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77-646: While deeply unpopular during his lifetime, his murder in 1837, during a mutiny, has been judged a decisive factor during the War of the Confederation . Chilean public opinion shifted to support the war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation . Many Chileans and historians view him as the power behind the throne of the early republic era, particularly in his shaping the Constitution of 1833. While he never assumed

154-618: A Chilean army . Although their advance was delayed by harassment from small groups of Confederate forces, the Chileans were finally able to lay siege to Lima. The first encounter between the two armies was the Battle of Portada de Guías which took place right outside the city of Lima on August 21, 1838. The Chilean army, under the command of General Bulnes, defeated the Confederate garrison loyal to General Orbegoso . The Chilean force occupied Lima at

231-528: A Court Martial Law was approved and given jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the Prieto administration immediately accused Portales of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general. Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh still from the purges of the civil war of 1829-1830 . On June 4, 1837, Coronel José Antonio Vidaurre , commander of

308-523: A Court Martial Law was approved and given jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the Prieto Vial administration immediately accused Portales of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general. Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh from the purges of the civil war of 1830. On June 3, 1837, Colonel José Antonio Vidaurre , commander of

385-498: A goodwill visit, staged a silent attack on the night of August 21, 1836, managing to capture 3 confederate ships: the Santa Cruz , Arequipeño and Peruviana . Instead of immediately going to war, Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz tried to negotiate with Chile. The Chilean Congress sent Mariano Egaña as plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty based on several points: the payments of the outstanding international debts owed by Peru to Chile,

462-627: A holy cause, and Portales its martyr. The first stage of the war was fought at sea. Both sides tried to take control of it from the very beginning. The Confederate fleet was composed of the Socabaya , Confederación and Congreso and it put out to sea in November 1837. They first attacked the Juan Fernández garrison, which they captured, liberating the prisoners there. Then they attacked the ports of Talcahuano , San Antonio , Huasco and Caldera . In

539-512: A lesser degree the governments of the Liberal Republic (1861–1891). ...we are inspired in the Portalian spirit that has fused together the nation... The figure and legacy of Portales has been praised by some historians like Ramón Sotomayor Valdés  [ es ] and Alberto Edwards . Other historians, including Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna , Sergio Villalobos and Gabriel Salazar , have

616-606: A negative view of Portales. Portales' remains, missing since his assassination, were found in March 2005 in Santiago's Metropolitan Cathedral during renovation projects, and were identified after forensic examination. On June 20, 2006, the remains were taken to the civic crypt of the Cathedral for a civic-religious re-burial ceremony attended by then-President Michelle Bachelet , along with several civil and military authorities. War of

693-491: A political career. He did so in 1823; in this year he was elected into the Chilean House of Deputies and appointed into State council. In this position, he advocated a strong and influential central government and fought the federalist independence ambitions of the regionalists. In 1828, he was elected vice-president of Chile. Prieto's military career continued to progress. In 1828, he was promoted to general and commander of

770-507: A secondary result. Portales decided to take the offensive and staged a surprise raid to prevent further interference by the Confederate government in Chilean internal affairs. He gave command of the small Chilean fleet to the Spanish sailor Victorino Garrido and ordered him to raid the Confederate fleet that was stationed in the port of Callao . Garrido, who arrived with the brigantine Aquiles on

847-474: A state or country, citizens must be virtuous and patriotic and must consider the law as higher than any leader. Beyond these beliefs, Portales had no static political beliefs. Instead he tried to govern on a case-by-case basis, legislating what he deemed right for each particular instance. In order to bolster its standing, the Chilean government immediately imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837

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924-602: Is worth mentioning the intrigues of the unitary emigrants in the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) and Chile, and the problem posed to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires by the conflict with France, which would soon lead to the French blockade of the Río de la Plata . Due to the presence of these multiple conflicts, Rosas could not divert his attention or his resources in the war he had decided against Bolivia. Finally, Chilean-Peruvian forces of

1001-543: The Chilean Constitution of 1833 , which is considered the most important milestone of Chilean institutionality during the 19th century. His ideals and principles served as a foundation towards the Chilean governments of the future. His work was especially influential during the years of political learning of the post-independence turmoil and during the governments of the Conservative Republic (1830–1861) and to

1078-566: The Chilean War of Independence , he served as a captain . In the dispute between Bernardo O'Higgins and José Miguel Carrera , he took the side of O'Higgins, who then made him Quartermaster general of the southern army. After the defeat in the Battle of Rancagua , which he wasn't a part of, Prieto fled to Mendoza , Argentina to build up the Liberation Army of the Andes . After the victory of

1155-593: The Maipo regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in Quillota . Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack Valparaíso on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada , in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the Battle of Barón . Captain Santiago Florín , who

1232-548: The Naval Battle of Islay . The Confederate squadron was conformed by the Socabaya , Junín and Fundador under the command of commander Juan José Panizo . Simpson attacked but Panizo managed to hold him off for several hours until able to escape under the cover of darkness. Both sides claimed victory, but the result was mostly a stalemate that did not affect the course of the war. By mid-1838 Chile had obtained naval superiority and dispatched General Manuel Bulnes Prieto heading

1309-413: The Prieto administration. The adventure was a quick failure. The sloop Orbegoso was captured by the frigate Monteagudo on July 28, 1836, and became part of the Chilean fleet. In the meantime, Freire who had managed to capture the city of Ancud was defeated and captured himself, being sent this time to the prison-island of Robinson Crusoe . Later he was exiled to Australia. The Freire Expedition had

1386-600: The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War , the Peru-Bolivia Confederation was created by General Andrés de Santa Cruz , which caused a power struggle in southern South America , with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their geopolitical interests threatened. After some incidents, Chile and the Argentine Confederation declared war on

1463-402: The estanqueros (monopolists). Soon after, he aligned with the conservatives in the political fights that were wracking Chile at the time. As aforementioned, in 1824, Portales’ business firm acquired control over the government's monopoly of tobacco, tea, and liquor; however, the country's troubled conditions soon thwarted his profitable business. For these reasons, Portales finally entered into

1540-439: The "Maipo" regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in Quillota . Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack Valparaíso on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada , in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the Battle of Baron . Captain Santiago Florín , who

1617-451: The Argentine provinces. These economic damages did not in themselves justify a war and in principle could be resolved peacefully. If Rosas finally decided in favor of the war, it was because of his implications against his internal enemies, and also because the eventual defeat of Santa Cruz would perhaps allow him to demand the restitution of the province of Tarija. But the latter concerned more

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1694-514: The Chilean Expedition. After Buin, Santa Cruz was trying to finish off the Chilean Expedition in order to stabilize the internal situation in the country and to avoid any more uprisings against him. Here is where the boldness of General Bulnes could be observed, when instead of retiring and looking for a more suitable position, turned around against Santa Cruz ready to attack. The Battle of Yungay took place on January 20, 1839. In this battle,

1771-446: The Chileans in the battle of Chacabuco in 1817, in which he also wasn't involved, he was appointed Commanding General of Santiago , where he dealt with defense strategies and military matters. Then, he turned his attention to Peru , in order to support its fight for independence. His military accomplishments - especially in the south of the country - earned the respect of conservative-centralist circles, which encouraged him to start

1848-488: The Chileans were decimated by disease. But the invading army failed to find the local support that they had been led to believe they would encounter against the Confederate government. While Admiral Blanco Encalada was immersed in never-ending negotiations with the local leaders, Marshal Santa Cruz quietly surrounded the city with his army and effectively blockaded the invading army inside. Surrounded and out-manoeuvered, and following an encounter at Paucarpata with an army under

1925-721: The Colegio de Santiago, and in 1813, attended law classes at the National Institute. As the men of his family had all become successful merchants, Portales also eventually assumed the position of a merchant, taking part in his prosperous and distinguished family's occupation. On August 15, 1819 he married his cousin, Josefa Portales y Larraín. He had two daughters with her, both of whom died within days of their birth. His wife also died soon after in 1821. He never remarried, but took Constanza Nordenflicht as his mistress, with whom he had three children. In July 1821, he resigned from his job at

2002-460: The Confederate army at Yungay on January 20, the Chileans commenced a second push southward, occupying Lima for the second time in April. Santa Cruz had already fled to Ecuador, and both the war and the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation now came to an end. On August 25, 1839, General Agustín Gamarra after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of

2079-615: The Confederates, under the command of Marshal Santa Cruz, waited for Bulnes' offensive well defended on the Pan de Azúcar and Punyán hills, near the town of Yungay, and the rest were deployed over the Ancash River bank. The battle started very early on the morning and finished late in the evening. The Chileans first took the Punyán and Pan de Azúcar hills, and later attacked the bulk of the Confederates on

2156-726: The Confederation Chilean–Peruvian restorationist victory United Restoration: [REDACTED] Peru–Bolivian Confederation [REDACTED] A. de Santa Cruz [REDACTED] Otto P. Braun [REDACTED] José T. Morán [REDACTED] Jean Blanchet   † United Restoration Army : [REDACTED] Chilean Navy : [REDACTED] Peruvian Navy : (only in 1838) [REDACTED] North Argentine Army [REDACTED] Confederate Army : [REDACTED] Confederate Navy : [REDACTED] Privateers : [REDACTED] Orbegoso Army: Other conflicts: The War of

2233-588: The Confederation ( Spanish : Guerra de la Confederación ) was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army , the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru , formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839. As a result of

2310-530: The French corsairs fighting on the Confederate side were defeated by Admiral Simpson's Chilean fleet. On that day the Chilean fleet, which was protecting the transports used to mobilize the invading Chilean army, were attacked in the port of Casma by the Confederate fleet, composed of the Esmond , Mexicana , Arequipeño and Peru , under the command of French sailor Jean Blanchet . The battle lasted for several hours until

2387-518: The Mexican minister (ambassador) to Chile offered to mediate in the conflict. Open conflict was averted for the time being. After the victory of the conservative party in the Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 , former Chilean president General Ramón Freire y Serrano was exiled to Lima . He managed to obtain a small subsidy from the Confederate government to equip a frigate and try to wrestle power from

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2464-604: The Mint and went into business. He opened a trading house, Portales, Cea and Co. , based in Valparaiso with a branch in Lima , Peru. He bid and obtained management of the government monopoly on tobacco, tea, and liquor (known in Spanish as estanco ). In exchange for the monopoly, he offered to service in full Chile's foreign debt. Nonetheless, in the anarchy that was regnant in Chile at the time, there

2541-652: The North against the Bolivian armies, why was Rosas determined to war against the government of Santa Cruz? The obvious answer is that the Governor of Buenos Aires calculated that the Chilean forces were far superior to those of Santa Cruz, and that the alliance with the Chilean government would destroy the nest of anti-riot conspirators that Bolivia had become. For Chile, the war against the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation

2618-563: The North and South-Peruvian Republics, and the merging of these states back into one to be called again Peru. The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to Guayaquil , in Ecuador , then to Chile and finally to Europe, where he died. The Chilean troops left on October 19, 1839, after having achieved the goal of dissolving the Confederation and affirmed General Gamarra as President of Peru. Nonetheless, General Gamarra decided to pursue

2695-624: The Northern provinces than Rosas himself and the Litoral provinces. Finally, and as a consequence of these considerations, Rosas resolved that it would be the northern provinces that, in defense of their immediate interests, would bear the brunt of the warlike actions. The Chilean government, in order to bolster its sagging standing with public opinion (which was opposed to a war they did not understand), imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837

2772-472: The Peru-Bolivian Confederation, although both waged war separately. Chile since 1836 carried out the war with Peruvian dissidents who were enemies of Santa Cruz. During the war, one of Santa Cruz's subordinates, General Luis José de Orbegoso , rebelled against him in 1838 to restore Peru with a new government . However, by not allying with Chile, he ended up being defeated by Chilean forces. On

2849-534: The Peruvian port of Arica . Subsequently, the Peruvian army carried out a counteroffensive, forcing the withdrawal of all Bolivian forces that occupied Peruvian territory. Later, both sides signed a peace in 1842, putting a final end to the war. Jos%C3%A9 Joaqu%C3%ADn Prieto Vial Joaquín Prieto Vial ( Latin American Spanish: [xoˈse xo.aˈkim ˈpɾjeto] ; August 20, 1786 – November 22, 1854)

2926-522: The army in the south. In 1829 presidential elections, neither he nor his liberal-federalist opponent Joaquín Vicuña received an absolute majority . The liberal majority in Congress nominated Francisco Ramón Vicuña , president of the senate, as vice-president. The conservatives considered this move to be unconstitutional and started a civil war . As commander of the southern army, Prieto Vial marched onto Santiago. On December 14, 1829, he and his troops met

3003-426: The brothers Pablo and José Antonio Pincheira who made the area around Concepción unsafe. On May 25, 1833, a new constitution was passed, which - with a few amendments - would be valid until 1925. It provided for a 5-year long term of office for the president, who could be re-elected only once. The president received much authority. During his 10-year-long presidency, Prieto expanded the governmental power and laid

3080-456: The citizens along the path of order and progress. These words are demonstrative of the skepticism in pure democracies that the recently failed French revolution impressed upon many. Portales believed that to avoid disaster it was most important to create a stable and functioning government, rather than one ruled by lofty but ultimately impractical ideals. He believed in a peaceful but strong central government, and that in order to successfully run

3157-590: The command of Santa Cruz, Admiral Blanco Encalada was forced to sign a peace treaty. The Treaty of Paucarpata was signed on November 17, 1837, and agreed to the devolution of all captured ships by Chile, the restoration of commercial relations between both nations, the withdrawal of all Chilean troops from Confederate territories and the payment by the Confederacy of the former Peruvian foreign debts with Chile. The Chilean troops were reembarked. When Admiral Blanco Encalada returned rather ignominiously to Valparaíso with

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3234-403: The dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the exile of Santa Cruz, the restoration of Peru and Bolivia, among other consequences. Historians have proposed different long-lasting effects of the war including the consolidation of the ideas of Peruvian and Chilean nationality. The creation in 1836 of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation by Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz caused great alarm in

3311-405: The end of October, 1838 but abandoned it on November 3 on hearing of the approach of a large Bolivian army under General Santa Cruz. The Chileans withdrew by land and sea toward Huacho. In the meantime, the principal citizens had met and called an open congress that proclaimed General Gamarra as Provisional President of Peru. On January 12, 1839, both fleets met in a naval battle at Casma , where

3388-478: The final repulse of the Confederate fleet. During the battle Blanchet was killed and the Confederate ship Arequipeño was sunk, but not before the Chilean fleet had been badly battered. Nonetheless, the resounding defeat of the Confederate fleet at Casma by the smaller Chilean squadron left Chile in absolute control of the southeastern Pacific. Meanwhile, Santa Cruz failed to exploit the Chilean retreat fully, despite successes in several small skirmishes culminating in

3465-479: The first direct encounter between the bulk of both armies around the bridge of Buin on January 6, 1839. Santa Cruz' vanguard engaged Bulnes' rearguard at the margins of the Santa River, under a heavy storm. The battle ended in a draw, as Bulnes resumed their march north, and Santa Cruz continued to pursue them. Marshal Santa Cruz occupied the town of Yungay with the intention to cut the provisions and to strangle

3542-453: The fleet and the army in December, 1837, the scandal was gigantic. The Chilean government and the Chilean public opinion repudiated the treaty in indignation. Admiral Blanco Encalada as was thrown into jail and tried for high treason, together with his advisor Antonio José de Irisarri , who had refused to even return to Chile. Both were eventually acquitted, though Irisarri never returned. After

3619-562: The foundation for a public administration in Chile. The first educational establishments like the Instituto Nacional were founded and in 1837 the ministries for justice and public education were created. Prieto's foreign policy was dominated by Chile's war with Peru between 1836 and 1839. The Chilean army under Manuel Blanco Encalada suffered heavy losses, which climaxed in the Treaty of Paucarpata , following which Manuel Bulnes took over

3696-518: The growth of the economy. Those who particularly benefited from his conservative rule were the already rich. Additionally, Portales helped Chile maintain a good deal of stability relative to many of the other Latin American nations. This was accomplished by Portales' improvement and renewal of the administration of the State, his strategic vision of Chile as an independent sovereign nation, and his influence upon

3773-435: The liberal army under Francisco de la Lastra and defeated them at the Battle of Ochagavía . Then, in 1830, an agreement was finally found after the defeat of Ramón Freire at the Battle of Lircay . After the transitional president José Tomás Ovalle died, Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate became Provisional President from March 8 to March 31, 1831, rapidly replaced by Prieto himself on April 10. On September 18, 1831, Prieto

3850-814: The limelight and paved the way for his political career. After the triumph of the conservatives in the Revolution of 1829, President José Tomás Ovalle y Bezanilla named him Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs on April 6, 1830 remaining until May 1831. He was named again to that position by President Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate on July 9, 1831 and remained until August 31, 1831 and named once again by President José Joaquín Prieto from November 9, 1835 to January 1837. Something similar happened with his nomination as minister of war and navy from April 6, 1830 until May 1831; then from July 9, 1831 until December 1832 and from September 21, 1835 to September 1836. Though Portales

3927-474: The limitation of the outstanding armies, commercial agreements, compensation to Chile for the Freire Expedition, and the dissolution of the Confederation. Santa Cruz agreed to everything but the dissolution. Chile responded by declaring war on December 28, 1836. The international situation was not favorable to the Chilean interests. Marshal Santa Cruz and the Confederation had been diplomatically recognized by

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4004-456: The meantime, the Chilean government was preparing an expedition to put a quick end to the conflict. In September 1837 it sent a fleet carrying a Chilean expeditionary force of approximately 2,800 troops under the command of Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada . The Chilean army landed at Islay in southern Peru in October, 1837, occupying the city of Arequipa after a long and arduous march, during which

4081-417: The neighbouring countries. The potential power of this confederation aroused the opposition of Argentina and, above all, Chile, due not only to its size but also to the perceived threat that such a rich state signified for the area. Diego Portales , arguably the most important Chilean statesman of the 19th century, who at the time was the power behind president José Joaquín Prieto Vial , was very concerned that

4158-500: The new Confederacy would break the regional balance of power and even be a threat to Chilean independence, and so became immediately its enemy. But that was just one of the reasons behind the war. On a deeper level, both countries were in a heated competition for the control of the commercial routes on the Pacific; and for the Chileans especially, whose relations with independent Peru had already been strained by economic problems centering on

4235-610: The northern province of Tucumán , which was threatened by Santa Cruz's forces. France supported Santa Cruz's war effort by imposing a naval blockade over Buenos Aires , an ill-fated attempt to remove Rosas from power. Also, France took advantage of the Uruguayan Civil War and the Argentine Civil Wars, supporting Fructuoso Rivera and Juan Lavalle against Manuel Oribe and Rosas. In a letter that he sent to Governor Heredia on January 10, 1837, Rosas acknowledged that he

4312-454: The other hand, the Argentine Confederation did not achieve any significant advance between 1837 and 1838, paralyzing its war front and losing some territories north of Jujuy , notwithstanding the importance for the Rosas government of the war against Bolivia as an instrument of political cohesion at the level of the Argentine Confederation, Rosas had enemies and problems on many fronts, among which it

4389-482: The political sphere, and very soon he would become the intellectual leader of the conservative side. He helped to reorganize the conservative party, and, in 1827, founded El Hambriento (or The Starveling), a journal attacking liberal idealists known as the pipiolos (“white beaks”) from Portales' party's (a.k.a. the pelucones or "big wigs") perspective. Portales was an effective satirist, contributing several popular articles to The Starveling. Portales' articles placed him in

4466-424: The prerequisite to establishing a real Republic. But monarchy is not the American ideal either; if we get out of one terrible government just to jump headlong into another, what will we have gained? The Republican system is the one which we must adopt, but do you know how I interpret it for our countries? A strong central government whose representatives will be men of true virtue and patriotism, and who thus can direct

4543-478: The presidency, his influence permitted him to serve simultaneously as the Minister of War, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Relations. He was an early proponent of Chilean expansionism . Diego Portales was born in Santiago , the son of María Encarnación Fernández de Palazuelos y Martínez de Aldunate and José Santiago Portales y Larraín, a superintendent of the royal mint. He did his primary studies at

4620-558: The principal world powers with interests in the region ( Great Britain , France and the United States ), while the possible Chilean allies ( Argentina and Ecuador ) had decided to remain neutral in the conflict. Nonetheless, the involvement of Marshal Santa Cruz in Argentina's internal affairs by his continued support to the opponents of caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas , moved this country to also declare war on May 9, 1837, in support of

4697-431: The respective Governors of the said Provinces, since the undersigned placed at an immense distance from them, without practical knowledge of the territory in which it must operate, nor the elements of action it can count on to make President Santa Cruz enter into his duty, is not in a position to present an operations plan, without exposing himself to making major mistakes. Even though Chile and Argentina were acting against

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4774-495: The rivalry between their ports of Callao and Valparaíso . For the North-Peruvian landowners also, the Confederacy was viewed as a most serious threat to their economic interests. The direct conflict between the two countries started with a simple tariff disagreement. In January 1835, Gen. Felipe Salaverry , by then president of Peru, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with Chile . When President Salaverry

4851-449: The river. In the end, Bulnes crushed Santa Cruz' army. The Confederates had over 2,400 casualties (mostly dead) and more than 1,600 soldiers were made prisoners, while the Chilean army had about 1,300 dead and 400 injured. After the battle, General Manuel Bulnes was proclaimed as Grand Marshal of Ancash by General Gamarra . General Bulnes again assumed the initiative. After the defeat of

4928-410: The same perceived threat, both countries went to war independently, due to the intense dislike between Portales and Rosas, and both countries continued to act separately throughout the whole course of the conflict. In 1837 Santa Cruz's forces defeated an Argentine army sent to topple him. If, as Rosas himself claimed, the forces of the Argentine Confederation were not in a position to sustain operations in

5005-628: The so-called Restorative Army led by General Manuel Bulnes , obtain a decisive victory in the battle of Yungay in 1839 while Andrés de Santa Cruz had been overthrown from the post of President of Bolivia by general José Miguel de Velasco who betrayed him before knowing the result of the battle. At the same time the general José Ballivián leaving the battlefield and mutinied in La Paz along with Bolivian reserve battalions. Also Colonel Guilarte, who had 700 soldiers in command, had abandoned his position and deserted without firing any shots. This battle caused

5082-472: The state religion. As a result of his campaign for peace, order, and thus progress, business also improved. In 1822, before his rise to power Portales wrote to a friend: Politics doesn't interest me, but as a good citizen I feel free to express my opinions and to censure the government. Democracy, which is so loudly proclaimed by the deluded is an absurdity in our countries, flooded as they are with vices and with their citizens lacking all sense of civic virtue,

5159-455: The treaty of Paucarpata had been repudiated, the Chilean government again dispatched its fleet, composed of 5 ships ( Aquiles and Arequipeño , the corvettes Libertad and Valparaíso and the Chilean frigate Monteagudo ) under the command of Roberto Simpson , to disrupt Peruvian commerce. On January 12, 1838, they met a Confederate squadron near the Peruvian port of Islay , on what is known as

5236-430: The war against Bolivia on his own. He was not against the idea of merging Peru and Bolivia into one political unity, but against the idea of this union being led by Bolivia. He invaded this country, but the Peruvian army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Ingaví on November 20, 1841, where General Gamarra himself was killed. The Bolivian army under General José Ballivián then mounted an offensive managing to capture

5313-584: Was a Chilean military and political figure . He was twice President of Chile between 1831 and 1841. Joaquín Prieto was of Spanish and Basque descent. Prieto was one of five sons of a Creole officer in Concepción . After finishing school, he joined the cavalry garrison in his home town. In 1810, he joined the Chilean fight for independence against his father's will. He met Manuela Warnes García de Zúñiga in Buenos Aires and married her in 1812. During

5390-403: Was decisive: commercial supremacy and the balance of power in the Pacific were discussed. For the Argentine Confederation, on the other hand, this war was more important for internal politics than economic and strategic. The economic damages suffered by the Rosas government because of Santa Cruz were relatively limited, the main one being the 40% tax on overseas merchandise brought into Bolivia from

5467-419: Was finally able to take over the job as elected president for a first term of five years. His main focus on first taking power was to restore law and order; for that he relied on Diego Portales , who continue to be the almost universal minister and provided the necessary political stability for the country to recover from the decade of anarchy. He also instructed Manuel Bulnes to seize the bandits commanded by

5544-402: Was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed. This murder turned the tide of Chilean public opinion. The government derogated Martial law and the country rallied behind the government. The war became a holy cause, and Portales a martyr. Portales' reign helped to pick up business and accelerate

5621-422: Was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed. This murder, which was perceived as having been orchestrated by Marshal Santa Cruz, turned the tide of Chilean public opinion against the Confederation. The government later had martial law revoked nationwide and the country rallied behind the government. The war became

5698-401: Was never president officially (and in fact he deliberately avoided this position for fear of being tied up by factional promises), he became a dictator and with this powerful position, he quelled anarchy. Portales set up a civil militia (which ended one of the worst stages of militarism in Chile's history); supported an oligarchic control for landowners, miners, and merchants; and made Catholicism

5775-413: Was no means of enforcing a monopoly as the government could not regulate sales of tobacco, tea, and liquor, and the company eventually went bankrupt. His contract with the government was voided and the Chilean government was found to owe Portales 87,000 pesos. Out of this unsuccessful business venture, the only remnant was the name eventually applied to his political followers, who in time came to be known as

5852-474: Was not in a position to confront General Santa Cruz: On how to make effective the remedy of force in circumstances such as these, in which the Republic does not have, nor can it suddenly organize, a line army capable of imposing fear and respect on President Santa Cruz, HE Sr. Governor of the province of Tucumán as protector of those of Salta, Jujuy and Catamarca, is the one who must take the direction, agreeing with

5929-411: Was replaced by General Luis Orbegoso in Peru, the treaty was declared null and void on February 14, 1836. In the meantime, the Confederacy was already taking form. In order to force Chile to renegotiate, Peru raised its tariff on Chilean wheat from 12 cents to 3 pesos – an increase of 2,400%. Chile responded by raising the tariffs on Peruvian sugar by the same amount. The hostilities started to grow until

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