194-548: Denbies is a large estate to the northwest of Dorking in Surrey , England. A farmhouse and surrounding land originally owned by John Denby was purchased in 1734 by Jonathan Tyers , the proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens in London, and converted into a weekend retreat. The house he built appears to have been of little architectural significance, but the Gothic garden he developed in the grounds on
388-543: A Christian and an Unbeliever as they died, set into compartments in the wall. Following Tyers's death in 1767 the estate was sold to Thomas King, 5th Baron King (1712–1779) of Ockham in Surrey. The macabre artefacts were removed and the grounds extensively altered. Soon after the death in 1779 of the 5th Baron King, in 1781 his son Peter King, 6th Baron King (1736–1793) sold the estate to James I Whyte (c. 1747–1807) of Ireland, son of Mark Whyte by his wife Elizabeth Edwards,
582-596: A Slum Clearance Order to demolish 81 properties in Church Street, North Street, Cotmandene and the surrounding areas. In total 217 residents were displaced, many of whom were rehoused by the UDC in the Fraser Gardens estate, designed by the architect George Grey Wornum . The Chart Downs estate to the southeast of the town was built between 1948 and 1952. Controversially, in the late 1950s and 1960s, Dorking UDC constructed
776-405: A clerestory and two side aisles were added to the nave . The so-called Intermediate Church was constructed in 1835–1837. It had a square tower, topped with an octagonal spire , and could seat around 1800 worshippers. Its floor level was approximately 1.8 m (6 ft) higher than that of the church it replaced, allowing the base of the medieval nave to become a crypt . In 1868–1877,
970-766: A meta-analysis , but this association disappeared after correction for multiple testing . On the other hand, two polymorphisms in TPH2 were identified as being associated with bipolar disorder. Due to the inconsistent findings in a genome-wide association study , multiple studies have undertaken the approach of analyzing SNPs in biological pathways. Signaling pathways traditionally associated with bipolar disorder that have been supported by these studies include corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling, cardiac β-adrenergic signaling, phospholipase C signaling, glutamate receptor signaling, cardiac hypertrophy signaling, Wnt signaling , Notch signaling , and endothelin 1 signaling. Of
1164-775: A " Y " shape. Together, West Street and the High Street run approximately west–east, paralleling the Pipp Brook , a tributary of the Mole, which runs to the north of the centre. The town is surrounded by the Metropolitan Green Belt (which also covers the Glory Wood) and is bordered on three sides by the Surrey Hills National Landscape . Several Sites of Special Scientific Interest are close by, including
1358-424: A "fort", "walled town" or "gated place". The second element, if originally plural (‑ ingas ), might mean "(settlement belonging to the) followers of ...", but if singular (‑ ing ) might mean "place", "stream", "wood" or "clump". Dorking is in central Surrey, about 21 mi (34 km) south of London and 10 mi (16 km) east of Guildford . It is close to the intersection of two valleys –
1552-411: A byproduct of serotonin , are present in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with bipolar disorder during both the depressed and manic phases. Increased dopaminergic activity has been hypothesized in manic states due to the ability of dopamine agonists to stimulate mania in people with bipolar disorder. Decreased sensitivity of regulatory α 2 adrenergic receptors as well as increased cell counts in
1746-563: A church at Dorking occurs in Domesday Book of 1086. In around 1140, Isabel de Warenne, the widow of the second Earl of Surrey , granted the church and a tithe of the rents from the manor to Lewes Priory in Sussex. In the 1190s, the tithe was converted to a pension of £6, which was paid annually to the Priory until at least 1291. The Priory also acquired the right to appoint the town's priest. It
1940-436: A civilian secretary. Roland transformed the buildings that had previously been used as housing for the garden and stable staff into a Regency -style house. Flooring and doors were stripped from the old mansion to be incorporated in the new house, leaving just the basic structure of Cubitt's original mansion, which had been empty since 1947. Furniture was disposed of in a clearance sale at Dorking in mid-July 1952. Cubitt's mansion
2134-457: A consequence of substance use. In November 2018, Cyberpsychology published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and impulsivity traits. In October 2020, the Journal of Behavioral Addictions published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found that
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#17328546680092328-522: A daughter of John Edwards of Old Court, County Wicklow, Ireland. James I Whyte was described by Oliver (1829) as "Colonel Jas Whyte of Ireland". In 1772 at St George's, Hanover Square , Mayfair , James I Whyte married (as his first wife) Gertrude Gee, a daughter of James Gee of Bishop Burton Hall near Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire. The witnesses at his marriage were Richard D'Arcy Hildyard and Richard Whyte. His son and heir by his first marriage
2522-489: A daughter, Rosalind . Death duties and the Second World War impacted greatly on the estate: staffing was a problem, and maintenance and general repair costs were unsustainable. The Home Guard requisitioned a section of the mansion as its headquarters and based a training school there. Hugh Pollock , husband of the author Enid Blyton , re-ignited his adulterous affair with Ida Crowe after arranging work there for her as
2716-439: A definitive diagnosis. Neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis , complex partial seizures , strokes, brain tumors, Wilson's disease , traumatic brain injury , Huntington's disease , and complex migraines can mimic features of bipolar disorder. An EEG may be used to exclude neurological disorders such as epilepsy , and a CT scan or MRI of the head may be used to exclude brain lesions. Additionally, disorders of
2910-415: A depressive episode, or vice versa, remain poorly understood. Also known as a manic episode, mania is a distinct period of at least one week of elevated or irritable mood, which can range from euphoria to delirium . The core symptom of mania involves an increase in energy of psychomotor activity . Mania can also present with increased self-esteem or grandiosity , racing thoughts , pressured speech that
3104-524: A diagnosis— disruptive mood dysregulation disorder —that covers children with long-term, persistent irritability that had at times been misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder, distinct from irritability in bipolar disorder that is restricted to discrete mood episodes. Bipolar on average, starts during adulthood. Bipolar 1, on average, starts at the age of 18 years old, and Bipolar 2 starts at age 22 years old on average. However, most delay seeking treatment for an average of 8 years after symptoms start. Bipolar
3298-481: A diagnostically specific causal agent for bipolar, does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness. Longitudinal studies have indicated that full-blown manic stages are often preceded by a variety of prodromal clinical features, providing support for the occurrence of an at-risk state of the disorder when an early intervention might prevent its further development and/or improve its outcome. The aim of management
3492-596: A fall in produce prices following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Like many towns in the south of England, Dorking was affected by civil unrest among its poorest residents. In November 1830 a riot broke out and a mob of 80 attacked the Red Lion Inn in the High Street. A troop of soldiers from the Life Guards regiment was called in to restore order. In 1831 it was noted that the town (population 4711) had one of
3686-620: A few families also joined the group. Most appear to have settled in the Toronto area, but a few are recorded as living in Kingston, Ontario . In 1911, the town was described in the Victoria County History as "almost entirely residential and agricultural, with some lime works on the chalk, though not so extensive as those in neighbouring parishes, a little brick-making, watermills (corn) at Pixham Mill, and timber and saw-mills." Although
3880-449: A few weeks to a few months. Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, irritability or anger, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities , excessive or inappropriate guilt , hopelessness , sleeping too much or not enough , changes in appetite and/or weight, fatigue , problems concentrating, self-loathing or feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Although
4074-493: A further 2,000 acres (8.1 km) of land were secured, and gradually other acquisitions were made; the estate then stretched as far as Birtley Court, near Bramley and Churt . As a landlord and employer – by that time he had about 400 workers on the estate – he was a benevolent master and ensured he fulfilled his obligations. He commissioned Sir George Gilbert Scott , a friend and regular guest at Denbies, to design an estate church on Ranmore Common. Completed in 1859, it
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#17328546680094268-428: A heated swimming pool together with poolhouse. Biwater , a water-treatment company, purchased it during the 1980s. In 1986 the company chairman Adrian White established Denbies Wine Estate , planting vines on 268 acres (1.08 km) of south-facing land. 51°14′52″N 0°19′54″W / 51.2477°N 0.3318°W / 51.2477; -0.3318 Dorking Dorking ( / ˈ d ɔːr k ɪ ŋ / )
4462-442: A history of childhood abuse and long-term stress . The condition is classified as bipolar I disorder if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as bipolar II disorder if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode. It is classified as cyclothymia if there are hypomanic episodes with periods of depression that do not meet
4656-549: A hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers , visits from members of a community mental health team or an Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment , patient-led support groups , and intensive outpatient programs . These are sometimes referred to as partial-inpatient programs. Compared to the general population, people with bipolar disorder are less likely to frequently engage in physical exercise. Exercise may have physical and mental benefits for people with bipolar disorder, but there
4850-455: A job, leading to trouble with healthcare access, leading to more decline in their mental health due to not receiving treatment such as medicine and therapy. Bipolar disorder is uncommon in older patients, with a measured lifetime prevalence of 1% in over 60s and a 12-month prevalence of 0.1–0.5% in people over 65. Despite this, it is overrepresented in psychiatric admissions, making up 4–8% of inpatient admission to aged care psychiatry units, and
5044-489: A lower iron content, and contain veins of silver sand and rose-coloured ferruginous sand. Running along the north bank of the Pipp Brook (with a width of around 200 m (200 yd)) is the outcrop of Gault, a blue-black shaly clay, beyond which is a narrow band of Upper Greensand, a hard, grey mica-rich sandstone. In the extreme north west of the town, the marly Lower Chalk was quarried for lime production until
5238-523: A manic episode usually lasts three to six months. In severe manic episodes, a person can experience psychotic symptoms, where thought content is affected along with mood. They may feel unstoppable, persecuted , or as if they have a special relationship with God, a great mission to accomplish, or other grandiose or delusional ideas. This may lead to violent behavior and, sometimes, hospitalization in an inpatient psychiatric hospital . The severity of manic symptoms can be measured by rating scales such as
5432-510: A master builder. At the time, Cubitt was working on Osborne House for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and the mansion he designed to replace the old one was a more modest version of Osborne. It was, however, still a substantial building, in the Italianate style, with almost 100 rooms on three storeys. In the nineteenth century Denison and later Cubitt served as local Members of Parliament, for West Surrey . The payment of death duties and
5626-434: A medical work-up to rule out other causes. Caregiver-scored rating scales, specifically from the mother, have shown to be more accurate than teacher and youth-scored reports in identifying youths with bipolar disorder. Assessment is usually done on an outpatient basis; admission to an inpatient facility is considered if there is a risk to oneself or others. The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from
5820-718: A mild to moderate effect . The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in first-degree relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population; similarly, the risk of major depressive disorder is three times higher in relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population. Although the first genetic linkage finding for mania was in 1969, linkage studies have been inconsistent. Findings point strongly to heterogeneity, with different genes implicated in different families. Robust and replicable genome-wide significant associations showed several common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with bipolar disorder, including variants within
6014-604: A mixed state may have manic symptoms such as grandiose thoughts while simultaneously experiencing depressive symptoms such as excessive guilt or feeling suicidal. They are considered to have a higher risk for suicidal behavior as depressive emotions such as hopelessness are often paired with mood swings or difficulties with impulse control . Anxiety disorders occur more frequently as a comorbidity in mixed bipolar episodes than in non-mixed bipolar depression or mania. Substance (including alcohol ) use also follows this trend, thereby appearing to depict bipolar symptoms as no more than
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6208-462: A mock-Tudor arch was erected over the main carriageway entrance from South Street. Initially sales were slow, but the proposals for the building of the railway line from Redhill stimulated interest in the development in the late 1840s. Although most of the purchasers were private individuals (the majority of whom had been born outside of the local area), the Dorking Society of Friends bought one of
6402-399: A neurological condition or injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury , HIV infection , multiple sclerosis , porphyria , and rarely temporal lobe epilepsy . The precise mechanisms that cause bipolar disorder are not well understood. Bipolar disorder is thought to be associated with abnormalities in the structure and function of certain brain areas responsible for cognitive tasks and
6596-421: A one-year span. Rapid cycling is usually temporary but is common amongst people with bipolar disorder and affects 25.8–45.3% of them at some point in their life. These episodes are separated from each other by a remission (partial or full) for at least two months or a switch in mood polarity (i.e., from a depressive episode to a manic episode or vice versa). The definition of rapid cycling most frequently cited in
6790-416: A quotation from the sixth book of Virgil 's Aeneid . The iron entrance gate was mounted between two upended stone coffins supporting the portico , each one topped by a human skull, one male one female. Each coffin was inscribed with a poem, addressed to the male and female visitor respectively. One proclaimed that "Men, at their best state, are altogether vanity", while the other reminded women that "beauty
6984-518: A rejection of the rumour included in The Builder . The grounds had been well maintained by the Denisons, but Cubitt further enhanced and overhauled them; large plantations of hardwoods and conifers were added, and general improvements and development of the estate and farm were undertaken. Specimens of rare plants and shrubs were added, sourced through William Hooker , the director of Kew Gardens , who
7178-556: A role in bipolar disorder are the mitochondria and a sodium ATPase pump . Circadian rhythms and regulation of the hormone melatonin also seem to be altered. Dopamine , a neurotransmitter responsible for mood cycling, has increased transmission during the manic phase. The dopamine hypothesis states that the increase in dopamine results in secondary homeostatic downregulation of key system elements and receptors such as lower sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. This results in decreased dopamine transmission characteristic of
7372-646: A significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations , and does not require psychiatric hospitalization. Overall functioning may actually increase during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Hypomanic episodes rarely progress to full-blown manic episodes. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity, while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment. Hypomania may feel good to some individuals who experience it, though most people who experience hypomania state that
7566-409: A spring. The front of the house had a pediment in the central wing decorated with a coat of arms; the rooms were not large but were conveniently situated. According to historian Brian Allen the house was not architecturally significant and scant information is available about it; the garden established by Tyers, however, gained notoriety. In contrast to the cheerful, brightly lit atmosphere of Vauxhall,
7760-406: A square formation. Cubitt contrived his own form of soundproofing by concealing seashells between levels. The flat roof was edged with a parapet embellished with balustrades, and a matching decoration was incorporated round the first floor, both made from Portland stone . Gibbs surrounds were used on the windows on the ground floor whereas triangular pediments featured on the windows included on
7954-405: A weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity. People with bipolar disorder often have other co-existing psychiatric conditions such as anxiety (present in about 71% of people with bipolar disorder), substance abuse (56%), personality disorders (36%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (10–20%) which can add to the burden of illness and worsen
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8148-458: A weekend retreat. Tyers was the owner of London's Vauxhall Gardens – known at that time as New Spring Gardens – and was responsible for developing that venue into a "fashionable place of evening entertainment". A simple two-storey house in the Georgian style was built by converting some of the old farm buildings. Set on top of a hillside about two miles (3.2 km) northwest of Dorking ,
8342-605: A windmill on Tower Hill. The town flourished in Tudor times and, in the 1590s, a market house was built between what is now St Martin's Walk and the White Horse Hotel. The antiquarian John Aubrey , who visited the town between 1673 and 1692, noted that the weekly market (which took place on Thursdays) was "the greatest... for poultry in England" and noted that "Sussex wheat" was also sold. The free-draining Lower Greensand found in
8536-537: Is a market town in Surrey in South East England about 21 mi (34 km) south of London . It is in Mole Valley District and the council headquarters are to the east of the centre. The High Street runs roughly east–west, parallel to the Pipp Brook and along the northern face of an outcrop of Lower Greensand . The town is surrounded on three sides by the Surrey Hills National Landscape and
8730-478: Is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis , it is called mania ; if it is less severe and does not significantly affect functioning, it is called hypomania . During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for
8924-530: Is a lack of research. Psychotherapy aims to assist a person with bipolar disorder in accepting and understanding their diagnosis, coping with various types of stress, improving their interpersonal relationships, and recognizing prodromal symptoms before full-blown recurrence. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family-focused therapy , and psychoeducation have the most evidence for efficacy in regard to relapse prevention, while interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy appear
9118-410: Is associated with "classic mania", to dysphoria and irritability . Psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations may occur in both manic and depressive episodes; their content and nature are consistent with the person's prevailing mood. In some people with bipolar disorder, depressive symptoms predominate, and the episodes of mania are always the more subdued hypomania type. According to
9312-539: Is characterized by intermittent episodes of mania , commonly (but not in every patient) alternating with bouts of depression, with an absence of symptoms in between. During these episodes, people with bipolar disorder exhibit disruptions in normal mood , psychomotor activity (the level of physical activity that is influenced by mood)—e.g. constant fidgeting during mania or slowed movements during depression— circadian rhythm and cognition. Mania can present with varying levels of mood disturbance, ranging from euphoria , which
9506-455: Is close to Box Hill and Leith Hill . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity is from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, and there are several Bronze Age bowl barrows in the local area. The town may have been the site of a staging post on Stane Street during Roman times , however the name 'Dorking' suggests an Anglo-Saxon origin for the modern settlement. A market
9700-407: Is crucial to establishing a treatment plan where these comorbidities exist. Children of parents with bipolar disorder more frequently have other mental health problems. In the 1920s, Kraepelin noted that manic episodes are rare before puberty. In general, bipolar disorder in children was not recognized in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue diminished with an increased following of
9894-413: Is difficult to interrupt, decreased need for sleep, disinhibited social behavior, increased goal-oriented activities and impaired judgement, which can lead to exhibition of behaviors characterized as impulsive or high-risk, such as hypersexuality or excessive spending . To fit the definition of a manic episode, these behaviors must impair the individual's ability to socialize or work. If untreated,
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#173285466800910088-593: Is effective in acute manic and depressive episodes, especially with psychosis or catatonia . Admission to a psychiatric hospital may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others; involuntary treatment is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment. Bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 2% of the global population. In the United States, about 3% are estimated to be affected at some point in their life; rates appear to be similar in females and males. Symptoms most commonly begin between
10282-416: Is estimated to be between 1-5% of the world's popluation. While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of the disorder. Genetic factors account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Environmental risk factors include
10476-410: Is fleeting, and even the least portion of it to be employed in reflections on Eternity"; it was faced on the opposite side by a large white raven with a label in its mouth conveying the same message. Chained to a sloping desk in the centre of the temple was a copy of Edward Young 's poem Night-Thoughts and Robert Blair 's The Grave , bound in black leather. At the end of the temple farthest from
10670-402: Is higher in those with an adult diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder than in those without, particularly events stemming from a harsh environment rather than from the child's own behavior. Acutely, mania can be induced by sleep deprivation in around 30% of people with bipolar disorder. Less commonly, bipolar disorder or a bipolar-like disorder may occur as a result of or in association with
10864-453: Is made, while substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder is used if a medication is thought to have triggered the condition. Most people who meet criteria for bipolar disorder experience a number of episodes, on average 0.4 to 0.7 per year, lasting three to six months. Rapid cycling , however, is a course specifier that may be applied to any bipolar subtype. It is defined as having four or more mood disturbance episodes within
11058-577: Is not required for a diagnosis , though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems. Mood stabilizers , particularly lithium , and certain anticonvulsants , such as lamotrigine , valproate , and carbamazepine , as well as atypical antipsychotics, including quetiapine , cariprazine , and aripiprazole , are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention. Antipsychotics are additionally given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective. In patients where compliance
11252-401: Is of concern, long-acting injectable formulations are available. There is some evidence that psychotherapy improves the course of this disorder. The use of antidepressants in depressive episodes is controversial: they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes. The treatment of depressive episodes, therefore, is often difficult. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
11446-443: Is often misdiagnosed with other psychiatric disorders. There is no definitive association between race, ethnicity, or Socioeconomic status (SES). Adults with Bipolar report having a lower quality of life, even outside of a manic or depressive episode. Bipolar can put strain on marriage and other relationships, having a job, and everyday functioning. Bipolar is associated with having higher rates of unemployment. Most have trouble keeping
11640-518: Is the nature of the mood swings; in contrast to the sustained changes to mood over days to weeks or longer, those of the latter condition (more accurately called emotional dysregulation ) are sudden and often short-lived, and secondary to social stressors . Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making
11834-430: Is thought to have been held at least weekly since early medieval times and was highly regarded for the poultry traded there. The Dorking breed of domestic chicken is named after the town. The local economy thrived during Tudor times , but declined in the 17th century due to poor infrastructure and competition from neighbouring towns. During the early modern period many inhabitants were nonconformists , including
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#173285466800912028-527: Is to treat acute episodes safely with medication and work with the patient in long-term maintenance to prevent further episodes and optimise function using a combination of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic techniques. Hospitalization may be required especially with the manic episodes present in bipolar I. This can be voluntary or (local legislation permitting) involuntary . Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to deinstitutionalization , although these can still occur. Following (or in lieu of)
12222-565: Is unclear where in the town the Domesday church was located. It appears to have been replaced at some point during the 12th century (possibly by Isabel de Warenne) by a large cruciform building with a central tower. A rededication from St Mary to St Martin may have taken place around the same time. In 1334 the church was granted to the Priory of the Holy Cross in Reigate. In the late 14th century
12416-474: Is vain". The author of the poems is unknown, but may have been Soame Jenyns , although the topographer Edward Brayley was not entirely convinced this was correct. A large alcove close by in the garden, entered through a portal of grey Sussex marble, formed an amphitheatre that contained an effigy representing Truth crushing a mask, again probably the work of Roubiliac. It drew the visitor's attention towards two life-sized pictures by Francis Hayman , depicting
12610-587: The American Psychiatric Association 's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the World Health Organization 's (WHO) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems , 10th Edition (ICD-10). The ICD-10 criteria are used more often in clinical settings outside of the U.S. while the DSM criteria are used within
12804-581: The Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale , Mood Disorder Questionnaire , the General Behavior Inventory and the Hypomania Checklist . The use of evaluation scales cannot substitute a full clinical interview but they serve to systematize the recollection of symptoms. On the other hand, instruments for screening bipolar disorder tend to have lower sensitivity . Bipolar disorder is classified by
12998-450: The DSM-5 criteria, mania is distinguished from hypomania by the duration: hypomania is present if elevated mood symptoms persist for at least four consecutive days, while mania is present if such symptoms persist for more than a week. Unlike mania, hypomania is not always associated with impaired functioning. The biological mechanisms responsible for switching from a manic or hypomanic episode to
13192-596: The Goodwyns estate on land compulsorily purchased from Howard Martineau, a major local benefactor to the town. The initial designs were by Clifford Culpin and the project was subsequently developed by William Ryder, who was responsible for the erection of the Wenlock Edge and Linden Lea tower blocks . Both the design of the buildings and the layout of the estate were praised in the early 1970s by architectural historians Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner . The first mention of
13386-504: The International Classification of Diseases as a mental and behavioural disorder . Mental disorders that can have symptoms similar to those seen in bipolar disorder include schizophrenia , major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and certain personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder . A key difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder
13580-512: The Mesolithic and Neolithic periods and includes flint tools and flakes found during construction development in South Street. During the rebuilding of the Waitrose supermarket in South Street in 2013, charred hazelnut shells, radiocarbon dated to between 8625 and 8465 BCE , were discovered. A ring ditch containing two ceramic urns , was also found. Other ditches identified during
13774-585: The Mole Gap to Reigate Escarpment , immediately to the north. The National Trust owns several properties in the area, including Box Hill , Leith Hill Tower and Polesden Lacey . The rock strata on which Dorking sits, belong primarily to the Lower Greensand Group . This group is multilayered and includes the sandy Hythe Beds, the clayey Sandgate Beds and the quartz-rich Folkestone Beds. The lower greensand
13968-504: The Young Mania Rating Scale , though questions remain about the reliability of these scales. The onset of a manic or depressive episode is often foreshadowed by sleep disturbance . Manic individuals often have a history of substance use disorder developed over years as a form of "self-medication". Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause
14162-839: The bipolar spectrum has been estimated at 0.71. Twin studies have been limited by relatively small sample sizes but have indicated a substantial genetic contribution, as well as environmental influence. For bipolar I disorder, the rate at which identical twins (same genes) will both have bipolar I disorder (concordance) is around 40%, compared to about 5% in fraternal twins . A combination of bipolar I, II, and cyclothymia similarly produced rates of 42% and 11% (identical and fraternal twins, respectively). The rates of bipolar II combinations without bipolar I are lower—bipolar II at 23 and 17%, and bipolar II combining with cyclothymia at 33 and 14%—which may reflect relatively higher genetic heterogeneity . The cause of bipolar disorders overlaps with major depressive disorder. When defining concordance as
14356-1140: The endocrine system such as hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism , and Cushing's disease are in the differential as is the connective tissue disease systemic lupus erythematosus . Infectious causes of mania that may appear similar to bipolar mania include herpes encephalitis , HIV, influenza , or neurosyphilis . Certain vitamin deficiencies such as pellagra ( niacin deficiency), vitamin B 12 deficiency , folate deficiency , and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome ( thiamine deficiency ) can also lead to mania. Common medications that can cause manic symptoms include antidepressants, prednisone , Parkinson's disease medications, thyroid hormone , stimulants (including cocaine and methamphetamine), and certain antibiotics . Bipolar spectrum disorders include: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress. These disorders involve major depressive episodes that alternate with manic or hypomanic episodes, or with mixed episodes that feature symptoms of both mood states. The concept of
14550-513: The hippocampus , dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and other parts of the prefrontal cortex. The model hypothesizes that bipolar disorder may occur when the ventral system is overactivated and the dorsal system is underactivated. Other models suggest the ability to regulate emotions is disrupted in people with bipolar disorder and that dysfunction of the ventricular prefrontal cortex is crucial to this disruption. Meta-analyses of structural MRI studies have shown that certain brain regions (e.g.,
14744-706: The lingual gyrus compared to people without bipolar disorder. In contrast, they demonstrate decreased activity in the inferior frontal cortex during manic episodes compared to people without the disorder. Similar studies examining the differences in brain activity between people with bipolar disorder and those without did not find a consistent area in the brain that was more or less active when comparing these two groups. People with bipolar have increased activation of left hemisphere ventral limbic areas—which mediate emotional experiences and generation of emotional responses—and decreased activation of right hemisphere cortical structures related to cognition—structures associated with
14938-469: The locus coeruleus indicated increased noradrenergic activity in manic people. Low plasma GABA levels on both sides of the mood spectrum have been found. One review found no difference in monoamine levels, but found abnormal norepinephrine turnover in people with bipolar disorder. Tyrosine depletion was found to reduce the effects of methamphetamine in people with bipolar disorder as well as symptoms of mania, implicating dopamine in mania. VMAT2 binding
15132-468: The railways , facilitated the sale of lime produced in the town, but also attracted wealthier residents, who had had no previous connection to the area. Residential expansion continued in the first half of the 20th century, as the Deepdene and Denbies estates began to be broken up. Further development is now constrained by the Metropolitan Green Belt , which encircles the town. The origins and meaning of
15326-593: The 16 genes identified in these pathways, three were found to be dysregulated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex portion of the brain in post-mortem studies: CACNA1C , GNG2 , and ITPR2 . Bipolar disorder is associated with reduced expression of specific DNA repair enzymes and increased levels of oxidative DNA damages . Psychosocial factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions. Recent life events and interpersonal relationships likely contribute to
15520-727: The 1960s and 1970s). Holloway Farm was sold in 1870 and the first houses in Knoll, Roman and Ridgeway Roads were constructed before 1880. Houses in Cliftonville (named after its promoter, Joseph Clift, a local chemist ) were also built around the same time. To the north of the High Street, smaller semi-detached and terraced houses were constructed in the 1890s for artisans in Rothes Road, Ansell Road, Wathen Road, Hart Road and Jubilee Terrace. No significant residential expansion took place in Dorking in
15714-433: The 20th century at St Barnabas Church, Ranmore. Aubrey also recorded that an annual fair took place on Ascension Day . Chalk and sand were quarried in Dorking until the early 20th century. Chalk was dug from a pit on Ranmore Road and heated in kilns to produce quicklime . In the medieval and early modern periods, the lime was used to fertilise local farm fields, but from the 18th century onwards (and especially after
15908-486: The Confessor . The settlement included one church, three mills worth 15s 4d, 16 ploughs , woodland and herbage for 88 hogs and 3 acres (1.2 ha) of meadow . It rendered £18 per year in 1086. The residents included 38 villagers, 14 smallholders and 4 villeins , which placed it in the top 20% of settlements in England by population. In around 1087, William II granted the manor of Dorking to Willam de Warenne ,
16102-568: The DSM criteria in the last part of the twentieth century. The diagnosis of childhood bipolar disorder, while formerly controversial, has gained greater acceptance among childhood and adolescent psychiatrists. American children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder in community hospitals increased 4-fold reaching rates of up to 40% in 10 years around the beginning of the 21st century, while in outpatient clinics it doubled reaching 6%. Studies using DSM criteria show that up to 1% of youth may have bipolar disorder. The DSM-5 has established
16296-457: The DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing unipolar and bipolar episodes are the same, some clinical features are more common in the latter, including increased sleep, sudden onset and resolution of symptoms, significant weight gain or loss, and severe episodes after childbirth. The earlier the age of onset, the more likely the first few episodes are to be depressive. For most people with bipolar types 1 and 2,
16490-458: The Dorking area is particularly suited for rearing chickens and the local soils provide grit to assist the birds' digestive systems . The Dorking fowl, which has five claws instead of the normal four, is named after the town. Wine made from the wild cherries that grew in the town was another local speciality. A 'cherry fair' was held in July in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was revived in
16684-568: The Intermediate Church was rebuilt into the present St Martin's Church , designed in the Decorated Gothic style by the architect Henry Woodyer . The 64 m (210 ft) spire of the current church was dedicated as a memorial to Bishop Samuel Wilberforce (who had died in 1873) and in 1905–1911 the Lady chapel was added. In order to accommodate the growing population in the south of
16878-521: The London-Brighton road at Tadworth . The development of Guildford (12 mi (19 km) to the west) was stimulated by the construction of the Wey Navigation in the 1650s. In contrast, although several schemes were proposed to make the Mole navigable, none were enacted and transport links to Dorking remained poor. As a result, the local economy began to suffer and the town declined through
17072-559: The Treasury accepted about 1,128 acres (4.56 km) of land in lieu of payment, which it passed on to the National Trust . At the end of 1963 an additional 245 acres (0.99 km) from Denbies hillside was secured by the Trust via the same route. The Trust also received 800 acres (3.2 km) directly from Lord Ashcombe in 1958 after the mansion was demolished. There had been thirty cottages on
17266-586: The U.S. and are the prevailing criteria used internationally in research studies. The DSM-5, published in 2013, includes further and more accurate specifiers compared to its predecessor, the DSM-IV-TR . This work has influenced the eleventh revision of the ICD, which includes the various diagnoses within the bipolar spectrum of the DSM-V. Several rating scales for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, including
17460-497: The UDCs of Dorking and Leatherhead with the majority of the Dorking and Horley Rural District. In 1984, the new council moved into purpose-built offices, designed by Michael Innes, at the east end of the town. Following the end of Roman rule in Britain , there appears to have been no systematic planning of transport infrastructure in the local area for over a millennium . During Saxon times,
17654-402: The ages of 20 and 25 years old; an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis. Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with bipolar disorder is growing, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition. Around one-quarter to one-third of people with bipolar disorder have financial, social or work-related problems due to
17848-583: The area) purchased the estates at Bury Hill, Denbies and Deepdene respectively. Higher-status individuals living closer to the town centre included William Crawford , the City of London MP, and Jane Leslie , the Dowager Countess of Rothes. Although the incoming landowners played little part in local commerce, they appear to have been the driving force behind schemes to pave streets and to provide gas lighting (both paid for by public subscription ). Rose Hill,
18042-518: The author, Daniel Defoe , who lived in Dorking as a child. Six of the Mayflower Pilgrims , including William Mullins and his daughter Priscilla , lived in the town before setting sail for the New World. Dorking started to expand during the 18th and 19th centuries as transport links improved and farmland to the south of the centre was released for housebuilding . The new turnpike , and later
18236-744: The bipolar spectrum is similar to that of Emil Kraepelin 's original concept of manic depressive illness. Bipolar II disorder was established as a diagnosis in 1994 within DSM IV; though debate continues over whether it is a distinct entity, part of a spectrum, or exists at all. The DSM and the ICD characterize bipolar disorder as a spectrum of disorders occurring on a continuum. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 lists three specific subtypes: When relevant, specifiers for peripartum onset and with rapid cycling should be used with any subtype. Individuals who have subthreshold symptoms that cause clinically significant distress or impairment, but do not meet full criteria for one of
18430-467: The butler, housekeeper and other principal servants, together with general storerooms. Adjoining the mansion, accessed through a conservatory so there was no need to go outside in inclement weather, an expansive collection of glasshouses and conservatories stretched for 1,230 feet (370 m). These were maintained by thirteen staff under the jurisdiction of a head gardener. The kitchen garden occupied about two acres (0.81 ha). Prince Albert visited
18624-558: The centre was cleared enabling farms owned by the Goodwyns, Stubbs and Sondes families to expand. By the start of the Tudor period, there were at least five watermills in Dorking – two at Pixham (one on the Pipp Brook, owned by the Sondes and one on the Mole, owned by the Brownes), two close to the town centre (both owned by the manor) and one at Milton, on the road to Westcott. There may also have been
18818-538: The co-twins having either bipolar disorder or major depression, then the concordance rate rises to 67% in identical twins and 19% in fraternal twins. The relatively low concordance between fraternal twins brought up together suggests that shared family environmental effects are limited, although the ability to detect them has been limited by small sample sizes. Behavioral genetic studies have suggested that many chromosomal regions and candidate genes are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with each gene exerting
19012-559: The consequences; there is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying, have a negative outlook on life, and demonstrate poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in self-harm . Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders , are commonly associated with bipolar disorder. The global prevalence of bipolar disorder
19206-548: The construction of the turnpike to Epsom in 1755), it was transported to London for use in the construction industry . Sand from the Folkestone Beds was quarried from several sites in the town, including at two pits in Vincent Lane. Caves and tunnels were also dug in the sandstone under several parts of the town. Many were used as cellars for storing wine bottles, but deeper workings followed seams of silver sand , which
19400-398: The criteria for major depressive episodes. If these symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as bipolar disorder. Other conditions that have overlapping symptoms with bipolar disorder include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , personality disorders , schizophrenia , and substance use disorder as well as many other medical conditions. Medical testing
19594-453: The death of the seventh Earl, John de Warenne , in 1347, the manor passed to his brother-in-law , Richard Fitzalan , the third Earl of Arundel . In 1580 both Earldoms passed through the female line to Phillip Howard , whose father, Thomas Howard , had forfeited the title of Duke of Norfolk and had been executed for his involvement in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Elizabeth I . The dukedom
19788-449: The depressive episodes are much longer than the manic or hypomanic episodes. Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many affected individuals are initially misdiagnosed as having major depression and incorrectly treated with prescribed antidepressants. In bipolar disorder, a mixed state is an episode during which symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously. Individuals experiencing
19982-520: The depressive phase. The depressive phase ends with homeostatic upregulation potentially restarting the cycle over again. Glutamate is significantly increased within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, and returns to normal levels once the phase is over. Medications used to treat bipolar may exert their effect by modulating intracellular signaling, such as through depleting myo- inositol levels, inhibition of cAMP signaling , and through altering subunits of
20176-414: The difficulty of maintaining a large domestic estate during the Second World War forced the family to begin selling parcels of land. Cubitt's mansion was abandoned until its demolition in 1953, by which time the family was living in a Regency -style house converted from the housing of the garden and stable staff in more affluent times. What remained of the estate – about 635 acres (2.57 km) –
20370-511: The door was a substantial monument to Robert Petre , a renowned 18th-century horticulturist . Executed in stucco and probably crafted by Louis-François Roubiliac , it depicted an angel blowing the last trump , causing a stone pyramid to crumble and revealing the corpse within to be rising from the dead. Visitors were met at the entrance to the wood by the Latin inscription Procul este, profani , which translates as "away all you who are unhallowed",
20564-440: The dopamine-associated G-protein. Consistent with this, elevated levels of G αi , G αs , and G αq/11 have been reported in brain and blood samples, along with increased protein kinase A (PKA) expression and sensitivity; typically, PKA activates as part of the intracellular signalling cascade downstream from the detachment of G αs subunit from the G protein complex. Decreased levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ,
20758-636: The early 20th century. Ammonite fossils are found in the north of the town, including Stoliczkia , Callihoplites , Acanthoceras and Euomphaloceras species in the Lower Chalk and Puzosia species in the Upper Greensand. Foraminifera fossils have been found in the Hythe Beds adjacent to the Horsham road, to the west of Tower Hill. The earliest evidence of human activity in Dorking comes from
20952-405: The estate in July 1851, and planted two trees in front of the terrace to commemorate his visit. There was speculation that the mansion was to be used as a residence for Prince Albert's eldest son and newspapers carried reports that the commemorative trees were possibly "intended to grow up side by side with England's future monarch"; Cubitt strongly denied the suggestion, and on 14 April 1855 he had
21146-544: The estate in its heyday, but a policy of selling them began with a cottage given to the Trust in 1959. Roland died on 28 October 1962 and the break up and sale of the estate continued under his son Henry, who succeeded him; by this time what remained of the estate amounted to the Regency-style house with land at the eastern end of Ranmore Common, a handful of estate cottages, an adjoining farm – known as Bradley Farm – and some estate outbuildings. Henry's third marriage
21340-491: The expansive well-designed gardens as being under the direction of a "scientific and experienced horticulturist". The lawns at the front of the mansion featured sprinklings of evergreens and shrubs together with formal low-level flower beds. Local people were permitted access to the estate grounds. Like his father, Denison junior was a banker and became a senior partner in his father's banking company, Denison, Heywood, and Kennard, of Lombard Street, London . He continued to add to
21534-578: The family were the personification of prosperity and social status . Denison senior died in 1806 and the estate and all other properties were inherited by his son, who added to the acreage of the estate by purchasing additional land from the Earl of Verulam and the Duke of Norfolk . A new driveway was installed, entering from the direction of Mickleham via some woodland, replacing the steep roadway that came from Dorking. Writing in 1830, topographer Thomas Allen described
21728-475: The farmhouse, four cottages and some farm buildings. Denbies House – as the Regency-style house conversion was named – had a lodge, a flat and two cottages, 45 acres (0.18 km) of parkland , arable land covering 32 acres (0.13 km) and 239 acres (0.97 km) devoted to sporting and amenity woodland. The centrally heated, eight-bedroomed mansion house featured six bathrooms and four reception rooms. There were also tennis courts, stables, garages and
21922-488: The first Earl of Surrey , whose descendants have held the lordship almost continuously until the present day. By the early 14th century, the manor had been divided for administrative purposes into four tithings : Eastburgh and Chippingburgh (corresponding respectively to the eastern and western halves of the modern town); Foreignburgh (the area covered by the Holmwoods) and Waldburgh (which would later be renamed Capel ). On
22116-537: The first planned residential estate in Dorking, was developed by William Newland, a wealthy Guildford surgeon, who also had interests in the Wey and Arun Canal . Newland purchased the "Great House" on Butter Hill and the surrounding 6.5 ha (20 acres) of land in 1831, which he divided into plots for 24 houses, arranged around a central paddock , known as "The Oval". The Great House was divided into two separate dwellings (Butter Hill House and Rose Hill House), adjacent to which
22310-566: The first two decades of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the breakup of the Deepdene and Pippbrook estates (and the electrification of the railway line from Leatherhead) stimulated housebuilding to the north and east of the town, including Deepdene Vale and Deepdene Park. The sale of part of Bradley Farm (part of the Denbies estate) in the 1930s, enabled the building of Ashcombe, Keppel and Calvert Roads. The Dorking UDC intended to build housing on
22504-635: The former group present with milder manic episodes, more prominent cognitive changes and have a background of worse psychosocial functioning, while the latter present more commonly with mixed affective episodes, and have a stronger family history of illness. Older people with bipolar disorder experience cognitive changes, particularly in executive functions such as abstract thinking and switching cognitive sets, as well as concentrating for long periods and decision-making. Attempts at prevention of bipolar disorder have focused on stress (such as childhood adversity or highly conflictual families) which, although not
22698-581: The garden Tyers developed at Denbies was of a more Gothic nature. Its theme was " memento mori (or 'reminders of death')", and the development was given the name of "The Valley of the Shadow of Death". Tyers continued to live in his house in the grounds of Vauxhall after purchasing Denbies, visiting the latter only on Sundays, which, it has been suggested, may go some way towards explaining the garden's gloomy nature. David Coke and Alan Borg, authors of Vauxhall Gardens: A History (2012), have alternatively suggested that
22892-434: The general population. Substance use disorder is a common comorbidity in bipolar disorder; the subject has been widely reviewed. The causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. Genetic influences are believed to account for 73–93% of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. The overall heritability of
23086-445: The genes CACNA1C , ODZ4 , and NCAN . The largest and most recent genome-wide association study failed to find any locus that exerts a large effect, reinforcing the idea that no single gene is responsible for bipolar disorder in most cases. Polymorphisms in BDNF , DRD4 , DAO , and TPH1 have been frequently associated with bipolar disorder and were initially associated in
23280-426: The ground floor of the west wing housed the dining room, service areas and led through to the kitchen and bakehouse. The service area was fitted with a mezzanine floor to provide sleeping facilities for male servants; the sleeping quarters for female servants were on the top floor of the mansion to keep the two sexes a good distance away from each other. On the same level, the east wing had a study with ante-room set in
23474-513: The highest rates of poor relief in Surrey. In early 1832, the vestry devised a supported scheme to enable young unemployed, unskilled labourers to leave the town to settle in Upper Canada . The cost of the voyage from Portsmouth to Montreal for 61 recipients of poor relief was paid by private donations, however the emigrants also received an allowance for food and clothing from parish funds. Although many were young, single men aged 14–20,
23668-487: The house had views of the Surrey landscape and backed onto Ranmore Common . Tyers installed a well beside the house; a note in The Gentleman's Magazine of 1781 gives the well's measurements, recorded on 4 October 1764, as being six feet (1.8 m) in diameter and reaching a depth of four hundred and thirty-eight feet (134 m). On that day it contained water to a depth of twenty-two feet (6.7 m) supplied from
23862-438: The illness. Bipolar disorder is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with bipolar disorder is twice that of the general population. Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of bipolar disorder. The condition
24056-509: The immense wealth Denison accumulated as being gained through "unabated industry and the most rigid frugality". Five years after purchasing Denbies, the Seamere estate, near Scarborough, Yorkshire, was added to his portfolio after he acquired it from the Duke of Leeds . Denison had a son, William Joseph , and two daughters, Elizabeth and Anna Maria, with his second wife. By the time of the Regency era
24250-428: The incidence of mood disorders is increasing overall with the aging population. Depressive episodes more commonly present with sleep disturbance, fatigue, hopelessness about the future, slowed thinking, and poor concentration and memory; the last three symptoms are seen in what is known as pseudodementia . Clinical features also differ between those with late-onset bipolar disorder and those who developed it early in life;
24444-543: The late 17th and early 18th centuries. The turnpike road through Dorking was authorised by the Horsham and Epsom Turnpike Act of 1755. The new turnpike dramatically improved the accessibility of the town from the capital and a report from 1765 noted both that the Thursday grain market had increased in size and that the local flour mills were significantly busier. A mail coach operated return journeys between Dorking and London six days per week and several stagecoaches used
24638-704: The late 1920s, improvements were made to the Dorking-Reigate road (now the A25), including the construction of Deepdene Bridge over the River Mole. The bypass road (now the A24) was opened in 1934 following considerable local opposition to the route, which cut through the Deepdene estate. A market at Dorking is first recorded in 1240 and in 1278, the sixth Earl of Surrey, John de Warenne , claimed that it had been held twice weekly since " time out of mind ". The early medieval market
24832-465: The left rostral anterior cingulate cortex , fronto-insular cortex , ventral prefrontal cortex, and claustrum ) are smaller in people with bipolar disorder, whereas other regions are larger ( lateral ventricles , globus pallidus , subgenual anterior cingulate , and the amygdala). Additionally, these meta-analyses found that people with bipolar disorder have higher rates of deep white matter hyperintensities . Functional MRI findings suggest that
25026-467: The levels in non-manic people, suggesting that ventricular prefrontal cortex activity is an indicator of mood state. However, while pharmacological treatment of mania reduces amygdala hyperactivity, it remains more active than the amygdala of those without bipolar disorder, suggesting amygdala activity may be a marker of the disorder rather than the current mood state. Manic and depressive episodes tend to be characterized by dysfunction in different regions of
25220-447: The literature (including the DSM-V and ICD-11) is that of Dunner and Fieve: at least four major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed episodes during a 12-month period. The literature examining the pharmacological treatment of rapid cycling is sparse and there is no clear consensus with respect to its optimal pharmacological management. "Ultra rapid" and "ultradian" have been applied to faster-cycling types of bipolar disorder. People with
25414-421: The majority of the mansion's furnishings and fittings were crafted from mahogany. Nurseries were on the top floor beside the female servant accommodation. Around thirty rooms made up the basement, among them a smoking room where editions of Punch and The Illustrated London News were supplied as reading material. The remaining rooms on the basement level were workshops, wine cellars and individual parlours for
25608-487: The mansion's construction. Following Cubitt's death at Denbies on 20 December 1855, his assets were valued at more than £1 million. The estate passed to Cubitt's eldest son, George , who continued the development and expansion of the property and local area. George had lived at Denbies since his father purchased it, and it remained his main residence until 1905 after the death of his wife, Laura, whom he had married in June 1853. He
25802-469: The master builder, Thomas Cubitt . Cubitt was originally a carpenter and, like Denison senior, had acquired his wealth through his own business acumen, building up a successful company and business empire. At the time he purchased Denbies, Cubitt was nearing completion of the work on Osborne House for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on the Isle of Wight . Cubitt wanted a mansion of his own to emulate that of
25996-499: The mood of the garden may have been symptomatic of "some sort of psychological imbalance" within Tyers, perhaps even "a form of bipolar disorder ". The garden's main feature was a wooded area of about eight acres (3.2 ha), Il Penseroso , which was criss-crossed by a labyrinthine network of paths leading down to a small tributary of the River Mole . Just outside the entrance to the wood
26190-494: The name Dorking are uncertain. Early spellings include Dorchinges (1086), Doreking (1138–47), Dorkinges (1180), and Dorkingg (1219). Both principal elements in the name are disputed. The first element may be from a personal name, Deorc , or some variant, of either Brittonic or Old English origin. Alternatively it may derive from the Brittonic words Dorce , a river name meaning "clear, bright stream", or duro , meaning
26384-408: The neighbouring Georgian country house of Deepdene owned by the affluent Hope family of bankers and at that time in the possession of Henry Thomas Hope , a patron of the arts. For the practical purpose of continuing to reside in the existing house while building took place, the new mansion was constructed on a site slightly to the southwest of its predecessor, which was demolished once the new mansion
26578-592: The neighbouring towns of Guildford and Reigate , Dorking was never granted a Borough Charter and remained under the control of the Lord of the Manor throughout the Middle Ages. Reforms during the Tudor period reduced the importance of manorial courts and the day-to-day administration of towns such as Dorking became the responsibility of the vestry of the parish church. There was little change in local government structure over
26772-796: The north-south Mole Gap (where the River Mole cuts through the North Downs ) and the west–east Vale of Holmesdale (a narrow strip of low-lying land between the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge ). The highest point in the town is the Glory Wood , south east of the centre, where the summit (137 m (449 ft)) is marked by a Bronze Age bowl barrow . The basic plan of the town centre has not changed since medieval times (and may be Anglo-Saxon in origin). The main streets (the High Street, West Street and South Street) meet at Pump Corner, forming
26966-468: The northwest corner, a boudoir , two drawing rooms and a billiard room. An expansive library, divided into sections by pillars, was between the boudoir and study, beside the large bay window. The first floor, accessed via the main staircase positioned within the entrance hall, had all the family bedrooms, and featured balconies. Hip baths were carried to the bedrooms each evening as no bathrooms were incorporated. Cubitt had furniture workshops in London where
27160-541: The onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as they do for unipolar depression. In surveys, 30–50% of adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder report traumatic/abusive experiences in childhood, which is associated with earlier onset, a higher rate of suicide attempts, and more co-occurring disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder . Subtypes of abuse, such as sexual and emotional abuse, also contribute to violent behaviors seen in patients with bipolar disorder. The number of reported stressful events in childhood
27354-536: The ownership of James I Whyte for six years until around 1787, when it was purchased by Joseph Denison , a wealthy banker. Denison was brought up in West Yorkshire. His parents were of low rank and had little means, and it is unclear how he made his fortune. It seems that he moved to London, where he fell in with the Heywood family of bankers, later becoming a partner in their company. Richard Vickerman Taylor described
27548-779: The parish (which had a total population of around 1500) contained 200 nonconformists . In 1620, six residents, including Williams Mullins (a cobbler) and his daughter Priscilla , joined the Mayflower to establish a Separatist colony in the New World . During the Civil War , the townsfolk supported the Parliamentarians , but although some of Oliver Cromwell 's soldiers were billeted in Dorking, no fighting took place nearby. Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder , previously known as manic depression or manic depressive disorder ,
27742-573: The plots in 1845 for the construction of a meeting house . By 1861 the estate was complete. The arrival of the railway in 1849 catalysed the expansion of the town to the south and west. Between 1850 and 1870, the National Freehold Land Society was responsible for housing developments in Arundel and Howard Roads, as well as around Tower Hill. Poorer quality houses were built along Falkland and Hampstead Roads (many of which were replaced in
27936-421: The processing of emotions. A neurologic model for bipolar disorder proposes that the emotional circuitry of the brain can be divided into two main parts. The ventral system (regulates emotional perception) includes brain structures such as the amygdala , insula , ventral striatum , ventral anterior cingulate cortex , and the prefrontal cortex . The dorsal system (responsible for emotional regulation) includes
28130-419: The prognosis. Certain medical conditions are also more common in people with bipolar disorder as compared to the general population. This includes increased rates of metabolic syndrome (present in 37% of people with bipolar disorder), migraine headaches (35%), obesity (21%) and type 2 diabetes (14%). This contributes to a risk of death that is two times higher in those with bipolar disorder as compared to
28324-482: The railway line. Further land situated closer to Dorking town centre was sold for development in the 1930s. The break up of the estate continued after Henry's death on 27 October 1947 when it was inherited by his fourth son Roland , who became the third Lord Ashcombe. Roland was born on 26 January 1899 and initially followed a career in the army. He married Sonia Rosemary Keppel on 16 November 1920 and they had three children: two sons, Henry and Jeremy (1927–1958); and
28518-655: The rapid cycling or faster-cycling subtypes of bipolar disorder tend to be more difficult to treat and less responsive to medications than other people with bipolar disorder. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be complicated by coexisting ( comorbid ) psychiatric conditions including obsessive–compulsive disorder , substance-use disorder , eating disorders , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , social phobia , premenstrual syndrome (including premenstrual dysphoric disorder ), or panic disorder . A thorough longitudinal analysis of symptoms and episodes, assisted if possible by discussions with friends and family members,
28712-472: The regulation of emotions. Neuroscientists have proposed additional models to try to explain the cause of bipolar disorder. One proposed model for bipolar disorder suggests that hypersensitivity of reward circuits consisting of frontostriatal circuits causes mania, and decreased sensitivity of these circuits causes depression. According to the "kindling" hypothesis, when people who are genetically predisposed toward bipolar disorder experience stressful events,
28906-478: The reigns of Hadrian (117–138 AD), Commodus (180–192) and Claudius Gothicus (214–270), as well as tiles and pottery fragments, have been found in the town. Stane Street , the Roman road linking London to Chichester , was constructed during the first century AD and is thought to have run through Dorking. The exact course through the town is not known and no definitive archaeological evidence has been discovered for
29100-507: The rest of the farm (now Denbies Wine Estate ), however their plans were interrupted by the outbreak of war and were ultimately prevented by the creation of the Metropolitan Green Belt . The first council housing was built in Dorking by the UDC in Nower Road in 1920 and similar developments took place in Marlborough and Beresford Roads later the same decade. In 1936, the council obtained
29294-488: The route daily until the mid-19th century. In contrast, the east–west Reigate–Guildford road remained the responsibility of the parishes through which it ran and only minimal improvements were made before the start of the 20th century. The first railway line to reach Dorking was the Reading, Guildford and Reigate Railway (RG&RR) , authorised by Acts of Parliament in 1846, 1847 and 1849. Dorking station (now Dorking West )
29488-457: The route in the 3 mi (5 km) gap between the crossing of the River Mole at the Burford Bridge and North Holmwood . A posting station is thought to have been located in the area and sites have been proposed in the town centre, at Pixham and at the Burford Bridge, where the road crossed the River Mole. Although the name Dorking implies a settlement that was well established by
29682-543: The same excavation may indicate the presence of a Bronze Age field system , although the date of these later earthworks is less certain. Bowl barrows from the same period have been found at the Glory Wood (to the south of the town centre), on Milton Heath (to the west) and on Box Hill (to the northeast). There is thought to have been a settlement at Dorking in Roman times, although its size and extent are unclear. Coins from
29876-452: The section of Stane Street between Dorking and Ockley was bypassed by the longer route via Coldharbour and the upper surface of the Roman road was most likely quarried to provide stone for local building projects. Two routes linked the town to London, the first via the Mole crossing at Burford Bridge to Leatherhead and the second, the "Winter Road", climbed the south-facing scarp slope of Box Hill from Boxhurst and ran northeastwards to meet
30070-480: The sister and heiress of Sir Robert Hildyard, 4th Baronet (1743–1814) of Winestead Hall , near Pattrington, East Riding of Yorkshire, by whom he had a daughter Anne Catherine Whyte, heiress of the Hildyard estates, who married Colonel Thomas Blackborne Thoroton, Coldstream Guards , of Flintham Hall, Flintham , Nottinghamshire, who adopted the surname Hildyard as a condition of his wife's inheritance. Denbies remained in
30264-608: The source of the Pipp Brook on the northern slopes of Leith Hill. In the late Saxon period, the manor and parish were administered as part of the Wotton Hundred and may have been part of a large royal estate centred on Leatherhead . Dorking appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as the Manor of Dorchinges . It was held by William the Conqueror , who had assumed the lordship in 1075 on the death of Edith of Wessex , widow of Edward
30458-633: The strata beneath and resulting in the escarpments of the Downs and the Greensand Ridge. In Dorking, the dividing line between the Lower Greensand and Gault clay is marked by the course of the Pipp Brook. In the south of the town, the Hythe Beds take the form of iron-rich , soft, fine-grained sandstone, whereas the Sandgate Beds have a more loamy composition. The quartz-rich Folkestone Beds have
30652-483: The stress of the experience is very painful. People with bipolar disorder who experience hypomania tend to forget the effects of their actions on those around them. Even when family and friends recognize mood swings , the individual will often deny that anything is wrong. If not accompanied by depressive episodes, hypomanic episodes are often not deemed problematic unless the mood changes are uncontrollable or volatile. Most commonly, symptoms continue for time periods from
30846-422: The stress threshold at which mood changes occur becomes progressively lower, until the episodes eventually start (and recur) spontaneously. There is evidence supporting an association between early-life stress and dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to its overactivation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Other brain components that have been proposed to play
31040-628: The subsequent three centuries, until the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 transferred responsibility for poor relief to the Poor Law Commission , whose local powers were delegated to the newly formed poor law union in 1836. In 1841, the Dorking Union constructed a new workhouse , south of the town centre, designed by William Shearburn. The entrance block still stands and is now part of Dorking Hospital. A local board of health (LBH)
31234-471: The theme of death achieved some notoriety, despite being short-lived. The estate was bought by Lord King of Ockham following Tyers's death in 1767, and the macabre artefacts he had installed, including two stone coffins topped by human skulls, were removed. Joseph Denison , a wealthy banker, purchased the estate in about 1787, and it remained in the Denison family until 1849, when it passed to Thomas Cubitt ,
31428-443: The three central canted bays of the first floor. Segmented pediments adorned all the remaining windows. The water supply was provided by the well installed by Tyers, which was close to the southeast corner of the new mansion, via a corridor that spanned the entire outside of the mansion. The entrance had an attached porte-cochère enabling visitors to gain undercover access to the outer hall directly from their transport. Internally,
31622-411: The three subtypes may be diagnosed with other specified or unspecified bipolar disorder. Other specified bipolar disorder is used when a clinician chooses to explain why the full criteria were not met (e.g., hypomania without a prior major depressive episode). If the condition is thought to have a non-psychiatric medical cause, the diagnosis of bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition
31816-457: The time of the Norman Conquest , archaeological evidence of Saxon activity in the town centre is limited to pottery sherds . Probable Saxon cemeteries have been found close to Yew Tree Road (to the north of the centre) and at Vincent Lane (to the west). In 1817, the so-called "Dorking Hoard" of around 700 silver pennies , dating from the mid-8th to the late-9th centuries, was found near
32010-404: The title and extensive estate after the death of his father in 1917. The payment of death duties and the upkeep of large estates during the war resulted in large parts of the estate being auctioned on 19 September 1921. A total of £30,400 was raised by the sale of sixty-nine lots – tallying around 232 acres (0.94 km) – of land and property on the periphery of the estate just south of
32204-664: The town, a second Anglican church , St Paul's, was opened in 1857 on land donated by Henry Thomas Hope. Designed by the architect, Benjamin Ferrey , it was built of Bath stone in the Decorated Geometric style. A daughter church to St Martin's, designed by Edwin Lutyens and dedicated to St Mary, was opened at Pixham in 1903. In the two centuries following the passing of the 1558 Act of Uniformity , many inhabitants of Dorking embraced more extreme forms of protestantism and by 1676,
32398-420: The turnpike road through Dorking had been constructed in the 1750s, the built-up part of the town had changed little by the start of the 19th century. Most of the local professional class and wealthier tradesmen lived along the three main streets (the High Street, West Street and South Street), whilst the often crowded houses of artisans and labourers tended to be in the narrower lanes and alleys. Poor sanitation
32592-405: The ventricular prefrontal cortex regulates the limbic system , especially the amygdala. In people with bipolar disorder, decreased ventricular prefrontal cortex activity allows for the dysregulated activity of the amygdala, which likely contributes to labile mood and poor emotional regulation. Consistent with this, pharmacological treatment of mania returns ventricular prefrontal cortex activity to
32786-442: The ventricular prefrontal cortex. Manic episodes appear to be associated with decreased activation of the right ventricular prefrontal cortex whereas depressive episodes are associated with decreased activation of the left ventricular prefrontal cortex. These disruptions often occur during development linked with synaptic pruning dysfunction. People with bipolar disorder who are in a euthymic mood state show decreased activity in
32980-464: The walls of which were painted with trompe-l'œil pillars. Unfortunately, in order to complete the car park, it was necessary to fill in the cave with concrete. Guided tours of the caves in South Street are held on a regular basis and are organised by Dorking Museum. By the start of the 19th century, increasing mechanisation of agriculture was leading to a local surplus of labour . The wages for unskilled farm workers were decreasing, exacerbated by
33174-442: The wealth inherited from his father, and when he died a bachelor on 2 August 1849 he was probably one of the ten richest British businessmen of his era. He left his fortune, estimated at £2.3 million, to his nephew Albert , on condition that he changed his surname from Conyngham to Denison. Albert was elevated to Baron Londesborough on 4 March 1850, and later that year he sold the 3,900-acre (16 km) estate at Denbies to
33368-481: Was Colonel Archibald Motteaux Calvert, in 1890. The couple lived on the estate near Bramley and had six sons. Their three eldest sons were killed in the First World War while on active service. Like his father, Henry followed a political career, becoming Lord Lieutenant of Surrey in 1905; that year Henry moved to the mansion house after his father decamped to London following the death of Henry's mother. He inherited
33562-443: Was James II Whyte (1774–1852) of Pilton House near Barnstaple in Devon, who in 1805 at St George's, Hanover Square, married Frances Honoria Beresford, a daughter of the Irish statesman Hon. John Beresford (1738–1805), a younger son of Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone (1694–1763) and a younger brother of George de La Poer Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford (1735–1800). James I Whyte married secondly Anne-Catherine Hildyard,
33756-435: Was a friend of Cubitt's. William Nesfield was commissioned to design the gardens. Access routes to the estate were also added to and enhanced; there were three driveways giving approaches from the North Downs , Dorking and from the railway at the west. Cubitt was responsible for building a siding on the north side of Dorking Town railway station , which was initially used for trains delivering building materials required for
33950-404: Was a politician, first elected as a member of parliament in 1860, and was elevated to a peerage in 1892, becoming the first Lord Ashcombe . The couple had eight children, three sons and five daughters; two of the boys died as babies, only the youngest son, Henry , survived to inherit the estate after his father's death. During a period of expansion and prosperity under the ownership of Ashcombe
34144-420: Was a small hermitage known as The Temple of Death. It had a thatched roof and internal enclosures formed by fake stonework panels, each covered in verses reminding the reader of "the vanity, the shortness and insufficiency of human pleasures". To the right-hand side of the temple entrance, hidden out of sight, was a clock that chimed every minute, which in the words of William Bowyer , was "admonishing us that Time
34338-442: Was completed in 1854. Constructed to Cubitt's own designs, the new mansion had a very similar style to that of Osborne House. Cubitt's attention to detail was such that he even manufactured his own bricks at a brickworks he set up for the purpose, using lime extracted from the chalk quarries on the eastern edge of the estate. Almost one hundred rooms made up the Italianate structure's three storeys, stretching across nine bays in
34532-499: Was deposited in the early Cretaceous , most likely in a shallow sea with low oxygen levels . Over the subsequent 50 million years, other strata were deposited on top of the Lower Greensand, including Gault clay , Upper Greensand and the chalk of the North and South Downs. Following the Cretaceous , the sea covering the south of England began to retreat and the land was pushed higher. The Weald (the area covering modern-day south Surrey, south Kent, north Sussex and east Hampshire)
34726-405: Was established in Dorking in 1881 to administer infrastructure including roads, street lighting and drainage. The LBH organised the first regular domestic refuse collection and, by mid-1888, had created a new sewerage system (including a treatment works at Pixham). The Local Government Act 1888 transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed Surrey County Council and
34920-427: Was followed by an 1894 Act that created the Dorking Urban District Council (UDC). Initially the offices of the UDC were in South Street, but in 1931 the Council moved to Pippbrook House, a Gothic Revival country house to the north east of the town centre, designed as a private residence by George Gilbert Scott in 1856. The Local Government Act 1972 created Mole Valley District Council (MVDC), by combining
35114-400: Was found to be increased in one study of people with bipolar mania. Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout life. Its diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the individual, abnormal behavior reported by family members, friends or co-workers, observable signs of illness as assessed by a clinician, and ideally
35308-413: Was held by several tenants, before being inherited in 1652 by Charles Howard, the fourth son of the 15th Earl of Arundel , in whose family it remained until 1790. The estate was expanded by successive owners, including the Anglo-Dutch banker Thomas Hope and his eldest son Henry Thomas Hope , who commissioned William Atkinson to remodel the main house as a "sumptuous High Renaissance palazzo". Unlike
35502-417: Was lifted by the same geological processes that created the Alps , resulting in an anticline which stretched across the English Channel to the Artois region of northern France. Initially an island, this dome-like structure was drained by the ancestors of the rivers which today cut through the North and South Downs, including the Mole. The dome was eroded away over the course of the Cenozoic , exposing
35696-546: Was named after St Barnabas . Ashcombe also ensured that the basic medical needs of his workers were attended to, by having a cottage built to serve as a dispensary and a place for physicians from the nearby towns to hold twice-weekly surgeries. The cottage was also the venue for a domestic training school where the daughters of his workers received a year of education in the rudiments of domestic service before either being employed in his household or those of other country houses. Lord Ashcombe's son, Henry, married Maud, whose father
35890-434: Was opened in 1849 northwest of the town, initially as a temporary terminus for trains from Reigate . Local residents had expressed a preference for the station to be sited closer to the town centre at Meadowbank, but since the line passed through a deep cutting at this point it was deemed impractical to provide the necessary freight facilities at this location. Two years later a second station, now known as Dorking Deepdene ,
36084-413: Was opened on the same line. The second railway line to serve the town was authorised by Acts of Parliament in 1862 and 1864 and was opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1867. A west-south connecting spur to the RG&RR was provided on opening, but was removed around 1900, before being briefly restored between 1941 and 1946 as a wartime resilience measure. Dorking station
36278-402: Was probably centred around Pump Corner and between South Street and West Street, but it appears to have moved east to the widest part of the High Street by the early 15th century. In the century following the Norman conquest, agricultural activity was focused on the lordship lands, which lay to the north of the Pipp Brook. However, as the Middle Ages progressed, woodland to the south and west of
36472-418: Was provided with extensive goods facilities, a locomotive yard and a turntable (later the site of the car park). It was built with two platforms, but a third was added in 1925, when the railway line was electrified from Leatherhead . The original building was demolished in 1980 and was replaced by a larger structure, designed by Gordon Lavington, which integrated the station with offices for Biwater . In
36666-483: Was put on the market in 1984 and bought by Biwater , a water-treatment company. Two years later the company chairman Adrian White established Denbies Wine Estate , using 268 acres (1.08 km) on a south-facing piece of land to plant vines. A farmhouse originally owned by John Denby in the mid-16th century, after whom the estate is named, stood at the heart of Denbies. The lands were sold by William Wakefield (or Wakeford) to Jonathan Tyers in 1734, to be developed as
36860-434: Was restored to the family in 1660, following the accession of Charles II . As the status of the de Warennes and their descendants increased, they became less interested in the town. In the 14th and 15th centuries, prominent local families (including the Sondes and the Goodwyns) were able to buy the leases on some of the lordship lands. One such area was the Deepdene, first mentioned in a court roll of 1399. This woodland
37054-480: Was still a major problem for the poorer residents and, in 1832, a cholera outbreak was recorded in Ebenezer Place (north of the High Street), where 46 people were crammed into nine cottages. Nevertheless, Dorking was beginning to attract more affluent residents, many of whom had accumulated their wealth as businessmen in London. Charles Barclay (a Southwark brewery owner) and the bankers Joseph Denison and Thomas Hope (none of whom had any previous connection with
37248-527: Was to Elizabeth, the widow of his friend Mark Dent-Brocklehurst , in 1979; she had inherited Sudeley Castle , and the couple made it their family home. Five years later the last of the Denbies estate was offered for sale, bringing to an end more than a century of ownership by the Cubitt family. When what remained of the estate was marketed in May 1984 the selling agents, Savills , described it as being about 635 acres (2.57 km). This figure included 312 acres (126 ha) attached to Bradley Farm together with
37442-418: Was used in glass making . Most of the surviving caves are privately owned and not accessible to the public. A well-known example is the cockpit beneath the former Wheatsheaf Inn in the High Street, in which fighting cocks were set against each other for sport . During the construction of the car park to the south of Sainsbury's supermarket , the builders broke through into a large cavern of unknown date,
37636-433: Was within a designated preservation area, causing the local council to refuse any suggestions that were put forward for the old mansion to be used for commercial purposes. Contractors were brought in to demolish the mansion in 1953; the company may have encountered financial problems, as the basement was not fully destroyed and was left filled with rubble from the higher levels. Death duties were still outstanding, but in 1959
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