the campaign of Glênio Peres, an MDB candidate for the city council. Although he was elected, Peres' term was revoked for denouncing the regime's torture in a speech. In November 1977, Rousseff
10600-402: Was on a list found at Carlos Lamarca's home, on a list of the prisoners who would get priority in exchange for hostages, but she was never exchanged and served out her sentence. Carlos Araújo was arrested on 12 August 1970. After Rousseff was captured, he had an affair with actress and fellow militant Bete Mendes . After his arrest, he met Rousseff on several occasions, during journeys regarding
10706-455: Was only political. Even with large amounts of money, the organization failed to maintain its unity. At a conference held in Teresópolis between August and September 1969, there was a major dispute between those who supported the armed struggle and those who advocated working with the masses. Rousseff was in the second group. While the first group split into the paramilitary VPR, led by Lamarca,
10812-459: Was reported by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo as one of the 97 "subversives" infiltrated in the public administration. The list was made by resigned Army Minister, Silvio Frota, who had summarized the political background of those he listed. Rousseff, characterized as a Colina and VAR Palmares militant "cohabitating with the subversive Carlos Araújo", was discharged from her job at the FEE, although she
10918-401: Was responsible for managing the money from the robbery, paying the salaries of the militants, finding a shelter for the group, and buying a Volkswagen Beetle . Rousseff only remembers purchasing the car, and doubts that she was the one responsible for managing the money. In 1969, VAR Palmares allegedly planned the kidnapping of Antônio Delfim Netto , a symbol of the " Brazilian Miracle " and
11024-589: Was still "full of holes", which was why she "couldn't take [the wig] off there in Copenhagen , Denmark". She first publicly admitted to wearing a wig in May of that year, when she jokingly referred to it as a "basic little wig". Although Rousseff states that her political thinking has changed drastically – from Marxism to pragmatic capitalism – she remains proud of her radical roots. Rousseff's views are mostly anti abortion , supporting it only for pregnancies which endanger
11130-656: Was sympathetic to the October Revolution in Russia . Under Blagoev's leadership, the party applied to join the Communist International upon its founding in 1919. Upon joining the Comintern the party was reorganised as the Communist Party of Bulgaria . Georgi Dimitrov was a member of the party's Central Committee from its inception in 1919 until his death in 1949, also serving as Bulgaria's leader from 1946. In 1938
11236-504: Was ten kilograms (22 pounds) thinner and had acquired thyroid disease . She spent some time recovering with family in Minas Gerais , visited an aunt in São Paulo , then moved to Porto Alegre , where Carlos Araújo was finishing the last months of his sentence. She stayed in her in-laws' house, from which they could see the prison where Araújo was held. Rousseff frequently visited her partner, bringing him newspapers and political books disguised as novels. The Presídio da Ilha das Pedras Brancas
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