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23-686: Dawachi belonged to the highest rank of Dzungar aristocracy. He traced his ancestry back directly to Erdeni Batur (died 1635), the founder of the Dzungar Khanate. His grandfather was Tsering Dondup. His brother, Tsewang Rabtan (1643-1727), led the Dzungar invasion and occupation of Tibet in 1717. His father was the second cousin of Galdan Tseren , the Khong Tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate from 1727 to 1745. Dawachi, whose pasture lands were centered in

46-535: A 20-year conflict, in exchange for diplomatic and trade relations. The commercial ties, which remained intact throughout his rule, and the prosperity generated by such ties with Russian outposts further solidified Erdeni Batur's prestige and position among the Oirats and the leaders of the adjacent nations. Within the Khanate, Erdenebaatar set out on an ambition campaign of empire building activities. For instance, he established

69-733: A campaign against Dawachi. Many were Khalkha Mongols, who contributed tens of thousands of horses and mules to the effort. Amursana was made Border Pacification Vice-general of the Left of the Northern Route Army. General Ban Di took supreme command of the army, which set out from Uliastai in March 1755 and linked up with the Western Route Army under Yong Chang and Salar (薩喇勒) three months later. The combined forces reached Bortala in June 1755. Militarily,

92-456: A capital city called Khobak Sari south of Lake Zaisan on the Imil River , near the modern city of Tacheng , and built monasteries throughout Dzungar territory. He also promoted Buddhism to his subjects, and encouraged them to resettle to the new capital and to engage in both agriculture and small-scale manufacturing, like masonry and metal crafting. Like his father, Erdenebaatar sought to build

115-624: A princess from the Qing imperial family. The last years of Dawachi's life were spent in Kalgan where, in 1759, he died from excessive alcohol consumption. Erdeni Batur Erdeni Batur (in modern Mongolian : Эрдэнэбаатар, Erdenebaatar; Chinese : 巴圖爾琿台吉 ; d. 1653) was a Choros-Oirat prince generally considered to be the founder of the Dzungar Khanate , centered in the Dzungaria region, currently in north-westernmost part of China . Erdenebaatar

138-517: A standard code of laws and in making Buddhism the official religion throughout the Mongol realm. After the entente, Erdenebaatar continued to consolidate his power, preparing the Dzungar Khanate for its attack upon the Qing for control over Central Asia. Upon his death in 1653, Erdeni Batur was succeeded by his third son, Sengge . Khojis Khojis ( Uyghur : خوجىس , Manchu : ᡥᠣᠵᡳ᠍ᠰ , Chinese : 霍集斯 ; pinyin : Huòjísī , died 1781)

161-582: A thousand of his men, he and Amursana marched to Ili where they surprised Lama Dorji and killed him on 13 January 1753. Other sources claim that Lama Dorji was killed by his own troops in December 1752. Following the death of Lama Dorji, Dawachi claimed the title taisha of the Dzungars based on his aristocratic lineage. Amursana , although a prince, was of considerably simpler descent and was of Khoit rather than Dzungar origin. Nevertheless, Amursana, who had married

184-597: The Ili River , the Qing army led by Zhaohui approached Ili and forced Dawachi to withdraw south west to the Gedeng Mountains where he made a last stand with his remaining 10,000 men. Dawachi's army was routed. Dawachi was captured by Hakim Beg Khojis , Muslim Governor of Us-Turfan , who sent him on to Beijing. There, the Qianlong Emperor showed leniency, granting Dawachi a princely title and permitting him to marry

207-460: The Tarbagatai region first came to prominence when he and his Khoit - Oirat ally Amursana opposed the rule of Lama Dorji (1728-1753), who had seized the Dzungar throne after assassinating his brother Tsewang Dorji Namjal in 1750. The reign of Lama Dorji's father, Galdan Tseren , represented a resurgence of the Dzungar Khanate 's political, military and economic influence in central Asia after

230-610: The Khanate's power and independence to be able to wage war against the Qing dynasty of China for control over territory. His attempts to monopolize power among the Oirat tribes, however, was only partially successful. The dissension and skirmishes, for example, compelled Güshi Khan and his brother, Kundelung Ubasha, to move a substantial part of the Khoshut-Oirat tribe from the Lake Zaisan area to

253-560: The area around Qinghai Lake – what the Chinese called Qinghai and the Tibetans called Amdo – in 1636, where they soon would establish the Khoshut Khanate and transform Tibet into a Qing protectorate . But the unity Erdeni Batur created among the remaining Oirat tribes, viz., Choros, Dörbet and Khoit tribes, further strengthened his power and his resolve to establish the Dzungar Khanate as

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276-482: The campaign was much more successful than expected. There were mass desertions among Dawachi's forces when they learned that Amursana was part of the approaching army. In desperation, Dawachi sent a delegation to Beijing led by his son, who expressed his father's desire to become a vassal of the Qing Empire. The Qing army did not respond and continued the campaign. After several skirmishes and small scale battles along

299-601: The daughter of Ablai Khan , leader of the neighboring Kazakh Khanate , and had negotiated the support of various Oirat clan leaders, called on Dawachi to divide the Khanate's lands between them as Amursana said he was promised. Dawachi refused and instead attacked Amursana in 1754, forcing him to flee east to Khovd where he swore allegiance to the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Empire . The Qianlong Emperor agreed to support Amursana's plans to defeat Dawachi, which included

322-414: The defeats of Galdan Boshugtu Khan 's forces by the Qing army fifty years earlier. When Galdan Tseren died in 1745, his three sons battled over succession. The political anarchy that ensued all but eliminated the gains made under Galdan Tseren. In 1751, Lama Dorji's pre-emptive military strike defeated forces loyal to Dawachi, who was forced to flee across the border into Kazakh Khanate territory. With

345-450: The entente, except for the Mongol tribes of Inner Mongolia , who recently joined the Qing. One of the purposes for the entente was to form a pan-Mongol coalition against all potential external enemies, such as the Kazakhs and the newly emerging Qing state. The second yet equally important purpose was to devise a method by which disputes could be resolved short of war. To that end, a legal code

368-531: The leadership role, while they still claimed that, as the direct descendants of Genghis Khan , they were the rightful leaders of the Mongols. Basically, the Khalkha Mongol princes did not want to lose their sovereignty to someone who could not make that claim, even though their power and influence was in decline, while the fortunes of the Dzungar Khanate were rising. Nonetheless, Erdeni Batur did succeed in instituting

391-566: The others. His increased stature and the wide recognition the Dzungar Khanate received as a great power among Central Asian nomads led Erdenebaatar to call for a pan-Mongolian alliance in 1640. The entente took place inside Dzungar territory at a place called Ulan Buraa , near the Tarbagatai Mountains on the border between what is now the Xinjiang province of China and Kyrgyzstan . The ruling princes of all Mongolian tribes were present at

414-617: The preeminent power in Central Asia. The Fifth Dalai Lama took note of the rising power and influence of the Dzungar Khanate and granted Erdeni Batur the title, " Khong Tayiji " (known in Chinese as Hong Taiji, or crown prince) for military support he provided Güshi Khan to topple the enemies of the Gelug sect. Moreover, by granting this title, the Fifth Dalai Lama had hoped to have another ally protecting and promoting his Gelug lineage above

437-467: The retaking of Ili and neighboring Kashgar . Meanwhile, most of the Oirat Khoshut had followed Amursana and had defected to the Qing, leaving Dawachi with only the Dzungars under his control. Late 1754 and early 1755, in an attempt to definitively settle the 60-year-old Dzungaria problem, the Qianlong Emperor gave orders for a final advance on Ili . Approximately 200,000 soldiers were mobilized for

460-454: The supreme military and political ruler. Upon becoming ruler of the Dzungars, Erdeni Batur sought to consolidate his position around the Tarbagatai Mountains , the land his people roamed. In so doing, Erdeni Batur led the Dzungars to several victorious military campaigns over the Kazakhs to his west. To the north in southern Siberia , Erdeni Batur gave Russia access to salt mines, thereby ending

483-400: Was a Muslim Uyghur Emir, or hākim beg , of Uqturpan (also Us-Turfan , Chinese: 烏什 , Wushi ) in Xinjiang during the 18th century. Khojis collaborated with Qing forces in the 1755-1757 Dzungar–Qing War , when he captured the Dzungar Khanate leader Dawachi as he fled into the mountains north of Aksu , and delivered him to the Qing. Khojis again collaborated with the Qing in

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506-712: Was drafted, establishing a system of rules that governed the daily activities of all Mongols from the Volga River in southeastern Russia to present-day eastern Mongolia . These set of laws are called the "Great Code of the Forty and the Four" (Döchin Dörben Hoyar un Ike Tsagaza) known as the Khalkha-Oirat Law. The attempt to institute a pan-Mongol coalition, however, failed. The Khalkha Mongol princes were upset that Erdeni Batur assumed

529-399: Was the son of Khara Khula who was taishi (in modern Mongolian :тайж, taij, meaning "nobleman") of the dominant Choros tribe and the leader of the allied Four Oirat , collectively known as "Dzungars." After the death of his father in 1634, Erdeni Batur assumed his father's position and carried on his father's objective of unifying the Oirat tribes into a formal confederation with himself as

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