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34-565: Dikwa is a town and a local government area in Borno State , Nigeria . Dikwa used to be part of the kingdom of Borno before being captured by Rabih in 1893. The latter had the place fortified and Dikwa became the capital of his kingdom from 1893 to 1900. In 1900, the French defeated Rabih and captured Dikwa. The town was handed over to the Germans in 1902 because of a treaty signed in 1893 between

68-598: A massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno. Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede , Glavda , Guduf , Laamang , Mafa , and Mandara in the central region; the Afade , Yedina (Buduma) , and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku , Kamwe , Kilba , and Margi groups in the south while

102-740: A means of subsistence for hundreds of thousands of people who work in a variety of commercial and agricultural endeavours along its almost 200 km length in the state's northern region, which spans seven local government areas (LGAs) from Nguru to Yunusari. Notable towns near the river include Gashua , Geidam , and Damasak in Nigeria , and Diffa in Niger . Some rural dwellers in Yobe, on Saturday, complained that chemicals and waste products had contaminated various water sources in their communities, posing danger to lives Water tests were collected from Yobe River amid

136-601: A part of their uprising , which were later rebuilt. Federal Highways are: Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe : Three roads to Cameroon : Other major roads include: Railways: Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State . Airports: Served by the Maiduguri International Airport . Borno State

170-466: A threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets. As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while the state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center. However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in

204-480: Is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h. Borno has many higher institutions, these include: Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas , grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures): In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates), which advise

238-552: Is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria . It is bordered by Yobe to the west for about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers). Its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger for about 223 km, mostly across

272-457: Is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually. The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 34 C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 23 C. The wettest month

306-614: Is rich with abundant natural resources , which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include: Yobe River There are concerns about changes in the river flow, economy and ecology due to upstream dams, the largest at present being the Tiga Dam in Kano State , with plans being discussed for the Kafin Zaki Dam in Bauchi State . The River Yobe provides

340-618: The British Empire . The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon ) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I . After

374-576: The Chad Basin National Park , a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane , spotted hyena , patas monkey , and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants . However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest , was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee; large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when

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408-574: The Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each. From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire , an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya ( Fezzan ) south through most of now- Chad into modern-day Borno State. In

442-777: The Sokoto Caliphate . About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr , a Sudanese warlord , conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri . The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire . Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate ) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and

476-475: The Bornu and Dikwa Emirates have a semiarid climate with a long dry season and a brief wet season. It has an area of 1,774 km and had a population of 25,300 inhabitants in 2010 according to Africapolis. The 2006 census gave an estimated number of 105,909 inhabitants but, as in the rest of Nigeria, these figures should be taken with caution. The postal code of the area is 611. Borno State Borno State

510-661: The Germans and the British which stipulated that the town of Dikwa should become German. This treaty is at the origin of the Dikwa Emirate . Between 1902 and 1916, Dikwa was the capital of what the Europeans called German Borno. After the First World War until 1961, the town and the Dikwa Emirate were administered by the British under a League of Nations mandate and a United Nations Trusteeship agreement. In 1942, Dikwa ceased to be

544-467: The Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles). It is the only Nigerian state to border up to three countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno , with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State

578-483: The capital of the Dikwa Emirate . Bama became the capital of the Emirate which kept its name as Dikwa Emirate . In 1961, after a United Nations plebiscite, the town and the Dikwa Emirate became officially Nigerian. Dikwa is a Local government area of Borno State , Nigeria . Its headquarters are in the town of Dikwa, which is also the seat of the Dikwa Emirate . With an annual rainfall range of 15 to 32 inches,

612-421: The insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity . The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with a strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this northeastern state. The commencement of the rainy season in this northeast state is around June/July of every year, which is far behind the southeastern states. The trade wind , also regarded as the harmattan season

646-575: The late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under

680-607: The levels of metals analyzed, it can be concluded that concentrations of Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn were all over WHO and Child allowable limits in all inspecting regions. This demonstrates an increment in metal contamination stack, likely due to fertilizer development, agrarian cinders and sewage-effluent run-off squanders. Water tests sourced from this stream may be that as it may be utilized for agrarian and water system purposes but unfit for human utilization. 12°39′06″N 10°38′50″E  /  12.65167°N 10.64722°E  / 12.65167; 10.64722 This article related to

714-603: The local governments on cultural and traditional matters. A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains . Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area: Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga. Islam continues to be the dominant faith practised in Borno State, with much smaller numbers of adherents of Christianity and other faiths spread throughout and living within

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748-609: The north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion ; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of

782-667: The power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003. Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being

816-567: The region. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos , is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram as

850-538: The state falling under the control of the group, which soon became the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes. Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be

884-485: The state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011." After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed. In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67." In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of

918-402: The state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed. As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP . The state has a predominance of Kanuri people , while other ethnic groups such as Lapang , Babur / Bura , Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of

952-514: The state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa . The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years. The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio . Conquered by Rabih in 1893, Borno

986-687: The stormy and dry seasons at Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai and Wachakal. The tests were analyzed for their mineral constituents counting Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn and Mg utilizing the Nuclear Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) whereas Na, Ca, and K were analyzed utilizing Fire Emanation Spectrometry (FES). The ranges of metal concentrations gotten are; Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 mg/dm3), Ca (28.50 mg/dm3 – 87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 – 29.4 mg/dm3) , Na (13.95mg/dm3 – 22.98 mg/dm3) and K (40.08mg/dm3 – 78.2mg/dm3 ). From

1020-647: The war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to a merger with Nigeria . Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State . After the North-Eastern State

1054-531: The worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria, including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe . This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga . A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria." In July 2014,

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1088-408: Was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State , which became a distinct state in 1991. Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states , only behind Niger State . Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in

1122-506: Was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri , which remains the capital to this day. After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced

1156-453: Was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State . Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of

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