181-467: Deepika Padukone ( pronounced [d̪iːpɪkaː pəɖʊkoːɳeː] ; born 5 January 1986) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in Hindi films. She is India's highest-paid actress, as of 2023, and her accolades include three Filmfare Awards . She features in listings of the nation's most popular personalities; Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018 and awarded her
362-516: A demographic dividend from India's comparatively young population. Demand for private schools has been growing over the years. While a consensus over what is the most significant driver of this growth in private schooling has not yet emerged, some authors have attributed this to a higher demand for English-medium education , a dissatisfaction with the quality of public schools, greater affordability of private schools, and non-availability of preferred field of study in government schools . After
543-471: A fast-moving consumer goods company, and Blu Smart, an electric taxi . In 2022, she launched her own self-care brand, named 82°E, beginning with skincare products. The brand raised $ 7.5 million in seed funding to launch new products. Padukone has also been outspoken on issues such as feminism and has said, "New feminism isn't about being aggressive; it's about reaching the top yet being soft. It's about being you – feminine, strong and full of will power." In
724-647: A "deep trust" and "a sense of ownership over each other". Continuing her work in big-budget action films, Padukone had three such releases in 2024. Some commentators complained that her consecutive roles in such androcentric films did not give her much scope to perform. She collaborated with Anand once again in Fighter , co-starring Hrithik Roshan . For their roles as Indian Air Force officers, Roshan and Padukone were required to undergo martial arts training. WION 's Shomini Singh wrote that she "looks gorgeous and shares good chemistry with Roshan- but her potential as an actress
905-494: A "stunning girl who can also act." Set in London, Cocktail tells the story of a man's relationship with two temperamentally different women—an impulsive party girl (Veronica, played by Padukone) and a submissive girl next door (Meera, played by Diana Penty ). During the script narration, the producer Dinesh Vijan offered Padukone the choice of which woman to play; she decided on Veronica to expand her horizons as an actress. Portraying
1086-503: A 2015 interview, Padukone spoke about her personal experience of overcoming depression, and in October that year she formed a foundation to create awareness on mental health in India, named The Live Love Laugh Foundation . The following year, she launched a campaign named More Than Just Sad to assist general physicians in their treatment of patients suffering from depression or anxiety. Also in 2016,
1267-428: A Standard II-level text, and only 29% of them could do basic division. However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Some scholars have used the concept of "visibility" to explain why successive governments have underprioritised investments directed at raising
1448-552: A bar dancer who trains a group of underachievers for a dance competition. Sanjukta Sharma of Mint found her glamorous role to be of minimal importance, but the film became one of her most successful, earning over ₹ 3.4 billion (US$ 41 million) worldwide. Padukone later remarked that production on the film was difficult for her as she suffered from depression and anxiety. Following an appearance in Homi Adajania's online video on feminism , entitled My Choice , Padukone took on
1629-693: A brief career setback. By 2013, several media publications began crediting her as the most successful contemporary actress in India. A decade later, a journalist for Time magazine took note of her longevity as a leading star, a rarity for women in Indian cinema. Also in 2023, Namrata Zakharia of The Week analysed that Padukone's acting career, brand endorsements, investments, philanthropy, and marriage to Ranveer Singh were collectively responsible in making her "India's most successful female celebrity". Padukone has said that her background in sports has lent her to treat her career like an athlete, and that her choice of roles
1810-474: A class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to
1991-519: A close bond with her family, and visits them regularly in her hometown of Bangalore. She lives in Prabhadevi , a neighbourhood in Mumbai, and has admitted to missing the presence of her parents there. A practising Hindu , Padukone considers religion to be an important aspect of her life and makes frequent visits to temples and other religious shrines. While filming Bachna Ae Haseeno in 2008, Padukone began
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#17329266436172172-545: A close friend of his, who in turn recommended her to Khan. Padukone made her acting debut with Aishwarya (2006), a Kannada film directed by Indrajit Lankesh . The romantic comedy was a remake of the Telugu film Manmadhudu , and she was cast in the title role opposite the actor Upendra . The film proved to be a commercial success. R. G. Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com was appreciative of Padukone's screen presence but added that "she needs to work on her emotional scenes." By
2353-550: A considerable influence in shaping English education in India. The Charter Act 1813 lifted several prohibitions on Christian missionary schools in the expanding British territories. Historian Gauri Viswanathan identifies two major changes to the relation between Britain and India that came about as the result of the Charter Act 1813: first, the assumption by the British of a new responsibility for Indian people's education; and, second,
2534-573: A core vocabulary of native Prakrit and Sanskrit-derived words. However, Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and contains more direct tatsama Sanskrit -derived words than Urdu, whereas Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian loanwords compared to Hindi. Because of this, as well as the fact that the two registers share an identical grammar, a consensus of linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of
2715-452: A couple of advertising campaigns at the age of eight. In the tenth grade , she changed focus and decided to become a fashion model. She later explained, "I realised that I was playing the game only because it ran in the family. So, I asked my father if I could give up the game and he wasn't upset at all." In 2004, she began a full-time career as a model under the tutelage of Prasad Bidapa . Early in her career, Padukone gained recognition with
2896-542: A course at Anupam Kher 's film academy. Following much media speculation, the director Farah Khan , who had noticed her in Reshammiya's music video, made the decision to cast her for a role in her upcoming film, then named Happy New Year . Rodricks also takes credit in helping her get the role. Khan was looking for a model to star in the film, and got in touch with Malaika Arora . Rodricks, for whom Padukone had been modelling for roughly two years then, recommended her to Arora,
3077-507: A crackdown on dissent, as mainstream Bollywood actors avoid making political statements fearing backlash and consequences on their film. When asked about the political backlash she has since faced, Padukone said, "I don't know if I'm supposed to feel something about it. But the truth is, I don't feel anything about it." Also in 2020, Padukone was criticised for a TikTok video aimed towards the promotion of her film Chhapaak , in which she asked users to recreate her "acid-attack survivor look" from
3258-483: A dual role opposite Shah Rukh Khan in her first Bollywood release, the romance Om Shanti Om (2007), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut . Padukone received praise for her starring role in the romance Love Aaj Kal (2009), but this was followed by a brief setback. The romantic comedy Cocktail (2012) marked a turning point in her career, and she gained further success with starring roles in
3439-551: A girl as beautiful and fresh." Rodricks had spotted her at a Ganjam jewellery class he was teaching and signed her up with the Matrix talent agency. At the age of 21, Padukone relocated to Mumbai and stayed at her aunt's home. In 2006, she gained recognition by featuring in the music video for Himesh Reshammiya 's song "Naam Hai Tera" for the album Aap Ka Surroor . Padukone soon began to receive offers for film roles. Believing herself to be too inexperienced as an actor, she enrolled for
3620-486: A headstrong daughter in Piku (2015), winning two Filmfare Awards for Best Actress . Following a short hiatus and two commercially unsuccessful films under her own company Ka Productions, Padukone took on roles in top-grossing action films, including Pathaan (2023) and Kalki 2898 AD (2024). Padukone is the founder of The Live Love Laugh Foundation , which creates awareness on mental health in India, for which she received
3801-618: A larger amount are still used in Urdu poetry written in the Devanagari script. Many words borrowed from Persian in turn were loanwords from Arabic (e.g. muśkil "difficult", havā "air", x(a)yāl "thought", kitāb "book"). Hindi also makes extensive use of loan translation ( calqueing ) and occasionally phono-semantic matching of English . Many Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries: Education in India Education in India
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#17329266436173982-529: A literary language in the 19th century. Earliest examples could be found as Prēm Sāgar by Lallu Lal , Batiyāl Pachīsī of Sadal Misra, and Rānī Kētakī Kī Kahānī of Insha Allah Khan which were published in Devanagari script during the early 19th century. John Gilchrist was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language , which was adopted as the lingua franca of northern India (including what
4163-523: A medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages. It
4344-481: A mix of pain, anger, resignation" and Teo Bugbee of The New York Times found her "by turns inquisitive, watchful and serene but never maudlin". She received another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare. Amidst significant political backlash due to Padukone's perceived support for the Citizenship Amendment Act protests , Chhapaak failed commercially. Padukone's next production venture was 83 (2021),
4525-656: A mixed review for the film, Siddhant Adlakha of IndieWire was appreciative of Padukone's "emotionally complex" performance. She served as a jury member at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival . Padukone reunited with Shah Rukh Khan in Siddharth Anand's action film Pathaan (2023), set in the YRF Spy Universe . A song in the film, " Besharam Rang ", featured Padukone in a saffron bikini, which became controversial once right-wing Hindutva groups deemed it obscene and objectionable. The Central Board of Film Certification cleared
4706-534: A number of foreign students to study topics such as Buddhist Páli literature , logic, and páli grammar . Chanakya , a Brahmin teacher, was among the most famous teachers, associated with the founding of the Mauryan Empire . Shramanas and Brahmanas historically offered education by means of donations, rather than charging fees or the procurement of funds from students or their guardians. Later, stupas and temples also became centres of education; religious education
4887-410: A part of the process of Sanskritisation , new words are coined using Sanskrit components to be used as replacements for supposedly foreign vocabulary. Usually these neologisms are calques of English words already adopted into spoken Hindi. Some terms such as dūrbhāṣ "telephone", literally "far-speech" and dūrdarśan "television", literally "far-sight" have even gained some currency in formal Hindi in
5068-520: A report by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon entitled: The Emptying of Public Schools and Growth of Private Schools in India , it is said that for sensible education-policy making, it is vital to take account of the various changing trends in the size of the private and public schooling sectors in India. Ignoring these trends involves the risk of poor policies/legislation, with adverse effects on children's education. In January 2019, India had over 900 universities and 40,000 colleges. In India's higher education system,
5249-476: A revenue of US$ 450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$ 40 billion market. As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6–14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrolment above 96%. India has maintained an average enrolment ratio of 95% for students in this age group from year 2007 to 2014. As an outcome
5430-567: A revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children. On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system. The Policy aims to make pre-primary education universal and places special emphasis on achieving foundational literacy/numeracy in primary school and beyond for all by 2025. The National Education Policy 2020 introduced
5611-464: A road trip with her dysfunctional friends. The film was screened at the 19th Busan International Film Festival ; critic Anuj Kumar of The Hindu wrote that Padukone successfully "takes off the fineries of Bollywood and you can sense the freedom from baggage in her performance". Later that year, she starred opposite Shah Rukh Khan for the third time in Farah Khan's renewal of Happy New Year . She played
Deepika Padukone - Misplaced Pages Continue
5792-412: A romantic liaison between Padmavati and Khilji; they protested violently and placed a bounty to behead Padukone and Bhansali. Following a deferment, the film was cleared for release after several modifications were made to it. Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost criticised the film's glorification of jauhar , but credited Padukone for managing to "eke something out of the stereotype-ridden writing". With
5973-813: A romantic relationship with co-star Ranbir Kapoor . She spoke openly about the relationship and sported a tattoo of his initials on the nape of her neck. She has said that the relationship had a profound effect on her, transforming her into a more confident and social person. The couple broke up a year later; she professed in an interview to feeling betrayed for a long time. In a 2010 interview, Padukone accused him of infidelity, and Kapoor later admitted to it. They reconciled their friendship while working on Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani . Padukone subsequently became reticent to discuss her personal life, but in 2017, she fondly spoke of her relationship with her frequent co-star Ranveer Singh , whom she began dating in August 2012. In October 2018,
6154-544: A second language. A Hindi proponent, Indian-born Paramananda Jha , was elected vice-president of Nepal. He took his oath of office in Hindi in July 2008. This created protests in the streets for 5 days; students burnt his effigies, and there was a general strike in 22 districts. Nepal Supreme Court ruled in 2009 that his oath in Hindi was invalid and he was kept "inactive" as vice-president. An "angry" Jha said, "I cannot be compelled to take
6335-510: A second language. The term "pre-modern" was used for three kinds of schools – the Arabic and Sanskrit schools which taught Muslim or Hindu sacred literature and the Persian schools which taught Persian literature. The vernacular schools across India taught reading and writing the vernacular language and arithmetic. British education became solidified into India as missionary schools were established during
6516-514: A sequel to Race (2008). The film received predominantly negative reviews, but grossed a successful total of ₹ 1.62 billion (US$ 19 million). Ayan Mukerji 's romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani paired her opposite Ranbir Kapoor. She was cast as Naina Talwar, a "shy wallflower", which marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying. Raja Sen termed it "her most self-aware performance" adding that she "acts within herself and eschews exaggeration, and
6697-435: A significant number of seats are reserved under affirmative action policies for the historically disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes . In universities, colleges, and similar institutions affiliated to the central government, there is a maximum 50% of reservations applicable to these disadvantaged groups, at the state level it can vary. Maharashtra had 73% reservation in 2014, which
6878-521: A simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ). Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which has an official status in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which
7059-457: A sports drama about India's victory at the 1983 Cricket World Cup , starring Ranveer Singh as Kapil Dev , in which she also took on the role of Dev's wife, Romi. The film was delayed several times chiefly due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India . Padukone was director Kabir Khan 's first choice as he considered casting a real-life couple as an onscreen pair to be a good marketing strategy. Reviews for
7240-569: A standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form. In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. However, in 2014, Urdu was accorded second official language status in the state. After independence, the Government of India instituted the following conventions: On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in
7421-413: A system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to perhaps a rupee per month to the school master, according to the ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country." In 1835,
Deepika Padukone - Misplaced Pages Continue
7602-615: A television commercial for the soap Liril and modelled for various other brands and products. In 2005, she made her runway debut at the Lakme Fashion Week for designer Suneet Varma and won Model of the Year at the Kingfisher Fashion Awards. Padukone's fame increased when she appeared in a popular print campaign for the 2006 Kingfisher Calendar ; the designer Wendell Rodricks commented, "Since Aishwarya Rai , we haven't had
7783-417: A then- record budget of ₹ 2 billion (US$ 24 million), Padmaavat had earnings of ₹ 5.45 billion (US$ 65 million) to emerge as one of Indian cinema's biggest grossers. She received another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare. Following Padmaavat , Padukone took some time off work to focus on her home and family. In 2018, she formed her own company, named Ka Productions. The company's first release
7964-593: A wider range of subjects, including additional languages, arts, and vocational subjects. At the end of class X, students often appear for a standardised board examination like the Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination / Secondary School Certificate ( SSLC / SSC ) conducted by the respective state education boards or All India Secondary School Examination ( AISSE ) conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) or
8145-436: A worldwide gross of ₹ 1.2 billion (US$ 14 million), Love Aaj Kal proved to be the third highest-grossing Hindi film of 2009 . Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis said that Padukone "delivers the best of her four performances so far", and she was awarded with another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare. Padukone had five film releases in 2010. In the psychological thriller Karthik Calling Karthik , she played
8326-463: Is "a combination of where I am in life, what I am offered and what I am capable of doing". India Today featured her among the nation's 50 most powerful people in 2017, 2019 and 2023, as did The Indian Express in 2018, 2019, 2023 and 2024. The global edition of Forbes ranked her as the tenth highest-paid actress in the world in 2016 and in 2018, the magazine ranked her as the highest-earning woman celebrity in India. From 2014 to 2016 and in 2018, she
8507-508: Is a former professional badminton player and her mother, Ujjala, is a travel agent. Her younger sister, Anisha, is a golfer. Her paternal grandfather, Ramesh, was a secretary of the Mysore Badminton Association. The family relocated to Bangalore , India when Padukone was a year old. She was educated at Bangalore's Sophia High School and completed her pre-university education at Mount Carmel College . She subsequently enrolled at
8688-642: Is a standard register of the Hindustani language; additionally, Indian media are widely viewed in Pakistan. A sizeable population in Afghanistan , especially in Kabul , can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films, songs and actors in the region. Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis (people having roots in north-India but having migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years) of Nepal . Apart from this, Hindi
8869-457: Is achieving only 79.0% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to education. Although there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach, in what form they can operate (must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution) and all the other aspects of the operation. Hence, the differentiation between government schools and private schools can be misleading. However, in
9050-460: Is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani, as both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary base derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit). Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in
9231-409: Is an official language of Gujarat , along with Gujarati . It acts as an additional official language of West Bengal in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories : Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . Although there
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#17329266436179412-542: Is based on the language that was spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab ( Delhi , Meerut and Saharanpur ) called Khariboli ; the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region came to replace earlier prestige languages such as Awadhi and Braj . Standard Hindi was developed by supplanting foreign loanwords from the Hindustani language and replacing them with Sanskrit words, though Standard Hindi does continue to possess several Persian loanwords. Modern Hindi became
9593-573: Is borrowed from Sanskrit as tatsam borrowings, especially in technical and academic fields. The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi. Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in Hindustani, causing difficulties in pronunciation. As
9774-455: Is commonly used to specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as Hindi in a wider sense . Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit , through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE. The sound changes that characterised
9955-409: Is considered among the most popular and high-profile celebrities in India. Analysing her career, Reuters published that after making a successful debut, she featured in a series of films for which critics labelled her as "wooden" and "mocked her accent". The Indian Express opined that "a few unwise script calls and the public blow up of her high profile relationship with Ranbir Kapoor" had resulted in
10136-682: Is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. While more than 95 per cent of children attend primary school, just 40 per cent of Indian adolescents attend secondary school (Grades 9–12). Since 2000, the World Bank has committed over $ 2 billion to education in India. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25% of teachers every day. States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that India
10317-518: Is mirror to a hand with bangles, What is Persian to a literate. The emergence of Modern Standard Hindi in the 19th century went along with the Sanskritisation of its vocabulary, leading to a marginalisation of Persian vocabulary in Hindi, which continued after Partition when the Indian government co-opted the policy of Sanskritisation. However, many Persian words (e.g. bas "enough", khud "self") have remained entrenched in Standard Hindi, and
10498-572: Is never capitalised". Padukone then featured alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Prabhas in Kalki 2898 AD , a Telugu science fiction film from filmmaker Nag Ashwin made on a record budget of ₹ 6 billion (US$ 72 million). Set in a dystopian future, she played a pregnant test subject on the run. Sukanya Verma found her "significant even in a passive part" but Scroll.in 's Nandini Ramnath opined that she "has little to do beyond looking stricken". Padukone also joined Rohit Shetty's Cop Universe franchise in
10679-597: Is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is often a source of friction and contentious debate. In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia , the Awadhi language (an Eastern Hindi dialect) with influence from Bhojpuri , Bihari languages , Fijian and English
10860-513: Is now present-day Pakistan ) by British colonists and indigenous people. He compiled and authored An English-Hindustani Dictionary , A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language , The Oriental Linguist , and many more. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic script , Nāgarī script , and in Roman transliteration .In the late 19th century, a movement to further develop Hindi as
11041-532: Is optional and includes pre-school and kindergarten education for children aged 3 to 6 years. It focuses on early childhood development and prepares children for formal schooling. Kindergarten is mainly attended by children between 3-5 years of age, and is an important basic building block that prepares kids for primary education. Children study in LKG for one year and then in UKG for one year. Primary education typically starts at
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#173292664361711222-701: Is particularly known in the media as a professional, disciplined performer, whose "work takes precedence over everything else". A reviewer for Rediff.com described her personality as "simple", "grounded", and "accessible", and wrote, "She takes criticism in her stride, acknowledges her limitations and strives to work hard at getting better. She handles praise with equal composure." In the book The Millennial Woman in Bollywood (2020) author Maithili Shyam Rao wrote that Padukone challenges conventional social and sexual mores through her on-screen roles and off-screen persona. Padukone maintains an active social media presence. Padukone
11403-439: Is plagued by issues such as grade inflation, corruption, unaccredited institutions offering fraudulent credentials and lack of employment prospects for graduates. Half of all graduates in India are considered unemployable. Until 1976, under the Indian constitution, each state was responsible for the schools that fell under its governance; states possessed full jurisdiction over creating and implementing education policies. After
11584-514: Is primarily managed by the state-run public education system, which falls under the command of the government at three levels: central , state and local . Under various articles of the Indian Constitution and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 , free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children aged 6 to 14. The approximate ratio of
11765-713: Is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the "Hindi Belt" of India. A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like the United States of America , the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates , Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji and Mauritius , where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani-speaking communities. Outside India, Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal ; 863,077 in
11946-459: Is spoken in Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago , and Guyana . Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. According to reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in
12127-477: Is spoken in Fiji. It is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji, where it referred to it as "Hindustani"; however, in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji , it is simply called " Fiji Hindi " as the official language. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji. Hindi is spoken as a first language by about 77,569 people in Nepal according to the 2011 Nepal census , and further by 1,225,950 people as
12308-645: Is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. While school enrolment rates have increased, the quality of education received by students remains low. The literature suggests that one of the biggest reasons for quality deficiencies in primary and secondary education is teacher absence and negligence. In one popular study, the researchers made unannounced visits to 3700 schools in 20 major Indian states, where they found that, on average, 25% of government primary school teachers absent every day. In another study, although it
12489-854: Is the dominant form of Hindi online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Traditionally, Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology: Hindi has naturally inherited a large portion of its vocabulary from Shauraseni Prakrit , in the form of tadbhava words. This process usually involves compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding consonant clusters in Prakrit, e.g. Sanskrit tīkṣṇa > Prakrit tikkha > Hindi tīkhā . Much of Standard Hindi's vocabulary
12670-403: Is the foundation of children's knowledge, skills and behaviour. On completion of pre-primary education, the children are sent to the primary stage, but pre-primary education in India is not a fundamental right. In rural India, pre-primary schools are rarely available in small villages. But in cities and big towns, there are many established players in the pre-primary education sector. The demand for
12851-480: Is the highest percentage of reservations in India. Early education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru or preceptor after initiation. The education was delivered through Gurukula . The relationship between the Guru and his Shishya (students /disciples) was a very important part of education. Taxila is an example of an ancient higher learning institute in ancient India, possibly dating as far back as
13032-566: Is written in the Devanagari script, an abugida . Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right. Unlike Sanskrit, Devanagari is not entirely phonetic for Hindi, especially failing to mark schwa deletion in spoken Standard Hindi. The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST , ITRANS and ISO 15919 . Romanised Hindi , also called Hinglish ,
13213-794: The FIFA World Cup Trophy at the competition's final match in Qatar. In 2013, she launched her own line of clothing for women, in association with the retail chain Van Heusen . Two years later, she collaborated with the fashion portal Myntra to launch another line under her brand "All About You". From 2019 to 2021, she served as the chairperson of the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image . Through her own company, Ka Enterprises, Padukone has invested in several startups, including Drum Foods International,
13394-547: The Greek traditions inherited by Persia and the Middle East before Islam spread from these regions into India. A feature of traditional Islamic education was its emphasis on the connection between science and humanities. British rule and the subsequent establishment of educational institutions saw the introduction of English as a medium of instruction. Some schools taught the curriculum through vernacular languages with English as
13575-575: The Hindi Belt ), as well as an official language of the Government of India, along with English. In Northeast India a pidgin known as Haflong Hindi has developed as a lingua franca for the people living in Haflong , Assam who speak other languages natively. In Arunachal Pradesh , Hindi emerged as a lingua franca among locals who speak over 50 dialects natively. Hindi is quite easy to understand for many Pakistanis , who speak Urdu, which, like Hindi,
13756-532: The Hindustani language written in Devanagari script . It is the official language of India alongside English and the lingua franca of North India . Hindi is considered a Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas. It is an official language in nine states and three union territories and an additional official language in three other states. Hindi
13937-850: The Indian Institutes of Technology . In 1961, the Union government formed the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies. In 2019, the Indian Ministry of Education released a draft of a new education policy, which was followed by a number of public consultations. It discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking, and promoting more holistic, experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning. It also talks about
14118-510: The Indira Gandhi National Open University for a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology, but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with her modelling career. Padukone has said that she was socially awkward as a child and did not have many friends. The focus of her life was badminton, which she played competitively from a young age. Describing her daily routine in a 2012 interview, Padukone said, "I would wake up at five in
14299-508: The Muslim invader Alauddin Khilji , in the period drama Padmaavat ; it marked her third collaboration with Bhansali and Singh. She was challenged by the need to convey her character's courage through silence, and was emotionally exhausted by the experience. She read history books on the era and researched the various depictions of Padmavati. Right-wing Hindu groups speculated that the film portrayed
14480-762: The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan , the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan , the Midday Meal Scheme , the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme, and the National Digital Education Architecture. It is also supported by various stakeholders and partners, such as UNICEF , UNESCO , World Bank , civil society organisations, academic institutions, private sector entities, and media outlets. Education in India
14661-557: The Screen Award for Best Actress for both films and the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for the latter. In 2014, Padukone featured opposite Rajinikanth in the Tamil film Kochadaiiyaan , a period drama shot using motion capture technology. She was paid ₹ 30 million (US$ 360,000) for two days of work in it. In Homi Adajania's satire Finding Fanny , Padukone played a young widow on
14842-524: The Shakespearean tragedy of Romeo and Juliet from director Sanjay Leela Bhansali . Her role was Leela, a Gujarati girl based on the character of Juliet . Initially titled Ram-Leela , the film's title was changed after a court case was registered against Bhansali, Padukone, and Singh for "offending the religious sentiments" of the Hindu community by showcasing sex and violence under a title that referred to
15023-653: The Time100 Impact Award in 2022. Padukone, the daughter of the badminton player Prakash Padukone , was born in Copenhagen and raised in Bangalore . As a teenager, she played badminton in national level championships but left her career in the sport to become a fashion model. She soon received offers for film roles and made her acting debut in 2006 as the title character of the Kannada film Aishwarya . Padukone then played
15204-814: The United States of America ; 450,170 in Mauritius; 380,000 in Fiji; 250,292 in South Africa; 150,000 in Suriname; 100,000 in Uganda ; 45,800 in the United Kingdom; 20,000 in New Zealand ; 20,000 in Germany ; 26,000 in Trinidad and Tobago; 3,000 in Singapore . Linguistically , Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. Both Hindi and Urdu share
15385-558: The World Economic Forum 's Crystal Award in 2018. She also participates in stage shows, has designed her own line of clothing for women, and is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products. Her other ventures include startup investments and a self-care brand. Padukone is married to her frequent co-star Ranveer Singh , with whom she has a daughter. Padukone was born on 5 January 1986 in Copenhagen , Denmark, to Konkani -speaking Indian parents. Her father, Prakash Padukone ,
15566-722: The sixth edition of the Indian Premier League. In 2014, she participated in a concert tour across North America, entitled "SLAM! The Tour", in which she performed alongside her co-stars from Happy New Year . Padukone has also been involved with the Olympic Gold Quest team, established by her father and Geet Sethi to support Indian athletes at the Olympic Games, along with sports personalities such as Leander Paes and Viswanathan Anand and several other actors. In 2022, Padukone and Spanish footballer Iker Casillas unveiled
15747-441: The 1820s. Dharampal was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial education in India. Dharampal's primary works are based on documentation by the colonial government on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India. His pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, provides evidence from extensive early British administrators’ reports of
15928-771: The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India was passed in 1976, education fell under the concurrent list, which allowed the federal government (also known as the central government) to recommend education policies and programmes, even if state governments continued to wield extensive autonomy in implementing these programmes . In a country as large as India, with 28 states and eight union territories, this has created vast differences between states' policies, plans, programmes, and initiatives relating to school education. Periodically, national policy frameworks are created to guide states in their creation of state-level programmes and policies. State governments and local government bodies manage
16109-401: The 5+3+3+4 education structure in India, where students will spend 5 years in the foundational stage, 3 years in the preparatory stage, 3 years in the middle stage, and 4 years in the secondary stage, with a focus on holistic development and critical thinking. However, it is important to note that educational practices can vary across different states and education boards in India. This stage
16290-564: The 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language. Now, it is celebrated as Hindi Day . Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Union. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English: (1) The official language of
16471-486: The 8th century BCE. However, it is debatable whether or not this can be regarded as a university in modern-day terms, since the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later Nalanda university in eastern India. Nalanda was the oldest university-system of education in
16652-671: The British. G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821: "I need hardly mention what every member of the Board knows as well as I do, that there is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages more; many in every town, and in large cities in every division; where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon
16833-456: The Crystal Award in 2020 for creating awareness on mental health. In 2020, Padukone attended a protest for students who were brutalised during the 2020 JNU Attack due to their protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act . Members of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party criticised her decision and asked people to boycott her film Chhapaak . Many others praised her for standing up against
17014-623: The Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing the previous usage of Hindustani in the Perso-Arabic script in the British Indian Empire . To this end, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Kaka Kalelkar , Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue. As such, on
17195-520: The Education Guarantee Scheme and in alternative learning centres). Of those schools managed privately, one third are 'aided' and two thirds are 'unaided'. Enrolment in Grades 1–8 is shared between government and privately managed schools in the ratio 73:27. However, in rural areas this ratio is higher (80:20) and in urban areas much lower (36:66). In the 2011 Census, about 73% of the population
17376-497: The English Education Act was passed by the British in India. This act made English the formal medium of education in all schools and colleges. This act neglected both indigenous schools and mass education, as only a small section of upper-class Indians were educated to become the connecting link between the government and the masses. This act is today popularly known as Macaulayism . "We must at present do our best to form
17557-517: The General Assembly, NY, November 2003). In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam. This primary education scheme has also shown a high gross enrolment ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. Significant improvement in staffing and enrolment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. The scheme for universalisation of Education for All
17738-402: The Hindi heartland. Persian borrowings reached a heyday in the 17th century, pervading all aspects of life. Even grammatical constructs, namely the izafat , were assimilated into Hindi. The status of Persian language then and thus its influence, is also visible in Hindi proverbs : हाथ कंगन को आरसी क्या, पढ़े लिखे को फ़ारसी क्या। Hāth kaṅgan ko ārsī kyā, Paṛhe likhe ko Fārsī kyā. What
17919-563: The Hindu/Indian people') was often used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrau in his poetry. The terms Hindi and Hindu trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu ( सिन्धु ), referring to the Indus River . The Greek cognates of the same terms are Indus (for the river) and India (for the land of the river). The term Modern Standard Hindi
18100-900: The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Seconday school education in India is commonly known as "high school" or "secondary school". These terms are widely used across the country to refer to the stage of education that follows primary education and precedes higher secondary education. After completing secondary or high school education, students move on to higher secondary education, which includes classes XI and XII (grades 11–12). They typically specialise in one of three streams: Science, Commerce, or Humanities/Arts. The curriculum becomes more focused on specific subjects related to
18281-464: The Indian edition of FHM . and she was selected by the UK magazine Eastern Eye as the "Sexiest Asian Woman" in 2016 and 2018, and later, of the decade. Madame Tussauds unveiled her wax statue in London in 2019. Taking note of her dress sense, Filmfare credited her as one of the "few actresses who experiments with colours, cuts and silhouettes". In the fitness book The Four-Week Countdown Diet , Padukone
18462-530: The Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies. Article 344 (2b) stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every ten years to recommend steps for
18643-542: The President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union. Article 351 of the Indian constitution states: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as
18824-460: The Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement: Provided that
19005-655: The University Education Commission (1948–1949), the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953), University Grants Commission and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of Jawaharlal Nehru , India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as
19186-561: The adoption of the Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, private schools were required to be 'government-recognised'. A private school would be eligible for government recognition when it met certain conditions. At the primary and secondary level, India has a large private school system complementing the government run schools, with 29% of students receiving private education in the 6 to 14 age group. Certain post-secondary technical schools are also private. The private education market in India had
19367-454: The age of 6 and continues for 5 years, from classes I to V. The main subjects taught during this stage include mathematics, science, social science, languages (usually English and a regional language), and physical education. Education from class 1 to 4 is classified as lower primary education ( LP ) and class 5 to 7 as upper primary ( UP ) education. Secondary education covers classes VIII to X, usually from ages 12 to 16. Students are exposed to
19548-506: The best by an actress that year, writing that she "is so potent in Tamasha , it's almost as if you can hear her heartbeat across the screen". Reacting to the film's commercial failure, Padukone said that she did not measure success with box-office numbers. She reunited with Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Ranveer Singh in Bajirao Mastani , a historical drama about a tragic extramarital affair. Singh
19729-495: The best possible way for a better understanding of the young children. By following an easy and interesting curriculum, teachers strive hard to make the entire learning process enjoyable for the children. Primary education in India is divided into two parts: Lower Primary (Class I-V) and Upper Primary (Class VI-VIII). The Indian government places emphasis on primary education, intended for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Since education laws are governed by individual states,
19910-1141: The chosen stream. At the end of class XII, students generally appear for board examinations such as the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination conducted by the respective state boards or All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) conducted by CBSE or the Indian School Certificate (ISC) examination conducted by CISCE . The terminology used to describe higher secondary education varies between states in India. Some commonly used terms include intermediate education in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh; higher secondary education (HSE) in Assam, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu; senior secondary education (SSE) in Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan; and pre-university education (PUC) in Karnataka. These terms represent
20091-453: The couple announced their impending marriage. The following month, they married in traditional Konkani Hindu and Sikh Anand Karaj ceremonies at Lake Como , Italy. On 8 September 2024, she gave birth to their daughter Dua. In addition to acting, Padukone has written opinion columns and has been involved with women's health and fitness magazines. She has also supported charitable organisations, and has performed for stage shows. In 2009, she
20272-591: The crazy-dance girl at parties". NDTV's Saibal Chatterjee opined that she "holds Piku together with a restrained star turn". With a worldwide gross of over ₹ 1.40 billion (US$ 17 million), Piku was a box office hit, and garnered Padukone several awards, including second Best Actress awards at Filmfare and Screen. Later in 2015, Padukone played a vulnerable young woman in love with a psychologically troubled man (played by Ranbir Kapoor) in Imtiaz Ali's romantic drama Tamasha . Sukanya Verma named her performance as
20453-420: The duration of primary school can vary between Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. 80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it
20634-690: The education board, such as CBSE , CISCE , state boards, or international boards. Additionally, there are alternative education systems in India, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) and Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) , which follow different curricula and assessment methods. After completing higher secondary or intermediate education, students can pursue higher education in colleges and universities. Higher education options include undergraduate programmes (bachelor's degrees), postgraduate programmes (master's degrees), and doctoral programmes (Ph.D. degrees). The pre-primary stage
20815-591: The education system includes a two-year pre-university course (PUC) after the completion of secondary education (10th grade). The PUC is commonly referred to as junior college. Students typically enroll in pre-university colleges to pursue their intermediate education, which acts as a bridge between high school and university. The pre-university system allows students to choose from three major streams of study: Upon completing their pre-university education, students can choose to pursue higher education at universities, professional colleges, or other specialised institutions. In
20996-483: The educational stage following secondary education and indicate the diverse terminology used in different states across the country. The curriculum for these streams may vary based on the board of education or state education board. After completing the 12th grade, students can also pursue higher education in universities or specialised institutions depending on their chosen stream and career aspirations. In certain states in India, such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh ,
21177-555: The end of 2006, Farah Khan's Happy New Year was shelved, and Khan had instead cast Padukone for the masala film Om Shanti Om (2007). Set against the backdrop of the Hindi film industry , the film tells the story of a struggling actor who is reincarnated to avenge the death of a film star. Shah Rukh Khan starred as the lead, and Padukone featured in dual roles of a star in the 1970s, and later, an aspiring actress. In preparation, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her voice
21358-452: The ensemble action sequel Singham Again (2024), starring Ajay Devgn in the title role. Mint 's Udita Jhunjhunwala lamented her "insufficient presence" in it. Kalki 2898 AD , Singham Again and Fighter rank among the highest-grossing Indian films of 2024 , with the former earning a top-ranking ₹ 10 billion (US$ 120 million) worldwide and the latter two having modest returns on their high production budgets. Padukone shares
21539-602: The entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama opined that she had "all it takes to be a top star", and she was awarded with the Filmfare Best Female Debut Award and received her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress nomination. Bollywood Hungama reported that the success of Om Shanti Om proved a breakthrough for her. Padukone next played one of star Ranbir Kapoor 's love interests in Siddharth Anand 's romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008). The film
21720-581: The film as "abysmal" and thought that Padukone's talent was wasted in it, but Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter believed that she "practically steals the film". The film earned over US$ 345 million worldwide, a majority of which came from the Chinese box office. Padukone received three nominations at the Teen Choice Awards . In 2018, Padukone portrayed Rani Padmavati , a Rajput queen who commits jauhar (self-immolation) to protect herself from
21901-454: The film as a "festival of bad acting" and attributed Padukone's poor performance to her "plasticky expressions". Pradeep Sarkar 's drama Lafangey Parindey (2010) starred Padukone as a blind girl determined to win a skating competition, for which she observed the interactions of blind people and rehearsed scenes while blindfolded. The Hindu 's Sudhish Kamath was impressed by the "considerable restraint" in her performance. Her next role
22082-449: The film for release after some edits were made to the song sequence. Saibal Chatterjee wrote that Padukone "pulls off the dual act of an irrepressible femme fatale and a committed soldier with elan". In her second collaboration with Khan in the same year, Padukone played a brief role (billed as a special appearance) in the action thriller Jawan . Reviewers for Hindustan Times and The Week noted how much her pairing with Khan helped
22263-464: The film were positive, with Davesh Sharma of Filmfare commending Padukone for adding glamour to her supporting part. It failed to perform well commercially. Padukone next took on a leading role in Shakun Batra 's Gehraiyaan (2022), a drama about infidelity which was released on Amazon Prime Video . She described her part of a troubled woman engaged in an affair as the most layered of her career. In
22444-556: The film which was deemed "insensitive" and "disrespectful" to acid-attack victims. Later that year, Padukone was among several Bollywood actors who were criticised for posting Instagram messages showing solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement, despite their previous work advertising skin-lightening products which perpetuate colourism. The journalist Vir Sanghvi , in 2013, described Padukone as "strong, someone who makes up her own mind, [and] has motivation within herself." She
22625-670: The foundation teamed with Facebook and the AASRA organisation to launch multilingual tools and educational resources in Facebook's networking site to support people with suicidal tendencies. Padukone became the brand ambassador for the NGO Indian Psychiatric Society and on her foundation's first anniversary, the two organisations collaborated to launch the video and poster campaign #DobaraPoocho dedicated to victims and survivors of depression. The World Economic Forum presented her with
22806-534: The government. The District Education Revitalisation Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalise primary education in India by reforming and vitalising the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15% was funded by the states. The DERP, which had opened 160,000 new schools including 84,000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children,
22987-464: The great mass of the population." According to sociologist Hetukar Jha , this act lead to the decline of indigenous schools which flourished in villages and towns, and simultaneously, the British policy in 1835 skewed in favor of the filtration theory of education, which worked to block to a significant extent the entry of the middle classes and below. The colonial period also saw an increasing establishment of Christian missionary schools , which had
23168-399: The hype, Chandni Chowk To China was a financial failure, failing to recoup its ₹ 800 million (US$ 9.6 million) budget. She appeared alongside Saif Ali Khan in the romantic drama Love Aaj Kal from the writer-director Imtiaz Ali . The film documented the changing value of relationships among the youth and had Padukone play the part of Meera Pandit, a head-strong career woman . With
23349-490: The jealousy ridden girl out to destroy herself." Cocktail earned Padukone Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies, including Filmfare, Screen , and IIFA . The film also proved to be a box office success. The year 2013 was key for Padukone, as she starred in four of the top-grossing Hindi films of the year . She reunited with Saif Ali Khan in Abbas–Mustan 's Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller that served as
23530-619: The largest provider of education in the country. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. While school enrollment rates have increased, many children leave school with poor literacy and numeracy skills. ASER reported in 2019 that only 50% of fifth standard students in rural India could read
23711-531: The last 125 years, there are no academic studies of any of them – of their use in South Africa, their evolution and current decline. Hindi is adopted as the third official court language in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . As a result of this status, the Indian workforce in UAE can file their complaints to the labour courts in the country in their own mother-tongue. Hindi is the lingua franca of northern India (which contains
23892-524: The life of Rama . The film released among protests, but was generally well received by critics. Meena Iyer of The Times of India mentioned Padukone as "breathtaking", and Khalid Mohamed concluded that "it's Deepika Padukone whom the film belongs to. Looking drop dead gorgeous and going at her part with a wallop, she's the prime asset of Ram-Leela ." Her performances in Chennai Express and Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela won her several awards, including
24073-418: The luxury jewellery brand Cartier . Padukone has been the recipient of three Filmfare Awards from 10 nominations: Best Female Debut for Om Shanti Om (2007), and two Best Actress awards for Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) and Piku (2015). Hindi Modern Standard Hindi ( आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी , Ādhunik Mānak Hindī ), commonly referred to as Hindi , is the standardised variety of
24254-423: The majority of primary and upper primary schools and the number of government-managed elementary schools is growing. Simultaneously, the number and proportion managed by private bodies is growing. In 2005-2006, 83.13% of schools offering elementary education (Grades 1–8) were managed by government, and 16.86% of schools were under private management (excluding children in unrecognised schools, schools established under
24435-656: The market research firm YouGov named her the world's thirteenth most admired woman. On International Women's Day in 2022, Outlook India listed her as one of the women redefining leadership roles. In the same year, Padukone was awarded the TIME100 Impact Award for her work with mental health advocacy. In 2023, she was featured by the Indian edition of Hello! magazine in their 100 most influential list. The Week estimated her net worth to be ₹ 500 crore (US$ 60 million) in 2023, making her India's richest female celebrity. Padukone ranks high on various listings of
24616-430: The morning, go for physical training, go to school, again go for playing badminton, finish my homework, and go to sleep." Padukone continued to pursue a career in badminton throughout her school years and played the sport in national level championships. She also played baseball in a few state level tournaments. While concentrating on her education and sporting career, Padukone also worked as a child model, first appearing in
24797-459: The most attractive Indian celebrities. In 2008, she topped Indian Maxim ' s "Hot 100" list, and in 2012, she was named "India's Most Beautiful Woman" by the Indian edition of People magazine. Padukone has frequently featured in The Times of India ' s listing of the "Most Desirable Woman", topping the list in 2012 and 2013. In 2010 and 2014, she was named the "World's Sexiest Woman" by
24978-408: The most visible face on television in India that year. She has regularly featured in Duff & Phelps ' listings of Indian celebrities with the highest brand value, peaking at the second position in 2018 with an estimated brand value of US$ 102.5 million. In 2020, she became the first Indian actor to campaign for the fashion company Louis Vuitton , and in 2022, she was named a brand ambassador for
25159-443: The number of students in the age group 6–14 who are not enrolled in school has come down to 2.8% in the academic year 2018 (ASER 2018). Another report from 2013 stated that there were 229 million students enrolled in different accredited urban and rural schools of India, from Class I to XII, representing an increase of 2.3 million students over 2002 total enrolment, and a 19% increase in girl's enrolment. While quantitatively India
25340-410: The oath now in Nepali. I might rather take it in English." Hindi is a protected language in South Africa . According to the Constitution of South Africa , the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Hindi along with other languages. According to a doctoral dissertation by Rajend Mesthrie in 1985, although Hindi and other Indian languages have existed in South Africa for
25521-460: The official language of the imperial court during the reign of Shah Jahan . It is recorded that Emperor Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi . The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement , and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs. Standard Hindi
25702-461: The picture. Both Pathaan and Jawan broke several box-office records for a Hindi film, each earning over ₹ 10 billion (US$ 120 million) to rank among Hindi cinema's biggest grossers. Padukone received another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for Pathaan . Her accomplishments of the year led India Today to name her as "the go-to actress for big-budget spectacles". Describing her multiple collaborations with Khan, she has said that they have
25883-426: The place of the English borrowings (ṭeli)fon and ṭīvī . Hindi also features significant Persian influence, standardised from spoken Hindustani . Early borrowings, beginning in the mid-12th century, were specific to Islam (e.g. Muhammad , Islām ) and so Persian was simply an intermediary for Arabic. Later, under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire , Persian became the primary administrative language in
26064-412: The preschools is growing considerably in the smaller towns and cities but still, only 1% of the population under age 6 is enrolled in preschool education. LKG and UKG stages prepare and help children emotionally, mentally, socially and physically to grasp knowledge easily in the later stages of school and college life. A systematic process of preschool education is followed in India to impart knowledge in
26245-459: The progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. While enrolment in higher education has increased steadily over the past decade, reaching a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 26.3% in 2019, there still remains a significant distance to catch up with tertiary education enrolment levels of developed nations, a challenge that will be necessary to overcome in order to continue to reap
26426-522: The progressive use of Hindi language and impose restrictions on the use of the English language by the union government. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly endeavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on English in official use by the union government. At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Hindi
26607-427: The quality of education, reducing disparities, lowering dropout rates, increasing enrolment and completion rates, enhancing learning outcomes and employability, strengthening governance and accountability, promoting innovation and technology, and addressing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic . It is influenced by various policies and programmes at the national and state levels, such as the National Education Policy 2020 ,
26788-541: The quality of teaching and education in India relative to investments in building more schools. Building schools is more "visible" to the voting public and easily attributable to the government; training teachers to teach better and raising the quality of education is a more uncertain venture, the success of which is determined by factors outside the control of any one government. This incentivises governments to focus their resources on "visible" areas of intervention . There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by
26969-399: The regular academic curriculum, vocational education is offered at various stages to provide specific skills and training in fields such as engineering, information technology, hospitality, healthcare, and more. Vocational courses are available at both the secondary and higher secondary levels. It is important to note that educational practices, syllabus, and examinations may vary depending on
27150-434: The relaxation of controls on missionary activity. Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the low literacy rate in both rural and urban India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established
27331-407: The rest of the states in India, including the central education boards like CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) and CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations), the education system follows a 10+2 format. It consists of ten years of primary and secondary education (up to the 10th grade) followed by two years of higher secondary education (11th and 12th grade). In addition to
27512-401: The results are impressive". The pairing of Padukone with her former boyfriend was highly anticipated, and the film emerged as a major commercial success. Her next appearance was opposite Shah Rukh Khan in Rohit Shetty 's action comedy film Chennai Express , as a Tamil girl on the run from her father (a local don ), which required that she adopt a Tamil accent. Critical opinion on her accent
27693-436: The revolutionary leader Surya Sen and Padukone played Kalpana Dutta , his confidante. Padukone said that she was unable to research her role as there was very little information on Dutta and relied on Gowarikar's direction. Barring Housefull , none of these films were commercially successful. Padukone began 2011 with an item number in the film Dum Maaro Dum . She referred to it as "the wildest song any actress has done";
27874-456: The role of a headstrong Bengali girl who cares for her hypochondriac father (played by Amitabh Bachchan), in Shoojit Sircar 's comedy-drama Piku (2015). She was drawn to the depiction of a realistic father-daughter bond, which she thought was rare in Hindi cinema. Tanmaya Nanda of Business Standard praised the film's feminist tone, and wrote that Padukone proves "what she is capable of when given something more to do than look pretty and be
28055-454: The role was a creative and physical challenge for her, and to achieve the physical requirements of her character she exercised extensively and followed a rigorous diet. Critics were divided in their opinion of the film, but particularly praised Padukone's performance; Devesh Sharma of Filmfare credited her as the "soul of the film" and wrote that she "excels in every scene, whether as a material girl who enjoys sex, drugs and rock and roll or as
28236-431: The romantic comedies Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani and Chennai Express (both 2013), the heist comedy Happy New Year (2014), Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's period dramas Bajirao Mastani (2015) and Padmaavat (2018), and the Hollywood action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017). She also received critical acclaim for playing a character based on Juliet in Bhansali's Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) and
28417-440: The same language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu. Hindi is the most commonly used scheduled language in India and is one of the two official languages of the union , the other being English. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 scheduled languages of India , also having official status in Uttar Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Delhi , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh and Bihar . Hindi
28598-463: The song's sexual content attracted controversy including a court case for indecency. Her next film was Prakash Jha 's socio-political drama Aarakshan , which dealt with caste-based reservations in India . Trade journalists had high expectations for the film which ultimately flopped at the box office. Critical reaction was largely negative, though Pratim D. Gupta mentioned Padukone as the most "refreshing thing" about it. Her final appearance that year
28779-470: The supportive girlfriend of a depressed man (played by Farhan Akhtar ). Derek Elley of Variety found the film to be "thinly plotted" but considered "the uncomplicated ingenuousness of Padukone" to be the film's highlight. Her most financially profitable film that year was Sajid Khan 's ₹ 1.15 billion (US$ 14 million)-grossing comedy film Housefull in which she featured alongside an ensemble cast headlined by Akshay Kumar. Critic Raja Sen described
28960-520: The total number of public schools to private schools in India is 10:3. Education in India covers different levels and types of learning, such as early childhood education , primary education , secondary education , higher education , and vocational education . It varies significantly according to different factors, such as location (urban or rural), gender , caste , religion , language , and disability . Education in India has much room for growth, such as improving access to education, increasing
29141-471: The transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are: During the period of Delhi Sultanate in medieval India , which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures , the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian , evolving into the present form of Hindustani. Hindi achieved prominence in India after it became
29322-412: The village with a regular supply of electricity. She visited Indian jawans (troops) in Jammu , for an Independence Day special episode of NDTV's reality show Jai Jawaan . Padukone took part in the opening ceremony of the third season of the Indian Premier League at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai . Three years later, she performed alongside Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif , and Pitbull for
29503-473: The widespread prevalence of indigenous educational institutions in Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15. In 1818, the fall of Maratha Empire lead to large parts of India coming under British rule. During the decade of 1820–30, detailed surveys of the indigenous education system that were prevalent in their provinces were conducted by
29684-540: The world in the modern sense of university, and all subjects there were taught in the Pali language . Secular institutions cropped up along Buddhist monasteries. These institutions imparted practical education such as medical studies. A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 500 BCE to 400 CE. The important urban centres of learning were Nalanda (in modern-day Bihar ), Vikramashila , and Odantapuri among others. These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted
29865-607: The world including first and second language speakers. Hindi is the fastest growing language of India , followed by Kashmiri , Meitei , Gujarati and Bengali according to the 2011 census of India . The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī ( Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi ), meaning ' of or belonging to Hind (India) ' (hence, ' Indian ' ). Another name Hindavī ( हिन्दवी ) or Hinduī ( हिन्दुई ) (from Persian هندوی 'of or belonging to
30046-520: The year . Anupama Chopra found Padukone "riveting", but Subhash K. Jha thought that she was "way too subtle and silken, and not steely enough". At the 61st Filmfare Awards , Bajirao Mastani was named Best Film and Padukone received her second Best Actress nomination in that year. The action film XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017), in which Padukone played the leading lady opposite Vin Diesel , marked her first project in Hollywood . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Tirdad Derakhshani dismissed
30227-436: Was Chhapaak (2020), a drama by Meghna Gulzar , in which Padukone starred as an acid attack survivor (based on Laxmi Agarwal ). She found it taxing to film in extreme heat wearing prosthetic makeup on her face, and considered it to be the most physically challenging role of her career. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express was appreciative of Padukone for "not just putting the focus on the ravaged-skin [...] but reflecting
30408-482: Was a financial success, but Namrata Joshi of Outlook dismissed her performance as "mannequin-like and utterly lack[ing] fire and zing". Her first release of 2009 came alongside Akshay Kumar in the kung fu comedy Chandni Chowk to China , in which she portrayed dual roles of Indian-Chinese twin sisters. Produced by Warner Bros. , it had one of the widest international releases given to an Indian film. Padukone learned jujutsu and performed her own stunts. Despite
30589-399: Was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. "Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately – by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government's ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid" (Kofi Annan, in his statement on the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption by
30770-406: Was cast as the maratha general Bajirao I , while Priyanka Chopra and Padukone featured as his first and second wife, respectively. To play the warrior-princess Mastani , Padukone learnt sword-fighting, horse-riding, and the martial art form of kalaripayattu . With a revenue of over ₹ 3.5 billion (US$ 42 million), Bajirao Mastani proved to be the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of
30951-411: Was cited by Namita Jain as "the ultimate role model for a healthy, fit and active lifestyle". Padukone is an active endorser for several brands and products, including Tissot , Maybelline , Coca-Cola , and L'Oréal Paris , among others. In 2014, Business Standard reported that Padukone earned ₹ 50 million (US$ 600,000) to ₹ 60 million (US$ 720,000) per endorsement deal and TAM AdEX named Padukone
31132-897: Was compulsory, but secular subjects were also taught. Students were required to be brahmacharis or celibate. The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform. Arts, crafts, Ayurveda, architecture, etc., were taught. With the advent of Islam in India the traditional methods of education increasingly came under Islamic influence. Pre-Mughal rulers such as Qutb-ud-din Aybak and other Muslim rulers initiated institutions which imparted religious knowledge. Scholars such as Nizamuddin Auliya and Moinuddin Chishti became prominent educators and established Islamic monasteries. Students from Bukhara and Afghanistan visited India to study humanities and science. Islamic institution of education in India included traditional madrassas and maktabs which taught grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and law influenced by
31313-407: Was dubbed by the voice artist Mona Ghosh Shetty . For one of the songs in the film, "Dhoom Taana", Padukone drew upon Indian classical dance, and according to Dorling Kindersley , "mesmeriz[ed] audiences" by using hasta mudras (hand gestures). Om Shanti Om emerged as the highest-grossing Hindi film of the year , with a global revenue of ₹ 1.49 billion (US$ 18 million). Taran Adarsh of
31494-399: Was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu ) led to the passage of
31675-412: Was found that three-quarters of the teachers were in attendance in the government primary schools that were inspected, only half of them were found teaching. Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18, a group comprising 88.5 million children according to the 2001 Census of India . The final two years of secondary is often called Higher Secondary (HS), Senior Secondary, Intermediate or simply
31856-448: Was hired by Hindustan Times to write weekly columns for their lifestyle section; through these columns she interacted with her fans and passed details of her personal and professional life. That year, she participated in the World 10K Bangalore marathon, which raised ₹ 13.1 million (US$ 160,000) in support of 81 NGOs. In 2010, Padukone adopted the Maharashtrian village of Ambegaon as part of NDTV's Greenathon Campaign, to provide
32037-418: Was in the comedy Desi Boyz alongside Kumar and John Abraham , a role that failed to propel her career forward. The series of poorly received films led critics to perceive that Padukone had "[lost] her sparkle." Padukone has said that her starring role in the 2012 Homi Adajania -directed romantic comedy Cocktail marked a turning point in her career. Raja Sen opined that she had successfully proved to be
32218-416: Was mixed, but her performance received praise; film critic Aseem Chhabra wrote, "Padukone is delightful in the film—beautiful, smiling, and often a lot more playful and funny than Khan." Chennai Express earned over ₹ 3.95 billion (US$ 47 million) to emerge as one of the highest-grossing Indian films . Padukone next played opposite Ranveer Singh in Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela , an adaptation of
32399-426: Was opposite Imran Khan in the romantic comedy Break Ke Baad . CNN-IBN 's Rajeev Masand found the film to be "watchable largely for the performance of its leading lady". Padukone's final release of 2010 was Ashutosh Gowariker 's period film Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey opposite Abhishek Bachchan . Based on the book Do and Die , the film is a retelling of the 1930 Chittagong armoury raid . Bachchan featured as
32580-416: Was reported to be literate, with 81% for males and 65% for females. National Statistical Commission surveyed literacy to be 77.7% in 2017–18, 84.7% for male and 70.3% for female. This compares to 1981 when the respective rates were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951 the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its economic development . Much of
32761-411: Was the highest ranked woman on the Indian edition of Forbes ' " Celebrity 100 " list, peaking at the fourth position in 2018 with an estimated annual earning of over ₹ 1.12 billion (US$ 13 million). Also in 2018, Time magazine named Padukone one of the 100 most influential people in the world ; Variety magazine featured her in their list of the 50 most impactful women in the world, and
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