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59-571: The Devonshire Arms is a moderately common name for an English pub . The name is for the Dukes of Devonshire , members of the peerage from a wealthy aristocratic family. The name attributes the Duke (and often his wife the Duchess) of Devonshire , a peerage which is today the main peerage held by a Cavendish (the ducal titles of Portland and Newcastle being extinct). Wherever they held much land or contributed to

118-426: A blackletter y , and it was never pronounced with a y sound. Similarly, other archaic spellings such as "olde worlde" are not distinguished below. Names like Fox and Hounds , Dog and Duck , Dog and Gun , Hare and Hounds , etc., refer to shooting and hunting. Animal names coupled with colours, such as White Hart and Red Lion , are often heraldic. A white hart featured as a badge of King Richard II , while

177-423: A highly legible script which the humanists called littera antiqua ("the ancient letter"), wrongly believing that it was the script used by the ancient Romans . It was in fact invented in the reign of Charlemagne , although only used significantly after that era, and actually formed the basis for the later development of blackletter. Blackletter script should not be confused with either the ancient alphabet of

236-735: A local vestry or other charity, as at Chatsworth, Derbyshire and in Chiswick , London (formerly Middlesex ) are often Cavendish Arms – and later titular Devonshire Arms – pubs and street names At Chatsworth the pub name "The Snake" refers to the family's coat of arms ; as does the Snake Inn, a coaching inn on the old turnpike road on the Snake Pass in the Peak District of Derbyshire The Devonshire Arms in Kensington (37 Marloes Road)

295-485: A need for a more rapid writing technology led to the development of this script. The rounded forms of Carolingian became angular flicks of the quill, and both letters and words became compressed. Early Gothic is characterized by a number of factors. There are no capital letters for this script. Instead Roman Rustic , Roman Square or Uncial letters were used. Versals were most often Lombardic Capitals usually painted in bright colors. Other features are split ascenders,

354-469: A red lion was a badge of John of Gaunt and the Dukes of Bedford amongst others and a blue boar of the Earls of Oxford . Exceptions do exist, however, along with less obvious examples of the form - a combination of both features being Cross Foxes (a name most commonly found in rural Wales), referring to a darker-furred breed of the common Red Fox whose pelts were considered more valuable and sometimes worn as

413-646: A series of books and had a typeface created specifically for it. In the 19th century, the use of antiqua alongside Fraktur increased, leading to an Antiqua-Fraktur dispute which lasted until the Nazis mandated an end to the use of Fraktur in 1941. By then, Fraktur had been the most common and well-known blackletter style in Germany for a long time, and as a result all kinds of blackletter (including Schwabacher, Textualis, and so on) tend to be called Fraktur in German. German cursiva

472-573: A sign of status. Some pub chains in the UK adopt the same or similar names for many pubs as a means of brand expression. Examples include "The Moon Under Water", commonly used by the JD Wetherspoon chain (and inspired by George Orwell 's 1946 essay in the Evening Standard , " The Moon Under Water "), and the "Tap and Spile" brand name used by the now defunct Century Inns chain. The "Slug and Lettuce"

531-412: A storied 'a', both the standard 'r' and a half 'r' 〈ꝛ〉 used after letters with bowls. The long 's' 〈ſ〉 is used primarily, but there are examples of the short 's' in some manuscripts. Punctuation is limited, usually only full stops and commas, and they are usually rendered at the mid-line. As the script continued to evolve and become ever more angular, vertical and compressed, it began its transition to

590-561: Is a Victorian era pub built in 1865 with a traditional beer garden . It housed local ARP wardens during The Blitz . The "Duke of Devonshire" in Balham High Road is a Victorian era corner pub with traditional pub glasswork from the late 1890s, included "an impressive, mirrored bar-back" with original counter and wooden panelling. The mock Tudor Devonshire Arms in Camden , also known as "The Dev" or by its previous name The Hobgoblin,

649-409: Is a common feature in rotunda , but breaking is not. Italian Rotunda also is characterized by unique abbreviations, such as ⟨q⟩ with a line beneath the bow signifying qui , and unusual spellings, such as ⟨x⟩ for ⟨s⟩ ( milex rather than miles ). Italian cursive developed in the 13th century from scripts used by notaries. The more calligraphic form

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708-548: Is a gastropub, formerly known as the Manor Tavern. The current building dates from 1924, but a pub already existed on the site in 1888. In Skipton , North Yorkshire, the three storey stone-built pub named for the Duke of Devonshire is known simply as "The Devonshire". It was once called "The New Inn". In Derbyshire, where the family has its great house at Chatsworth , there are Devonshire Arms pubs at Baslow , Beeley , and Pilsley ,

767-433: Is a hybrid form of the script. It is a mixture of textualis and cursiva , developed in the early 15th century. From textualis , it borrowed vertical ascenders, while from cursiva , it borrowed long ⟨f⟩ and ⟨ſ⟩ , single-looped ⟨a⟩ , and ⟨g⟩ with an open descender (similar to Carolingian forms). The Donatus-Kalender (also known as Donatus-und-Kalender or D-K)

826-429: Is also alien to blackletter typefaces. Words from other languages, especially from Romance languages including Latin, are usually typeset in antiqua instead of blackletter. The practice of setting foreign words or phrases in antiqua within a blackletter text does not apply to loanwords that have been incorporated into the language. English blackletter developed from the form of Carolingian minuscule used there after

885-583: Is another example of a chain of food-based pubs with a prominent brand; founder Hugh Corbett had owned a small number of pubs, to which he gave humorous or nonsensical names, with the effect of differentiating them from competitors. Before painted inn signs became commonplace, medieval publicans often identified their establishments by hanging or standing a distinctive object outside the pub. A fictional example of this otherwise real-life practice can be found in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of books, where

944-513: Is known as minuscola cancelleresca italiana (or simply cancelleresca , chancery hand ), which developed into a book hand , a script used for writing books rather than charters, in the 14th century. Cancelleresca influenced the development of bastarda in France and secretary hand in England. A textualis form, commonly known as Gotisch or "Gothic script", was used for general publications from

1003-654: Is said to be "London's most famous alternative venue". It was the first Goth subculture pub in Camden. It is the longest-surviving Goth pub in London and is a focus for the city's alternative scene. During the 1980s, Spider Stacy and Shane MacGowan of the Pogues frequented the pub. The interior featured in "Goths", an episode from a 2003 BBC anthology series, Spine Chillers . The Devonshire Arms in Chiswick 's Devonshire Road (also named for William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire )

1062-418: Is similar to the cursive scripts in other areas, but forms of ⟨a⟩ , ⟨s⟩ and other letters are more varied; here too, the letter ⟨w⟩ is often used. A hybrida form, which was basically cursiva with fewer looped letters and with square proportions similar to textualis , was used in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 18th century, the pointed quill (in contrast to

1121-509: Is the combining of businesses, for example when a landlord of one pub moved to another premises. Fashion, as in the rise of intentionally amusing paired names like ' Slug and Lettuce ' and 'Frog and Firkin' (see Puns, Jokes and Corruptions below) in the late 20th century, is responsible for many more recent pub names. The most common tree-based pub name is the Royal Oak, which refers to a Historical event . Many traditional pub names allude to

1180-505: Is the name for the metal type design that Gutenberg used in his earliest surviving printed works, dating from the early 1450s. The name is taken from two works: the Ars grammatica of Aelius Donatus , a Latin grammar, and the Kalender (calendar). It is a form of textura. While an antiqua typeface is usually a compound of roman types and italic types since the 16th-century French typographers,

1239-598: The Führer , I make the following announcement: It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced. Today

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1298-599: The British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA) and the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA). As pubs have closed in response to changing habits, numbers have fallen, so the historic surveys remain of interest. According to BBPA in 2007, the most common names were: According to CAMRA in 2007 they were at that time: A more current listing can be found on the Pubs Galore site, updated daily as pubs open/close and change names. In 2019,

1357-569: The Commonwealth ). It demonstrated the landlord's loyalty to authority (whether he was loyal or not), especially after the restoration of the monarchy . An authoritative list of the most common pub names in Great Britain is hard to establish, owing to ambiguity in what classifies as a pub as opposed to a licensed restaurant or nightclub , and so lists of this form tend to vary hugely. The two surveys most often cited, both taken in 2007, are by

1416-530: The Letterlike Symbols range (plus long s at U+017F). Fonts supporting the range include Code2001 , Cambria Math , Noto Sans Math, and Quivira (textura style). This block of characters is intended for use in setting mathematical texts, which contrast blackletter characters with other letter styles. Outside of mathematics, the character set has seen some limited decorative use, but it lacks punctuation and other characters necessary for running text, and

1475-709: The Norman Conquest , sometimes called "Romanesque minuscule". Textualis forms developed after 1190 and were used most often until approximately 1300, after which it became used mainly for de luxe manuscripts. English forms of blackletter have been studied extensively and may be divided into many categories. Textualis formata ("Old English" or "blackletter"), textualis prescissa (or textualis sine pedibus , as it generally lacks feet on its minims), textualis quadrata (or psalterialis ) and semi-quadrata , and textualis rotunda are various forms of high-grade formata styles of blackletter. The University of Oxford borrowed

1534-479: The University of Paris , littera parisiensis , which also is small in size and designed to be written quickly, not calligraphically. French cursiva was used from the 13th to the 16th century, when it became highly looped, messy, and slanted. Bastarda , the "hybrid" mixture of cursiva and textualis , developed in the 15th century and was used for vernacular texts as well as Latin. A more angular form of bastarda

1593-531: The littera parisiensis in the 13th century and early 14th century, and the littera oxoniensis form is almost indistinguishable from its Parisian counterpart; however, there are a few differences, such as the round final ⟨s⟩ forms, resembling the number ⟨8⟩ , rather than the long ⟨s⟩ used in the final position in the Paris script. Printers of the late 15th and early 16th centuries commonly used blackletter typefaces, but under

1652-447: The textura hands. Textualis , also known as textura or "Gothic bookhand", was the most calligraphic form of blackletter, and today is the form most associated with "Gothic". Johannes Gutenberg carved a textualis typeface—including a large number of ligatures and common abbreviations—when he printed his 42-line Bible . However, textualis was rarely used for typefaces after this. According to Dutch scholar Gerard Lieftinck,

1711-443: The 13th century, and soon replaced littera oxoniensis as the standard university script. The earliest cursive blackletter form is Anglicana , a very round and looped script, which also had a squarer and angular counterpart, Anglicana formata . The formata form was used until the 15th century and also was used to write vernacular texts. An Anglicana bastarda form developed from a mixture of Anglicana and textualis , but by

1770-501: The 14th century as a simplified form of textualis , with influence from the form of textualis as used for writing charters . Cursiva developed partly because of the introduction of paper , which was smoother than parchment . It was therefore, easier to write quickly on paper in a cursive script. In cursiva , descenders are more frequent, especially in the letters ⟨f⟩ and ⟨s⟩ , and ascenders are curved and looped rather than vertical (seen especially in

1829-569: The 16th century, the principal cursive blackletter used in England was the Secretary script , which originated in Italy and came to England by way of France. Secretary script has a somewhat haphazard appearance and its forms of the letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨g⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , and ⟨s⟩ are unique, unlike any forms in any other English script. The legacy of these English cursive Gothic forms survived in common use as late as

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1888-417: The 18th century in the court hand used for some legal records. French textualis was tall and narrow compared to other national forms, and was most fully developed in the late 13th century in Paris. In the 13th century there also was an extremely small version of textualis used to write miniature Bibles, known as "pearl script". Another form of French textualis in this century was the script developed at

1947-561: The Fiddle" (Caton Fidele) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour. The amount of religious symbolism in pub names decreased after Henry VIII 's break from the church of Rome. For instance, many pubs now called the King's Head were originally called the Pope's Head. Royal names have always been popular (except under

2006-482: The Gothic language nor with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic . It is difficult to be specific about the time at which Early Gothic (or Proto Gothic ) was born and later died, because it was an interim script spanning Carolingian Minuscule and the Gothic textura scripts. It can generally be said that it was used in the 11th and 12th centuries. As universities began to populate Europe,

2065-598: The Unicode standard for setting non-mathematical material in blackletter is to use ordinary Latin code points with a dedicated blackletter font. Mathematical Fraktur: Mathematical Bold Fraktur: Note: (The above may not render fully in all web browsers.) The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur. "For general attention, on behalf of

2124-503: The arms of a London Livery company or trade guild  : Many landowners' coats of arms appear as pub signs. Some "Arms" signs refer to working occupations. These may show people undertaking such work or the arms of the appropriate London livery company . This class of name may be only just a name but there are stories behind some of them. An "arms" name, too, can derive from a local authority. Images from myths and legends are evocative and memorable. Common enough today,

2183-789: The beer available inside, or items used in its production like the Hop Pole and the Barley Mow. Other pub names refer to items of food to tempt the hungry traveller. For example, The Baron of Beef in Cambridge refers to a double sirloin joined at the backbone. Although puns became increasingly popular through the twentieth century, they should be considered with care. Supposed corruptions of foreign phrases usually have much simpler explanations. Many old names for pubs that appear nonsensical are often alleged to have come from corruptions of slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Cat and

2242-400: The blackletter typefaces never developed a similar distinction. Instead, they use letterspacing (German Sperrung ) for emphasis. When blackletter is letterspaced, ligatures like ⟨ch⟩ , ⟨ck⟩ , ⟨tz⟩ or ⟨ſt⟩ remain together without additional letterspacing ( ⟨ſt⟩ is dissolved, though). The use of bold text for emphasis

2301-574: The common people, such as ballads , chivalric romances, and jokebooks. Chaucer 's works had been printed in blackletter in the late 15th century, but were subsequently more usually printed in Roman type. Horace Walpole wrote in 1781 that "I am too, though a Goth, so modern a Goth that I hate the black letter, and I love Chaucer better in Dryden and Baskerville than in his own language and dress." English cursiva ( Cursiva Anglicana ) began to be used in

2360-685: The fifteenth century on, but became restricted to official documents and religious publications during the seventeenth century. Its use persisted into the nineteenth century for editions of the State Translation of the Bible , but otherwise became obsolete. Mathematical blackletter characters are separately encoded in Unicode in the Mathematical alphanumeric symbols range at U+1D504-1D537 and U+1D56C-1D59F (bold), except for individual letters already encoded in

2419-460: The influence of Renaissance tastes, Roman typefaces grew in popularity, until by about 1590 most presses had converted to them. However, blackletter was considered to be more readily legible (especially by the less literate classes of society), and it therefore remained in use throughout the 17th century and into the 18th for documents intended for widespread dissemination, such as proclamations and Acts of Parliament , and for literature aimed at

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2478-640: The last two both on the estate. Pub names Pub names are used to identify and differentiate traditional drinking establishments. Many pubs are centuries old, and were named at a time when most of their customers were illiterate, but could recognise pub signs . The use of signage was not confined to drinking establishments. British pubs may be named after and depict anything from everyday (particularly agricultural) objects, to sovereigns, aristocrats and landowners (shown by their coats of arms ). Other names come from historic events, livery companies , occupations, sports, and craftsmen's guilds . One of

2537-426: The letter ⟨d⟩ ). The letters ⟨a⟩ , ⟨g⟩ and ⟨s⟩ (at the end of a word) are very similar to their Carolingian forms. However, not all of these features are found in every example of cursiva , which makes it difficult to determine whether or not a script may be called cursiva at all. Lieftinck also divided cursiva into three styles: littera cursiva formata

2596-589: The longest. Schwabacher typefaces dominated in Germany from about 1480 to 1530, and the style continued in use occasionally until the 20th century. Most importantly, all of the works of Martin Luther , leading to the Protestant Reformation , as well as the Apocalypse of Albrecht Dürer (1498), used this typeface. Johann Bämler , a printer from Augsburg , probably first used it as early as 1472. The origins of

2655-489: The mid-16th century. Its use was so common that often any blackletter form is called Fraktur in Germany. Characteristics of Fraktur are: Here is the entire alphabet in Fraktur (minus the long s and the sharp s ⟨ß⟩ ), using the AMS Euler Fraktur typeface: Cursiva refers to a very large variety of forms of blackletter; as with modern cursive writing , there is no real standard form. It developed in

2714-527: The most common pub names is the Red Lion. This list contains both modern and historical examples. Although the word "the" appears on much pub signage, it is ignored in the following examples; the word "ye' is likewise ignored as it is only an archaic spelling of "the". "Y" represents an obsolete character ( þ , the letter Thorn , which is nowadays used only in Icelandic ) for the th sound. Its later forms resembled

2773-527: The name remain unclear; some assume that a typeface-carver from the village of Schwabach—one who worked externally and who thus became known as the Schwabacher —designed the typeface. German-made Textualis type is usually very heavy and angular, and there are few characteristic features that are common to all occurrences of the script. One common feature is the use of the letter ⟨w⟩ for Latin ⟨vu⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ . Textualis

2832-933: The nearest main road has been missing for many years. The Salley Pussey's Inn at Royal Wootton Bassett is said to have been named after Sarah Purse, whose family owned The Wheatsheaf pub in the 19th century. In the 1970s the name was changed to the Salley Pussey's. [REDACTED] Media related to Pubs by name at Wikimedia Commons Blackletter Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter developed from Carolingian as an increasingly literate 12th-century Europe required new books in many different subjects. New universities were founded, each producing books for business , law , grammar , history and other pursuits, not solely religious works, for which earlier scripts typically had been used. These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Labor-intensive Carolingian, though legible,

2891-580: The pairing of words in the name of an inn or tavern was rare before the mid-17th century, but by 1708 had become frequent enough for a pamphlet to complain of 'the variety and contradictory language of the signs', citing absurdities such as 'Bull and Mouth', 'Whale and Cow', and 'Shovel and Boot'. Two years later an essay in the Spectator echoed this complaint, deriding among others such contemporary paired names as 'Bell and Neat's Tongue', though accepting 'Cat and Fiddle'. A possible explanation for doubling of names

2950-472: The pinnacle of blackletter use was reached in the 14th and 15th centuries. For Lieftinck, the highest form of textualis was littera textualis formata , used for de luxe manuscripts. The usual form, simply littera textualis , was used for literary works and university texts. Lieftinck's third form, littera textualis currens , was the cursive form of blackletter, extremely difficult to read and used for textual glosses , and less important books. Textualis

3009-482: The pub in Ankh Morpork starts off as The Drum, becomes The Broken Drum after a bar fight damages it and then in later books The Mended Drum. This tradition dates back to Roman times, when vine leaves were hung outside tabernae to show where wine was sold. Sometimes the object was coloured, such as Blue Post or Blue Door . Many pubs have heraldic names. Names starting with the word "Three" are often based on

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3068-462: The quill with a wide flat tip) was adopted for blackletter handwriting. In the early 20th century, the Sütterlin script was introduced in the schools. Italian blackletter also is known as rotunda , as it was less angular than those produced by northern printing centers. The most common form of Italian rotunda was littera bononiensis , used at the University of Bologna in the 13th century. Biting

3127-708: The top 10 were: The pubs with the shortest and longest names in Britain are both in Stalybridge : Q and The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn . The longest name of a London pub, I am the Only Running Footman , was used as the title of a mystery novel by Martha Grimes . There is a "pub with no name" in Southover Street, Brighton , and another near to Petersfield, Hampshire , so known (despite having an actual name), because its sign on

3186-478: Was first used in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently became more elaborate and decorated, and it was generally reserved for liturgical works. Johann Gutenberg used a textualis typeface for his famous Gutenberg Bible in 1455. Schwabacher , a blackletter with more rounded letters, soon became the usual printed typeface , but it was replaced by Fraktur in the early 17th century. Fraktur came into use when Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) established

3245-758: Was first used to describe this script in 15th-century Italy , in the midst of the Renaissance , because Renaissance humanists believed this style was barbaric, and Gothic was a synonym for barbaric . Flavio Biondo , in Italia Illustrata (1474), wrote that the Germanic Lombards invented this script after they invaded Italy in the 6th century. Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script , but any other seemingly barbarian script, such as Visigothic , Beneventan , and Merovingian , were also labeled Gothic . This in contrast to Carolingian minuscule ,

3304-456: Was most widely used in France, the Low Countries, England , and Germany . Some characteristics of the script are: Schwabacher was a blackletter form that was much used in early German print typefaces. It continued to be used occasionally until the 20th century. Characteristics of Schwabacher are: Fraktur is a form of blackletter that became the most common German blackletter typeface by

3363-481: Was the most legible and calligraphic style. Littera cursiva textualis (or libraria ) was the usual form, used for writing standard books, and it generally was written with a larger pen, leading to larger letters. Littera cursiva currens was used for textbooks and other unimportant books and it had very little standardization in forms. Hybrida is also called bastarda (especially in France), and as its name suggests,

3422-491: Was unable to effectively keep up. Its large size consumed a lot of manuscript space in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the 11th century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-12th century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in northeastern France and the Low Countries . The term Gothic

3481-644: Was used in Burgundy , the lettre de forme or lettre bourgouignonne , for books of hours such as the Très Riches Heures of John, Duke of Berry . Despite the frequent association of blackletter with German , the script was actually very slow to develop in German-speaking areas. It developed first in those areas closest to France and then spread to the east and south in the 13th century. The German-speaking areas are, however, where blackletter remained in use

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