Victory of President Orbegoso
77-515: Pro-Confederation: (Liberals) [REDACTED] Orbegosistas [REDACTED] Santa Crucistas Anti-Confederation: (Conservatives) [REDACTED] Salaverristas [REDACTED] Gamarristas Supported by: Other conflicts: The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War , sometimes called the Peruvian Civil War of 1835–1836 , was an internal conflict in Peru with the involvement of
154-618: A Chilean army . Although their advance was delayed by harassment from small groups of Confederate forces, the Chileans were finally able to lay siege to Lima. The first encounter between the two armies was the Battle of Portada de Guías which took place right outside the city of Lima on August 21, 1838. The Chilean army, under the command of General Bulnes, defeated the Confederate garrison loyal to General Orbegoso . The Chilean force occupied Lima at
231-528: A Court Martial Law was approved and given jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the Prieto administration immediately accused Portales of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general. Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh still from the purges of the civil war of 1829-1830 . On June 4, 1837, Coronel José Antonio Vidaurre , commander of
308-498: A goodwill visit, staged a silent attack on the night of August 21, 1836, managing to capture 3 confederate ships: the Santa Cruz , Arequipeño and Peruviana . Instead of immediately going to war, Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz tried to negotiate with Chile. The Chilean Congress sent Mariano Egaña as plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty based on several points: the payments of the outstanding international debts owed by Peru to Chile,
385-627: A holy cause, and Portales its martyr. The first stage of the war was fought at sea. Both sides tried to take control of it from the very beginning. The Confederate fleet was composed of the Socabaya , Confederación and Congreso and it put out to sea in November 1837. They first attacked the Juan Fernández garrison, which they captured, liberating the prisoners there. Then they attacked the ports of Talcahuano , San Antonio , Huasco and Caldera . In
462-496: A result of the establishment of the Confederation. A tariff war soon began between both states, and Orbegoso supported Ramón Freire 's failed expedition against Diego Portales . The Congress of Chile approved the declaration of war on December 26, 1836, claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other South American nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for
539-507: A secondary result. Portales decided to take the offensive and staged a surprise raid to prevent further interference by the Confederate government in Chilean internal affairs. He gave command of the small Chilean fleet to the Spanish sailor Victorino Garrido and ordered him to raid the Confederate fleet that was stationed in the port of Callao . Garrido, who arrived with the brigantine Aquiles on
616-435: A “provisional president” under Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who was styled the “supreme protector” and was also president of Bolivia . This was in accordance to the constitution's stating that each of the three republics would have its own government, with equal rights between the three, but they were subject to the authority of a General Government, whose three powers would have the following characteristics: In addition to
693-602: Is worth mentioning the intrigues of the unitary emigrants in the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) and Chile, and the problem posed to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires by the conflict with France, which would soon lead to the French blockade of the Río de la Plata . Due to the presence of these multiple conflicts, Rosas could not divert his attention or his resources in the war he had decided against Bolivia. Finally, Chilean-Peruvian forces of
770-707: The King of France honored him. He also received a communication from Pope Gregory XVI and a rosary with his medal, blessed by the Pope himself. Provided, then, with all the legal elements granted by the assemblies of the three states, Santa Cruz decreed the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, by decree given in Lima on October 28, 1836. A congress known today as the Congress of Tacna ( Spanish : Congreso de Tacna )
847-548: The Naval Battle of Islay . The Confederate squadron was conformed by the Socabaya , Junín and Fundador under the command of commander Juan José Panizo . Simpson attacked but Panizo managed to hold him off for several hours until able to escape under the cover of darkness. Both sides claimed victory, but the result was mostly a stalemate that did not affect the course of the war. By mid-1838 Chile had obtained naval superiority and dispatched General Manuel Bulnes Prieto heading
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#1732854757171924-413: The Prieto administration. The adventure was a quick failure. The sloop Orbegoso was captured by the frigate Monteagudo on July 28, 1836, and became part of the Chilean fleet. In the meantime, Freire who had managed to capture the city of Ancud was defeated and captured himself, being sent this time to the prison-island of Robinson Crusoe . Later he was exiled to Australia. The Freire Expedition had
1001-600: The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War , the Peru-Bolivia Confederation was created by General Andrés de Santa Cruz , which caused a power struggle in southern South America , with Chile and the Argentine Confederation, as both distrusted this new and powerful political entity, seeing their geopolitical interests threatened. After some incidents, Chile and the Argentine Confederation declared war on
1078-505: The War of the Confederation . Historian Jorge Basadre frames the confederation as part of a period of "determination of the nationalities" in western South America. At the beginning of the 19th century, Simón Bolívar postulated the idea of creating a great nation, coinciding with Andrés de Santa Cruz , who thought of uniting Peru and Bolivia in a single country, the latter colloquially known as Upper Peru . The idea of uniting both countries
1155-546: The "Maipo" regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in Quillota . Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack Valparaíso on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada , in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the Battle of Baron . Captain Santiago Florín , who
1232-451: The Argentine provinces. These economic damages did not in themselves justify a war and in principle could be resolved peacefully. If Rosas finally decided in favor of the war, it was because of his implications against his internal enemies, and also because the eventual defeat of Santa Cruz would perhaps allow him to demand the restitution of the province of Tarija. But the latter concerned more
1309-585: The Bolivian army of Andres de Santa Cruz. It ended with the defeat and execution of Felipe Santiago Salaverry and the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation . In 1834, a civil war had been fought between Pedro Pablo Bermúdez and Agustín Gamarra on the one hand against Luis José de Orbegoso and Felipe Salaverry on the other hand. The war was won by the constitutional President Luis José de Orbegoso . In 1835, while President Luis Orbegoso
1386-514: The Chilean Expedition. After Buin, Santa Cruz was trying to finish off the Chilean Expedition in order to stabilize the internal situation in the country and to avoid any more uprisings against him. Here is where the boldness of General Bulnes could be observed, when instead of retiring and looking for a more suitable position, turned around against Santa Cruz ready to attack. The Battle of Yungay took place on January 20, 1839. In this battle,
1463-488: The Chileans were decimated by disease. But the invading army failed to find the local support that they had been led to believe they would encounter against the Confederate government. While Admiral Blanco Encalada was immersed in never-ending negotiations with the local leaders, Marshal Santa Cruz quietly surrounded the city with his army and effectively blockaded the invading army inside. Surrounded and out-manoeuvered, and following an encounter at Paucarpata with an army under
1540-556: The Chileans were surrounded by Peruvian troops, the Treaty of Paucarpata was signed by Manuel Blanco Encalada under the guarantee of Great Britain , through which the occupation was undone six days later and the Peruvian ships captured by Chile were to be returned. After Blanco Encalada's troops arrived in Valparaíso, he was met with hostile demonstrations and the Chilean government repudiated
1617-460: The Confederate army at Yungay on January 20, the Chileans commenced a second push southward, occupying Lima for the second time in April. Santa Cruz had already fled to Ecuador, and both the war and the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation now came to an end. On August 25, 1839, General Agustín Gamarra after assuming as president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and of
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#17328547571711694-615: The Confederates, under the command of Marshal Santa Cruz, waited for Bulnes' offensive well defended on the Pan de Azúcar and Punyán hills, near the town of Yungay, and the rest were deployed over the Ancash River bank. The battle started very early on the morning and finished late in the evening. The Chileans first took the Punyán and Pan de Azúcar hills, and later attacked the bulk of the Confederates on
1771-657: The Confederation ( Spanish : Guerra de la Confederación ) was a military confrontation waged by the United Restoration Army , the alliance of the land and naval forces of Chile and the Restoration Army of Peru , formed in 1836 by Peruvian soldiers opposed to the confederation, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839. As a result of
1848-464: The Confederation was defeated, loyalists such as Antonio Huachaca kept fighting against the new Peruvian government, being also defeated in November 1839. According to the Fundamental law of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation ( Spanish : Ley fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana ) signed on April 18, 1837 , in each of the Confederation's states, there was, from 1837 until the dissolution,
1925-508: The Confederation's stability collapsed, as by September, Peru (i.e. North and South Peru) was under the de jure control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; José de la Riva Agüero , who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; Pío de Tristán , president of South Peru; Domingo Nieto , in
2002-559: The Confederation, as well as the governments and armies of Chile and Argentina . Both Chile and Argentina opposed the Confederation as a potential military and economic threat, and for its support for dissidents in exile. Argentina and Bolivia reached an agreement after their war over Tarija , and the Confederate Army was ultimately defeated by the United Restoration Army in the 1839 Battle of Yungay , which put an end to
2079-530: The French corsairs fighting on the Confederate side were defeated by Admiral Simpson's Chilean fleet. On that day the Chilean fleet, which was protecting the transports used to mobilize the invading Chilean army, were attacked in the port of Casma by the Confederate fleet, composed of the Esmond , Mexicana , Arequipeño and Peru , under the command of French sailor Jean Blanchet . The battle lasted for several hours until
2156-518: The Mexican minister (ambassador) to Chile offered to mediate in the conflict. Open conflict was averted for the time being. After the victory of the conservative party in the Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 , former Chilean president General Ramón Freire y Serrano was exiled to Lima . He managed to obtain a small subsidy from the Confederate government to equip a frigate and try to wrestle power from
2233-601: The North against the Bolivian armies, why was Rosas determined to war against the government of Santa Cruz? The obvious answer is that the Governor of Buenos Aires calculated that the Chilean forces were far superior to those of Santa Cruz, and that the alliance with the Chilean government would destroy the nest of anti-riot conspirators that Bolivia had become. For Chile, the war against the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation
2310-516: The North and South-Peruvian Republics, and the merging of these states back into one to be called again Peru. The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to Guayaquil , in Ecuador , then to Chile and finally to Europe, where he died. The Chilean troops left on October 19, 1839, after having achieved the goal of dissolving the Confederation and affirmed General Gamarra as President of Peru. Nonetheless, General Gamarra decided to pursue
2387-624: The Northern provinces than Rosas himself and the Litoral provinces. Finally, and as a consequence of these considerations, Rosas resolved that it would be the northern provinces that, in defense of their immediate interests, would bear the brunt of the warlike actions. The Chilean government, in order to bolster its sagging standing with public opinion (which was opposed to a war they did not understand), imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-472: The Peru-Bolivian Confederation, although both waged war separately. Chile since 1836 carried out the war with Peruvian dissidents who were enemies of Santa Cruz. During the war, one of Santa Cruz's subordinates, General Luis José de Orbegoso , rebelled against him in 1838 to restore Peru with a new government . However, by not allying with Chile, he ended up being defeated by Chilean forces. On
2541-511: The Tacna Congress was inaugurated, with the presence of the nine delegates. The Pact of Tacna ( Spanish : Pacto de Tacna ) was signed without debate during the congress. It established the legal framework through which the state would operate, and also included the design of the flag. Reactions to the pact were mixed event among its signatories, and disagreements led to the establishment of one constituent congress per member state. The act
2618-913: The above, the constitution also defined the flag of the confederation. 13°24′S 68°54′W / 13.4°S 68.9°W / -13.4; -68.9 War of the Confederation Chilean–Peruvian restorationist victory United Restoration: [REDACTED] Peru–Bolivian Confederation [REDACTED] A. de Santa Cruz [REDACTED] Otto P. Braun [REDACTED] José T. Morán [REDACTED] Jean Blanchet † United Restoration Army : [REDACTED] Chilean Navy : [REDACTED] Peruvian Navy : (only in 1838) [REDACTED] North Argentine Army [REDACTED] Confederate Army : [REDACTED] Confederate Navy : [REDACTED] Privateers : [REDACTED] Orbegoso Army: Other conflicts: The War of
2695-526: The attempted invasion of Chile by Freire, specifically pointing out the attempt on Portales. A territorial dispute between Argentina and Bolivia over the territory of Tarija escalated, as Bolivia occupied and annexed the territory and Juan Manuel de Rosas then declared war on the Confederation on May 19, 1837, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the Unitarian Party . The accusations ended up being true, as Santa Cruz had financially supported
2772-560: The civil war was won, Santa Cruz and Orbegoso merged their two countries into the Peru–Bolivian Confederation . This alarmed neighboring countries Chile and Argentina and led to the War of the Confederation and Tarija War . After defeat in War of the Confederation and growing internal resistance by Conservative factions in Peru, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was dissolved in 1839. Confederation Peru-Bolivian The Peru–Bolivian Confederation ( Spanish : Confederación Perú-Boliviana )
2849-590: The command of Santa Cruz, Admiral Blanco Encalada was forced to sign a peace treaty. The Treaty of Paucarpata was signed on November 17, 1837, and agreed to the devolution of all captured ships by Chile, the restoration of commercial relations between both nations, the withdrawal of all Chilean troops from Confederate territories and the payment by the Confederacy of the former Peruvian foreign debts with Chile. The Chilean troops were reembarked. When Admiral Blanco Encalada returned rather ignominiously to Valparaíso with
2926-398: The creation of the Confederation. Two constituent congresses were established in each of the three founding states of the confederation, in the cities of Huaura (North Peru), Sicuani (South-Peru) and Tapacarí (Bolivia). Immediately, the representatives of the three states promised to celebrate the union pact of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation as soon as possible. The Sicuani Assembly
3003-518: The disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed de facto autonomous indigenous territories, such as Iquicha , all under the supreme command of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz , who assumed the position of Supreme Protector in 1836, while he was president of Bolivia . Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837, with the Pact of Tacna [ es ] , its de facto establishment dated from October 28, 1836 —with
3080-403: The dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the exile of Santa Cruz, the restoration of Peru and Bolivia, among other consequences. Historians have proposed different long-lasting effects of the war including the consolidation of the ideas of Peruvian and Chilean nationality. The creation in 1836 of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation by Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz caused great alarm in
3157-405: The end of October, 1838 but abandoned it on November 3 on hearing of the approach of a large Bolivian army under General Santa Cruz. The Chileans withdrew by land and sea toward Huacho. In the meantime, the principal citizens had met and called an open congress that proclaimed General Gamarra as Provisional President of Peru. On January 12, 1839, both fleets met in a naval battle at Casma , where
Salaverry-Santa Cruz War - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-402: The end of the war between Salaverry and Santa Cruz —until August 25, 1839, with its dissolution proclaimed by General Agustín Gamarra , the Peruvian restorationist president who declared war against the Confederation , supported by the United Restoration Army headed by himself and Chilean Manuel Bulnes —formerly the Restoration Army of Peru —made up of Peruvian and Bolivian opponents of
3311-478: The final repulse of the Confederate fleet. During the battle Blanchet was killed and the Confederate ship Arequipeño was sunk, but not before the Chilean fleet had been badly battered. Nonetheless, the resounding defeat of the Confederate fleet at Casma by the smaller Chilean squadron left Chile in absolute control of the southeastern Pacific. Meanwhile, Santa Cruz failed to exploit the Chilean retreat fully, despite successes in several small skirmishes culminating in
3388-479: The first direct encounter between the bulk of both armies around the bridge of Buin on January 6, 1839. Santa Cruz' vanguard engaged Bulnes' rearguard at the margins of the Santa River, under a heavy storm. The battle ended in a draw, as Bulnes resumed their march north, and Santa Cruz continued to pursue them. Marshal Santa Cruz occupied the town of Yungay with the intention to cut the provisions and to strangle
3465-453: The fleet and the army in December, 1837, the scandal was gigantic. The Chilean government and the Chilean public opinion repudiated the treaty in indignation. Admiral Blanco Encalada as was thrown into jail and tried for high treason, together with his advisor Antonio José de Irisarri , who had refused to even return to Chile. Both were eventually acquitted, though Irisarri never returned. After
3542-456: The historical ties between both regions, even after independence. After political instability and a coup d'état in 1835, a civil war broke out between newly self-declared president Felipe Santiago Salaverry and constitutional president Luis José de Orbegoso , who allowed Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz to send his troops through the Peruvian border. After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for
3619-474: The limitation of the outstanding armies, commercial agreements, compensation to Chile for the Freire Expedition, and the dissolution of the Confederation. Santa Cruz agreed to everything but the dissolution. Chile responded by declaring war on December 28, 1836. The international situation was not favorable to the Chilean interests. Marshal Santa Cruz and the Confederation had been diplomatically recognized by
3696-456: The meantime, the Chilean government was preparing an expedition to put a quick end to the conflict. In September 1837 it sent a fleet carrying a Chilean expeditionary force of approximately 2,800 troops under the command of Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada . The Chilean army landed at Islay in southern Peru in October, 1837, occupying the city of Arequipa after a long and arduous march, during which
3773-582: The national symbols of its predecessor. In the case of Bolivia, a special session of the Tapacarí Congress [ es ] had previously been held on June 21, 1836, which authorized Santa Cruz to complete the confederation project to which Bolivia had already adhered with the Law of July 22, 1835. Around that time, Santa Cruz received the diploma and insignia of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour , with which
3850-417: The neighbouring countries. The potential power of this confederation aroused the opposition of Argentina and, above all, Chile, due not only to its size but also to the perceived threat that such a rich state signified for the area. Diego Portales , arguably the most important Chilean statesman of the 19th century, who at the time was the power behind president José Joaquín Prieto Vial , was very concerned that
3927-500: The new Confederacy would break the regional balance of power and even be a threat to Chilean independence, and so became immediately its enemy. But that was just one of the reasons behind the war. On a deeper level, both countries were in a heated competition for the control of the commercial routes on the Pacific; and for the Chileans especially, whose relations with independent Peru had already been strained by economic problems centering on
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#17328547571714004-647: The north; and Juan Francisco de Vidal in Huaylas. Santa Cruz occupied Lima on November 10, ending the siege in Callao, but left for the north, where the restaurateurs were located. He was defeated in the Battle of Yungay on January 20, 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved, with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on August 25. The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to Guayaquil , in Ecuador, then to Chile, and finally to Europe, where he died. After
4081-610: The northern province of Tucumán , which was threatened by Santa Cruz's forces. France supported Santa Cruz's war effort by imposing a naval blockade over Buenos Aires , an ill-fated attempt to remove Rosas from power. Also, France took advantage of the Uruguayan Civil War and the Argentine Civil Wars, supporting Fructuoso Rivera and Juan Lavalle against Manuel Oribe and Rosas. In a letter that he sent to Governor Heredia on January 10, 1837, Rosas acknowledged that he
4158-454: The other hand, the Argentine Confederation did not achieve any significant advance between 1837 and 1838, paralyzing its war front and losing some territories north of Jujuy , notwithstanding the importance for the Rosas government of the war against Bolivia as an instrument of political cohesion at the level of the Argentine Confederation, Rosas had enemies and problems on many fronts, among which it
4235-558: The principal world powers with interests in the region ( Great Britain , France and the United States ), while the possible Chilean allies ( Argentina and Ecuador ) had decided to remain neutral in the conflict. Nonetheless, the involvement of Marshal Santa Cruz in Argentina's internal affairs by his continued support to the opponents of caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas , moved this country to also declare war on May 9, 1837, in support of
4312-431: The respective Governors of the said Provinces, since the undersigned placed at an immense distance from them, without practical knowledge of the territory in which it must operate, nor the elements of action it can count on to make President Santa Cruz enter into his duty, is not in a position to present an operations plan, without exposing himself to making major mistakes. Even though Chile and Argentina were acting against
4389-495: The rivalry between their ports of Callao and Valparaíso . For the North-Peruvian landowners also, the Confederacy was viewed as a most serious threat to their economic interests. The direct conflict between the two countries started with a simple tariff disagreement. In January 1835, Gen. Felipe Salaverry , by then president of Peru, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with Chile . When President Salaverry
4466-449: The river. In the end, Bulnes crushed Santa Cruz' army. The Confederates had over 2,400 casualties (mostly dead) and more than 1,600 soldiers were made prisoners, while the Chilean army had about 1,300 dead and 400 injured. After the battle, General Manuel Bulnes was proclaimed as Grand Marshal of Ancash by General Gamarra . General Bulnes again assumed the initiative. After the defeat of
4543-410: The same perceived threat, both countries went to war independently, due to the intense dislike between Portales and Rosas, and both countries continued to act separately throughout the whole course of the conflict. In 1837 Santa Cruz's forces defeated an Argentine army sent to topple him. If, as Rosas himself claimed, the forces of the Argentine Confederation were not in a position to sustain operations in
4620-628: The so-called Restorative Army led by General Manuel Bulnes , obtain a decisive victory in the battle of Yungay in 1839 while Andrés de Santa Cruz had been overthrown from the post of President of Bolivia by general José Miguel de Velasco who betrayed him before knowing the result of the battle. At the same time the general José Ballivián leaving the battlefield and mutinied in La Paz along with Bolivian reserve battalions. Also Colonel Guilarte, who had 700 soldiers in command, had abandoned his position and deserted without firing any shots. This battle caused
4697-455: The treaty of Paucarpata had been repudiated, the Chilean government again dispatched its fleet, composed of 5 ships ( Aquiles and Arequipeño , the corvettes Libertad and Valparaíso and the Chilean frigate Monteagudo ) under the command of Roberto Simpson , to disrupt Peruvian commerce. On January 12, 1838, they met a Confederate squadron near the Peruvian port of Islay , on what is known as
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#17328547571714774-428: The treaty of Paucarpata. A second expedition headed by Manuel Bulnes was organized, which left for Peru on July 19, 1838. Around the same time, North Peru seceded from the Confederation on July 30, but was nevertheless attacked and defeated by the United Restoration Army in the Battle of Portada de Guías of August 21. Meanwhile, Confederate troops in Callao were besieged by the same army. During this time,
4851-430: The war against Bolivia on his own. He was not against the idea of merging Peru and Bolivia into one political unity, but against the idea of this union being led by Bolivia. He invaded this country, but the Peruvian army was decisively defeated at the Battle of Ingaví on November 20, 1841, where General Gamarra himself was killed. The Bolivian army under General José Ballivián then mounted an offensive managing to capture
4928-611: The émigrés. Portales was assassinated in Valparaíso after a mutiny broke out in Quillota , leading to preparations for the invasion of South Peru. Thus, the first "Restorative Expedition" left Valparaíso on September 15, 1837, landing in Quilca , and occupying Arequipa on October 12, establishing a local government on October 17. The Confederate Navy captured the Juan Fernández Islands on November 14. On November 17, after
5005-598: Was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose confederation made up of three states: North Peru and South Peru —states that arose from the division of the Peruvian Republic due to the civil wars of 1834 and 1835 to 1836 —as well as the Bolivian State . The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia occupying and incorporating
5082-602: Was chosen as the congress' date, but it had to be postponed. Santa Cruz decided to accompany the plenipotentiaries of the North-Peruvian State, for which reason he left Lima and embarked on the frigate Flora on February 9, but instead of disembarking in Islay , he went to Arica , where he arrived on February 27. The congress was postponed to April 18; Meanwhile, Santa Cruz remained in Arica, but on March 2 he headed for Tacna, where he
5159-403: Was decisive: commercial supremacy and the balance of power in the Pacific were discussed. For the Argentine Confederation, on the other hand, this war was more important for internal politics than economic and strategic. The economic damages suffered by the Rosas government because of Santa Cruz were relatively limited, the main one being the 40% tax on overseas merchandise brought into Bolivia from
5236-659: Was established on March 16, 1836, and closed on March 22. It featured representatives from Ayacucho , Arequipa , Cuzco , Puno and Tacna . On April 10, Orbegoso recognized South Peru as an independent state through a decree, and a Supreme Court was installed in Cuzco on August 24. The assembly also created the country's flag and currency. Fines were put in place to prevent the (now North) Peruvian flag from being flown. The Huaura Assembly lasted from August 3 to 24, 1836, and featured representatives from La Libertad , Lima , Huaylas , Maynas and Junín . On August 11, North Peru
5313-422: Was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed. This murder, which was perceived as having been orchestrated by Marshal Santa Cruz, turned the tide of Chilean public opinion against the Confederation. The government later had martial law revoked nationwide and the country rallied behind the government. The war became
5390-448: Was later promulgated in 1837. Like Orbegoso, Santa Cruz also had many opponents and enemies born in the frequent caudillo clashes of the early years of Peru's republican history. Among those enemies were powerful characters such as Agustín Gamarra and Ramón Castilla , who at the time were exiled in Chile. The rivalry that existed between the ports of Callao and Valparaíso worsened as
5467-474: Was not in a position to confront General Santa Cruz: On how to make effective the remedy of force in circumstances such as these, in which the Republic does not have, nor can it suddenly organize, a line army capable of imposing fear and respect on President Santa Cruz, HE Sr. Governor of the province of Tucumán as protector of those of Salta, Jujuy and Catamarca, is the one who must take the direction, agreeing with
5544-458: Was officially established through the promulgation of its constitution by the then President Orbegoso, naming Santa Cruz—who triumphantly entered Lima on August 15—as the Supreme Protector of the state. Orbegoso also presented his resignation, but it was not approved by the assembly, who named him provisional president. The assembly also established the new territorial divisions of the country. Unlike its new southern neighbour, North Peru maintained
5621-546: Was ordered to meet in Tacna to establish the foundations of the confederation. A customs office was also opened in Arica , which employed both South Peruvians and Bolivians. During the meeting, Santa Cruz arranged for each state to send a priest, a soldier and a lawyer as delegates before, and consequently, three religious, three lawyers and three soldiers marched to Tacna. The nine delegates were as follows: Initially, January 24, 1837,
5698-495: Was received with much fanfare. From Tacna he went to Viacha on March 10, arriving in La Paz the following day. There, together with the Bolivian plenipotentiaries Aguirre and Buitrago, and Bolivian Vice President Mariano Enrique Calvo , he agreed on the project that should be discussed and approved in Tacna. Then, in the first days of April, he went down to Tacna again. On April 18, 1837,
5775-411: Was replaced by General Luis Orbegoso in Peru, the treaty was declared null and void on February 14, 1836. In the meantime, the Confederacy was already taking form. In order to force Chile to renegotiate, Peru raised its tariff on Chilean wheat from 12 cents to 3 pesos – an increase of 2,400%. Chile responded by raising the tariffs on Peruvian sugar by the same amount. The hostilities started to grow until
5852-491: Was the general idea of several influential political leaders in Peru—including Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro , José María Pando [ es ] , Manuel Lorenzo de Vidaurre [ es ] , Agustín Gamarra , among others—who sought to reintegrate the two Perus, disagreeing only in the form of the “union”: confederation or merger. An important factor in the desire to unite these two states were
5929-646: Was travelling to the south, his former ally General Felipe Salaverry proclaimed himself Supreme Head of the Republic on 23 February 1835, deposing Orbegoso. Orbegoso fled to Bolivia and asked Andrés de Santa Cruz , president of Bolivia, for his support to overthrow the Salaverry government. Santa Cruz was alarmed by Salaverry's coup, who also received the support of his former enemy General Agustín Gamarra . Santa Cruz agreed to invade Peru to overthrow them, since Orbegoso would not be able to confront Salaverry and Gamarra alone. There were 4 major battles in this war: After
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