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109-489: Darren Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969) is an American filmmaker. His films are noted for their surreal, melodramatic, and often disturbing elements, frequently in the form of psychological fiction . Aronofsky studied film and social anthropology at Harvard University before studying directing at the AFI Conservatory . He won several film awards after completing his senior thesis film, Supermarket Sweep , which became

218-526: A British colonial possession , he was effectively confined to New Guinea for several years. He made use of the time by undertaking far more intensive fieldwork than had been done by British anthropologists, and his classic ethnographical work, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) advocated an approach to fieldwork that became standard in the field: getting "the native's point of view" through participant observation . Theoretically, he advocated

327-586: A cult following . His fourth film, the sports drama The Wrestler (2008), was released to critical acclaim. Aronofsky won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival , and the film's lead actors, Mickey Rourke and Marisa Tomei , received Academy Award nominations. His next film, the psychological horror Black Swan (2010), received further acclaim and many accolades , with five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Director , and

436-680: A functionalist interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to satisfy individual needs. Modern social anthropology was founded in Britain at the London School of Economics and Political Science following World War I . Influences include both the methodological revolution pioneered by Bronisław Malinowski 's process-oriented fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia between 1915 and 1918 and Alfred Radcliffe-Brown 's theoretical program for systematic comparison that

545-426: A Best Actress win for Natalie Portman . His sixth feature film, the biblically inspired epic Noah (2014), became his first film to open at No. 1 at the box office despite its mixed reception from critics and audiences. His seventh and eighth films, Mother! (2017) and The Whale (2022), sparked controversy and received both widespread praise and criticism. Aronofsky's film titled Postcard from Earth (2023),

654-494: A Dream features numerous similarities to Tetsuo: The Iron Man . The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of " drug movies ", along with films like The Basketball Diaries , Trainspotting , Spun , and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . But, Aronofsky placed his movie in a wider context, saying: Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs ... The Harry-Tyrone-Marion story

763-472: A Golden Globe nomination for Best Director . The film broke limited-release box-office records and grossed an unexpectedly high $ 329,398,046. On January 25, 2011, the film was nominated for a total of five Academy Awards ; Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actress , Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing . On February 27, 2011, Portman won for Best Actress . The film was awarded the PRISM Award from

872-524: A National Student Academy Award finalist. In 1997, he founded the film and TV production company Protozoa Pictures . His feature film debut, the surrealist psychological thriller Pi (1998), was produced for $ 60,000 and grossed over $ 3 million; it won Aronofsky the Directing Award at the Sundance Film Festival and an Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay. Aronofsky's follow-up,

981-526: A budget of $ 3,500,000 to produce the film. Production of the film occurred over the period of one year, with the film being released in October 2000. The film went on to gross $ 7,390,108 worldwide. Aronofsky received acclaim for his stylish direction, and was nominated for another Independent Spirit Award, this time for Best Director. The film itself was nominated for five awards in total, winning two, for Best Actress and Cinematography. Clint Mansell 's soundtrack for

1090-514: A camera to an actor, called the Snorricam , and time-lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices. Often with his films, Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme wide shots to create a sense of isolation. With The Fountain , Aronofsky restricted the use of computer-generated imagery . Henrik Fett, the visual effects supervisor of Look Effects, said, "Darren was quite clear on what he wanted and his intent to greatly minimize

1199-1155: A field biologist with The School for Field Studies in Kenya in 1985 and Alaska in 1986. He attended school in Kenya to pursue an interest in learning about ungulates . He later said that the School for Field Studies "changed the way [he] perceived the world". Aronofsky's interest in the outdoors led him to backpack his way through Europe and the Middle East. At the age of 18, he entered Harvard University , where he majored in social anthropology and studied filmmaking; he graduated in 1991. He became seriously interested in film while attending Harvard after befriending Dan Schrecker, an aspiring animator, and Sean Gullette , who would go on to star in Aronofsky's first film, Pi . His cinematic influences included Akira Kurosawa , Roman Polanski , Federico Fellini , Terry Gilliam , Shinya Tsukamoto , Hubert Selby Jr. Spike Lee , Satoshi Kon , and Jim Jarmusch . Aronofsky's senior thesis film, Supermarket Sweep ,

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1308-707: A form of "uniformity of mankind". Tylor in particular laid the groundwork for theories of cultural diffusionism , stating that there are three ways that different groups can have similar cultural forms or technologies: "independent invention, inheritance from ancestors in a distant region, transmission from one race [ sic ] to another." Tylor formulated one of the early and influential anthropological conceptions of culture as "that complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by [humans] as [members] of society." However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping

1417-484: A kind of comparative micro-sociology based on intensive fieldwork studies. Scholars have not settled a theoretical orthodoxy on the nature of science and society, and their tensions reflect views which are seriously opposed. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922. He had carried out his initial fieldwork in the Andaman Islands in the old style of historical reconstruction. However, after reading

1526-464: A lot" from Jean-Luc Godard 's film Breathless . Requiem for a Dream was originally set for release in 2000, but it was met with controversy in the U.S., being rated NC-17 by the MPAA due to a graphic sex scene. Aronofsky appealed the rating, claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message. The appeal was denied and the film's distributor Artisan Entertainment decided to release

1635-466: A love affair between a wrestler and a ballerina. He eventually separated the wrestling and the ballet worlds, considering them as "too much for one movie". He compared the two films: "Wrestling some consider the lowest art—if they would even call it art—and ballet some people consider the highest art. But what was amazing to me was how similar the performers in both of these worlds are. They both make incredible use of their bodies to express themselves." About

1744-483: A prosthetic suit; and for casting the heterosexual Fraser as a homosexual character. Some critics labeled the film's messaging relating to its lead character's obesity as fatphobic . In preparing for the role, Fraser consulted the Obesity Action Coalition (OAC) and conversed with members of the group about their life experiences. The OAC recognized the controversial use of prosthetics in portraying obesity, but

1853-717: A retelling of the Bible story of Noah's Ark , projected for a $ 115 million budget. By the following year, the film had secured funding and distribution from New Regency and Paramount Pictures , with Russell Crowe hired for the title role. The film was adapted into a serialized graphic novel written by Aronofsky and Ari Handel , published in French in October 2011 by the Belgian publisher Le Lombard . By July 2012, Aronofsky's crews were building an ark set in Oyster Bay, New York . Aronofsky announced

1962-597: A six-minute standing ovation. Fraser's performance was highly praised and won him the Academy Award for Best Actor . In 2023, it was announced that he would direct an Elon Musk biopic by A24 . In 2018, Aronofsky executive produced the 10-part documentary series One Strange Rock for National Geographic . Episodes cover topics like the universe's origins, alien life, human intelligence, and themes of survival and destruction. Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter describes One Strange Rock as "spectacular, delivering

2071-575: A then-untitled science fiction film, with Brad Pitt in the lead role. In June 2001, actress Cate Blanchett entered talks to join the film, which Aronofsky, wanting the title to remain secret, had given the working title of The Last Man . Production was postponed to wait for a pregnant Blanchett to give birth to her child in December 2001. Production was ultimately set for late October 2002 in Queensland and Sydney. By now officially titled The Fountain ,

2180-542: A total of $ 3,221,152 at the box-office. Pi was the first film to be made available for download on the Internet . Aronofsky followed his debut with Requiem for a Dream , a film based on Hubert Selby Jr. 's novel of the same name . He was paid $ 50,000, and worked for three years with nearly the same production team as his previous film. Following the financial breakout of Pi , he was capable of hiring established actors, including Ellen Burstyn and Jared Leto , and received

2289-482: Is a very traditional heroin story. But putting it side by side with the Sara story, we suddenly say, 'Oh, my God, what is a drug?' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person's head when they're trying to quit drugs, as with cigarettes, as when they're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds, was really fascinating to me. I thought it was an idea that we hadn't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on

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2398-408: Is not the exoticism — the horrible word — but rather the human passions of the novel. Such interest is just: Murasaki's work is what one would quite precisely call a psychological novel. ... I dare to recommend this book to those who read me. The English translation that has inspired this brief insufficient note is called The Tale of Genji . Social anthropology Social anthropology

2507-483: Is often an important element of the films. Pi features several references to mathematics and mathematical theories. In a 1998 interview, Aronofsky acknowledged several influences for Pi : "I'm a big fan of Kurosawa and Fellini . In this film in particular I think there's a lot of Roman Polanski influence and Terry Gilliam influence as well as a Japanese director named Shinya Tsukamoto —he directed The Iron Man, Tetsuo ." The visual style of Pi and Requiem for

2616-405: Is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” The cultural consensus principle is incorporated in the reasoning behind the cultural consonance model and other similar models (see cognitive anthropology ) that seek to evaluate the effects of shared cognitive structures on social life and

2725-591: Is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures. It is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and much of Europe, where it is distinguished from cultural anthropology . In the United States, social anthropology is commonly subsumed within cultural anthropology or sociocultural anthropology . The term cultural anthropology is generally applied to ethnographic works that are holistic in spirit, are oriented to

2834-661: The National Institute on Drug Abuse for the film's depiction of drug abuse. In May 2000, Aronofsky was briefly attached to make an adaptation of David Wiesner 's 1999 children's book Sector 7 for Nickelodeon Movies , the project remains unmade. In mid-2000, Warner Bros. hired Aronofsky to write and direct Batman: Year One , which was to be the fifth film in the Batman franchise. Aronofsky, who collaborated with Frank Miller on an unproduced script for Ronin , brought Miller to co-write Year One with him, intending to reboot

2943-717: The Sierra Club 's Michael Brune and Leonardo DiCaprio . In 2015, he traveled to Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge with Brune, Keri Russell , and the leaders of several veterans groups. In 2014, he received the Humane Filmmaker Award from the Humane Society of the United States . In 2015, he collaborated with the artist JR on The Standing March , a public art installation in Paris encouraging diplomats at COP21 to take action against climate change. He coproduced

3052-602: The Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration for its depiction of mental health issues. Aronofsky served as an executive producer on The Fighter , which was also nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars and won two for Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress for Christian Bale and Melissa Leo . Aronofsky was attached to The Wolverine , which was scheduled to begin production in March 2011, but he left

3161-545: The Toronto International Film Festival interview conducted by James Rocchi, Aronofsky credited the 1957 Charles Mingus song " The Clown " as a major influence on The Wrestler . It is an instrumental piece, with a poem read over the music about a clown who accidentally discovers the bloodlust of the crowds and eventually kills himself in performance. Aronofsky called Black Swan a companion piece to The Wrestler , recalling one of his early projects about

3270-458: The history of science , psychoanalysis , and linguistics . The subject has both ethical and reflexive dimensions. Practitioners have developed an awareness of the sense in which scholars create their objects of study and the ways in which anthropologists themselves may contribute to processes of change in the societies they study. An example of this is the " hawthorne effect ", whereby those being studied may alter their behaviour in response to

3379-418: The horror and psychological novel genres that relies on the psychological, emotional and mental states of characters to generate horror. On occasions, it overlaps with the psychological thriller subgenre to enhance the story suspensefully. A subgenre of the drama and psychological novel genres, focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of characters in a dramatic work. One Flew Over

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3488-658: The " White race "—Grant, a renowned eugenicist , was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916). Such exhibitions were attempts to illustrate and prove in the same movement the validity of scientific racism , whose first formulation may be found in Arthur de Gobineau 's An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (1853–1855). In 1931, the Colonial Exhibition in Paris still displayed Kanaks from New Caledonia in

3597-424: The "indigenous village"; it received 24 million visitors in six months, thus demonstrating the popularity of such "human zoos". Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form—by 1935, for example, it was possible for T. K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology . At

3706-528: The 1870s, zoos became unattended "laboratories", especially the so-called "ethnological exhibitions" or "Negro villages". Thus, "savages" from the Americas, Africa and Asia were displayed, often nude, in cages, in what has been termed " human zoos ". In 1906, Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo , labelled "the missing link" between an orangutan and

3815-509: The 2022 documentary The Territory about a Brazilian rainforest tribe's fight to protect its existence from encroaching land grabbers. Psychological fiction The psychological novel has a rich past in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century works of Mme de Lafayette , the Abbé Prévost , Samuel Richardson , Jean-Jacques Rousseau and many others, but it goes on being disinvented by ideologues and reinvented by their opponents because

3924-454: The 65th Venice International Film Festival . Initially receiving little attention, the film wound up winning the Golden Lion , the highest award at the world's oldest film festival. The Wrestler received critical acclaim, and both Rourke and co-star Marisa Tomei received Academy Award , Golden Globe , SAG , and BAFTA nominations for their performances. Rourke won a Golden Globe, as did Bruce Springsteen for his original song written for

4033-536: The British anthropologist Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico , both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork , mainly the Classics (literature and history of Ancient Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists. Tylor advocated strongly for unilinealism and

4142-515: The Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and Requiem for a Dream (2000), both based on novels, are notable examples of this subgenre. Psychological science fiction refers to works that focus is on the character's inner struggle dealing with political or technological forces. A Clockwork Orange (1971) is a notable example of this genre. [ The Tale of Genji , as translated by Arthur Waley ,] is written with an almost miraculous naturalness, and what interests us

4251-547: The Indigenous Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau people's struggle against advancing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, caused by farmers and unauthorized settlers. The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2022, and was released theatrically on August 19, 2022, by National Geographic to critical praise. Guy Lodge of Variety writes, "'The Territory' is handsome without resting unduly on

4360-690: The Story of the Grail as early examples of the style of the psychological novel. Stendhal 's The Red and the Black and Madame de La Fayette 's The Princess of Cleves are considered the first precursors of the psychological novel. The modern psychological novel originated, according to The Encyclopedia of the Novel , primarily in the works of Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun – in particular, Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894) and Victoria (1898). One of

4469-589: The Tallensi , by Meyer Fortes ; well-known edited volumes include African Systems of Kinship and Marriage and African Political Systems . Following World War II , sociocultural anthropology as comprised by the fields of ethnography and ethnology diverged into an American school of cultural anthropology while social anthropology diversified in Europe by challenging the principles of structure-functionalism, absorbing ideas from Claude Lévi-Strauss 's structuralism and from

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4578-562: The UK and Commonwealth was founded in 1946. In Britain, anthropology had a great intellectual impact, it "contributed to the erosion of Christianity , the growth of cultural relativism , an awareness of the survival of the primitive in modern life, and the replacement of diachronic modes of analysis with synchronic , all of which are central to modern culture." Later in the 1960s and 1970s, Edmund Leach and his students Mary Douglas and Nur Yalman , among others, introduced French structuralism in

4687-1121: The attention it gives to the comparative diversity of societies and cultures across the world, and the capacity this gives the discipline to re-examine Euro-American assumptions. It is differentiated from sociology , both in its main methods (based on long-term participant observation and linguistic competence), and in its commitment to the relevance and illumination provided by micro studies. It extends beyond strictly social phenomena to culture, art, individuality, and cognition. Many social anthropologists use quantitative methods, too, particularly those whose research touches on topics such as local economies, demography , human ecology , cognition, or health and illness. Specializations within social anthropology shift as its objects of study are transformed and as new intellectual paradigms appear; musicology and medical anthropology are examples of current, well-defined specialities. More recent and currently specializations are: The subject has been enlivened by, and has contributed to, approaches from other disciplines, such as philosophy ( ethics , phenomenology , logic ),

4796-587: The cast in 2009. Black Swan had its world premiere as the opening film at the 67th Venice Film Festival in September 2010. It received a standing ovation whose length Variety said made it "one of the strongest Venice openers in recent memory". Black Swan has received high praise from film critics, and received a record 12 Broadcast Film Critics Association nominations , four Independent Spirit Award nominations , four Golden Globe nominations , three SAG nominations , and many more accolades . Aronofsky received

4905-520: The cultural elements and institutions fit together. The Golden Bough was abridged drastically in subsequent editions after his first. Toward the turn of the 20th century, a number of anthropologists became dissatisfied with this categorization of cultural elements; historical reconstructions also came to seem increasingly speculative to them. Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in

5014-546: The daily practices of local people. This development was bolstered by Franz Boas ' introduction of the concept of cultural relativism , arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values. Museums such as the British Museum weren't the only site of anthropological studies; with the New Imperialism period, starting in

5123-457: The distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists. Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that "religion" has many components, of which he believed

5232-640: The emerging cultures of cyberspace , and can also help with bringing opponents together when environmental concerns come into conflict with economic developments. British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007–2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory. Differences among British, French, and American sociocultural anthropologies have diminished with increasing dialogue and borrowing of both theory and methods. Social and cultural anthropologists, and some who integrate

5341-632: The expedition set new standards for ethnographic description. A decade and a half later, the Polish anthropology student Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) was beginning what he expected to be a brief period of fieldwork in the old model, collecting lists of cultural items, when the outbreak of the First World War stranded him in New Guinea . As a subject of the Austro-Hungarian Empire resident on

5450-433: The film follows four residents who struggle to fit into the community's prepackaged paradise. In The A.V. Club , A.A. Dowd says Some Kind of Heaven "is surely one of the most gorgeously, strikingly shot documentaries in recent memory." The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival before being released by Magnolia Pictures in 2021. In 2022, Aronofsky produced director Alex Pritz's documentary The Territory , about

5559-424: The film had a budget of $ 70 million, co-financed by Warner Bros. and New Regency , which had filled the gap after Village Roadshow withdrew. Pitt left the project seven weeks before the first day of shooting, halting production. In February 2004, Warner Bros. resurrected it on a $ 35 million budget with Hugh Jackman in the lead role. In August, actress Rachel Weisz filled the vacancy left by Blanchett. The Fountain

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5668-519: The film has an approval rating of 68% based on 278 reviews, and an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "There's no denying that Mother! is the thought-provoking product of a singularly ambitious artistic vision, though it may be too unwieldy for mainstream tastes." His next film would be "A courtroom drama of Artificial intelligence ", in which he would cooperate again with Paramount Pictures, having doing so in Mother! . In 2018, he

5777-510: The film made money, and they would at least get screen credit if the film lost money. Producing the film with an initial budget of $ 60,000, Aronofsky premiered Pi at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival , where he won the Best Director award. The film itself was nominated for a special Jury Award. Artisan Entertainment bought distribution rights for $ 1 million. The film was released to the public later that year to critical acclaim and it grossed

5886-495: The film unrated. The question of who had designed 40 ballet costumes for Portman and the dancers in Black Swan was one publicized controversy related to the film. The media gave substantial coverage to the dance double controversy : how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to Portman and how much to her " dance double ", Sarah Lane , an American Ballet Theatre soloist . Lane claimed to have danced more than she

5995-548: The film was also well-regarded, and since their first collaboration in 1996, Mansell has composed the music to every Aronofsky film (except for Mother! , 2017 and The Whale , 2022). Ellen Burstyn was nominated for numerous awards, including for an Academy Award for Best Actress , and won the Independent Spirit Award. Aronofsky was awarded the PRISM Award from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation with

6104-454: The film's protagonist. The following month Cage left the project, and Mickey Rourke replaced him in the lead role. Aronofsky said that Cage pulled out of the movie because Aronofsky wanted Rourke to star; Aronofsky said, stating that Cage was "a complete gentleman, and he understood that my heart was with Mickey and he stepped aside. I have so much respect for Nic Cage as an actor and I think it really could have worked with Nic but, you know, Nic

6213-499: The film, saying in a PETA video that "there's really no reason to do it anymore because the technology has arrived". The Humane Society of the United States gave him their inaugural Humane Filmmaker Award in honor of his use of computer-generated animals. That same year, he was announced as the president of the jury for the 65th Berlin International Film Festival for February 2015. Aronofsky's next film, Mother! ,

6322-435: The film. The Wrestler grossed $ 44,674,354 worldwide on a budget of $ 6,000,000 making it Aronofsky's highest-grossing film to that point. Aronofsky's next film was Black Swan , which had been in development since 2001, a psychological thriller horror film about a New York City ballerina . The film starred actress Natalie Portman , whom Aronofsky had known since 2000. She introduced Aronofsky to Mila Kunis , who joined

6431-473: The film. 111 are Natalie Portman untouched. 28 are her dance double Sarah Lane. If you do the math, that's 80% Natalie Portman. What about duration? The shots that feature the double are wide shots and rarely play for longer than one second. There are two complicated longer dance sequences that we used face replacement. Even so, if we were judging by time, over 90% would be Natalie Portman. And to be clear, Natalie did dance en pointe in pointe shoes. If you look at

6540-462: The final shot of the opening prologue, which lasts 85 seconds, and was danced completely by Natalie, she exits the scene on pointe. That is completely her without any digital magic. While Aronofsky's other movies have evoked significant emotional response, they were surpassed by the controversy aroused by Noah . It was screened for the first time on March 28, 2014, and despite its PG-13 rating, it has quickly been recognized by Box Office Mojo as one of

6649-572: The followers of Max Gluckman , and embracing the study of conflict, change, urban anthropology, and networks. Together with many of his colleagues at the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and students at Manchester University , collectively known as the Manchester School , took BSA in new directions through their introduction of explicitly Marxist-informed theory, their emphasis on conflicts and conflict resolution, and their attention to

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6758-428: The greatest writers of the genre was Fyodor Dostoyevsky . His novels deal strongly with ideas, and characters who embody these ideas, how they play out in real world circumstances, and the value of them, most notably The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment . In the literature of the United States, Henry James , Patrick McGrath , Arthur Miller , and Edith Wharton are considered "major contributor[s] to

6867-447: The human condition beginning from the onset of cognitive development. The major part of social and cognitive anthropology concepts (e.g., Cultural consonance, Cultural models, Knowledge structures, Shared knowledge etc.) seem to rely upon broad pervasive, unaware interactions between society members. Research shows that unconscious remembering increases recall efficiency over time and yields greater confidence in that thought. According to

6976-446: The knowledge that they are being watched and studied. Social anthropology has historical roots in a number of 19th-century disciplines, including the study of Classics , ethnography , ethnology , folklore , linguistics , and sociology , among others. Its immediate precursor took shape in the work of Edward Burnett Tylor and James George Frazer in the late 19th century and underwent major changes in both method and theory during

7085-497: The main issues of social scientific inquiry. Topics of interest for social anthropologists have included customs , economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange , kinship and family structure, gender relations , childbearing and socialization , religion , while present-day social anthropologists are also concerned with issues of globalism , ethnic violence, gender studies , transnationalism and local experience, and

7194-693: The most controversial movies of the last 35 years along with such titles as The Passion of the Christ or The Da Vinci Code . Noah has been banned in United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Indonesia on religious grounds with other countries following suit. Aronofsky's films have also been criticized for content and casting. His seventh film Mother! (2017) sparked controversy upon release due to its graphic and disturbing content, polarizing both critics and audiences. His eighth film The Whale (2022) also received controversy for lead star Brendan Fraser wearing

7303-528: The most important to be belief in supernatural beings (as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc.). Frazer, a Scottish scholar with a broad knowledge of Classics, also concerned himself with the study of religion , mythology , and magic . His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough , analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally. Neither Tylor nor Frazer, however, were particularly interested in fieldwork , nor were they interested in examining how

7412-479: The name under which they were founded. Long-term qualitative research , including intensive field studies (emphasizing participant observation methods), has been traditionally encouraged in social anthropology rather than quantitative analysis of surveys, questionnaires and brief field visits typically used by economists , political scientists , and (most) sociologists . Cognitive anthropology studies how people represent and think about events and objects in

7521-575: The natural beauty of its imperiled landscape, though iridescent closeups of plant and insect activity make clear the larger circle of life at stake here." The film was awarded a 2022 Peabody Award and was shortlisted for an Academy Award in the Documentary Feature Film category. Aronofsky also created and executive produced Limitless for National Geographic, released in November 2022. The six-part series features Chris Hemsworth and delves into

7630-421: The neural system. By bridging sociology with anthropology and cognitive science perspectives, we can assess shared cultural knowledge – understand processes underlying unspoken social norms and beliefs, as well as study processes of shaping individual values that together constitute societies. Social anthropology is distinguished from subjects such as economics or political science by its holistic range and

7739-461: The organization supported its role in the film because it helped "realistically portray one person's story with obesity, something rarely seen in media" rather than existing to "demean or ridicule". Aronofsky is known for his environmental activism. A number of his films, notably Noah and Mother! , can be read as environmental parables . In 2014 he traveled to the Alberta Tar Sands with

7848-424: The period 1890–1920 with a new emphasis on original fieldwork, long-term holistic study of social behavior in natural settings, and the introduction of French and German social theory. Polish anthropologist and ethnographer Bronisław Malinowski , one of the most important influences on British social anthropology, emphasized long-term fieldwork in which anthropologists work in the vernacular and immerse themselves in

7957-471: The practice of psychological realism." A subgenre of the thriller and psychological novel genres, emphasizing the inner mind and mentality of characters in a creative work. Because of its complexity, the genre often overlaps and/or incorporates elements of mystery, drama, action, slasher, and horror — often psychological horror. It bears similarities to the Gothic and detective fiction genres. A subgenre of

8066-491: The present ( synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis), and emphasizing long-term (one to several years) immersion fieldwork. Cambridge University financed a multidisciplinary expedition to the Torres Strait Islands in 1898, organized by Alfred Cort Haddon and including a physician-anthropologist, William Rivers , as well as a linguist, a botanist, and other specialists. The findings of

8175-467: The product of biological and cultural factors that manifest in individual brain development, neural wiring, and neurochemical homeostasis. According to received view in neuroscience, an observed human behavior, in any context, is the last event in a long chain of biological and cultural interactions. The brain´s anatomy is subject to neuroplasticity and depends on both, contextual (cultural) and historically dependent (previous experience) mechanisms to shape

8284-525: The project due to scheduling issues. The film was set to be sixth entry of the X-Men film series , featuring a story revolving around Wolverine 's adventures in Japan. In April 2011, Aronofsky was announced as the president of the jury for the 68th Venice International Film Festival . In December 2011, Aronofsky directed the music video for Lou Reed and Metallica 's " The View " from their album Lulu . Aronofsky

8393-485: The project due to uncertainty over the financially distressed studio's future. When asked about the film, he said, "I think I'm still attached. I don't know. I haven't heard from anyone in a while". Later during 2007, Aronofsky said he was planning to film a movie about Noah's Ark . Aronofsky had the idea for The Wrestler for over a decade. He hired Robert Siegel to turn his idea into a script. The actor Nicolas Cage entered negotiations in October 2007 to star as Randy,

8502-453: The psychological drama Requiem for a Dream (2000), received favorable reviews and an Academy Award nomination for Ellen Burstyn 's performance. After writing the World War II horror film Below (2002), Aronofsky released his third film, the romantic fantasy sci-fi drama The Fountain (2006). It received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box office, but has since garnered

8611-498: The psychological thriller nature of Black Swan , actress Natalie Portman compared the film's tone to Polanski's 1968 film Rosemary's Baby , while Aronofsky said Polanski's Repulsion (1965) and The Tenant (1976) were "big influences" on the final film. Actor Vincent Cassel also compared Black Swan to Polanski's early films, commenting that it was also influenced by Alejandro Jodorowsky 's movies and David Cronenberg 's early work. Aronofsky has also mentioned that he "learned

8720-592: The received view in cognitive sciences , cognition begins from birth (and even from prenatal) due to motive forces of shared intentionality : unaware knowledge assimilation. Therefore, mechanisms of unaware interactions at the onset of life, one of the focuses of research in cognitive sciences, have become the central research issue in social and cognitive anthropology. Another intersection of these two disciplines appears in neuroscience research. Behavioral propensities (an exteriorization of Cultural models, Schemata, etc.; see key concepts of cognitive anthropology ) are

8829-399: The role of Batman. Bale was ultimately cast in the role for Batman Begins . After that project failed to develop, Aronofsky declined the opportunity to direct a film in the Batman franchise. In March 2001, he helped write the screenplay to the horror film Below , which he also produced. In April 2001, Aronofsky entered negotiations with Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow to direct

8938-614: The same sort of bringing-science-to-life thrills for Earth as Cosmos did with the universe and Blue Planet and Planet Earth have done with myriad lifeforms." Aronofsky executive produced another National Geographic docuseries showcasing the planet's wonders, Welcome to Earth . The six-episode program was released in December 2021. In 2020, Aronofsky produced director Lance Oppenheim 's debut feature documentary, Some Kind of Heaven . Set in The Villages retirement community in Florida,

9047-463: The science of longevity and how to live better and longer. Aronofsky's first two films, Pi and Requiem for a Dream , were low budget and used montages of extremely short shots, also known as hip hop montages . While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts, Requiem for a Dream features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups . Long tracking shots, including those shot with an apparatus strapping

9156-507: The screen. Dream logic is another leitmotif . With his friend Ari Handel, Aronofsky developed the plot for The Fountain ; the director wrote the screenplay. In 1999, Aronofsky thought that The Matrix redefined the science fiction genre in film. He sought to make a science fiction film that explored new territory, as did The Matrix and its predecessors Star Wars and 2001: A Space Odyssey . He wanted to go beyond science fiction films with plots driven by technology and science. In

9265-447: The series. "It's somewhat based on the comic book", Aronofsky later said. "Toss out everything you can imagine about Batman! Everything! We're starting completely anew", who intended to re-imagine the titular character in a darker, adult-oriented and grounded style, with his adaptation aiming for an R-rating. Regular Aronofsky collaborator Matthew Libatique was set as cinematographer, and Aronofsky had also approached Christian Bale for

9374-460: The social system to keep it functioning harmoniously. His structuralist approach contrasted with Malinowski's functionalism, and was quite different from the later French structuralism , which examined the conceptual structures in language and symbolism. Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown's influence stemmed from the fact that they, like Boas, actively trained students and aggressively built up institutions that furthered their programmatic ambitions. This

9483-586: The start of filming on Noah on Twitter in the same month, tweeting shots of the filming in Iceland . The film featured Emma Watson , Anthony Hopkins , Logan Lerman , and Jennifer Connelly , with the latter having also starred in Requiem for a Dream . During its opening weekend, Noah held the largest non-sequel opening within Russia and Brazil, and the fourth-largest opening of all time. Aronofsky did not use live animals for

9592-950: The style of Claude Lévi-Strauss . In countries of the British Commonwealth , social anthropology has often been institutionally separate from physical anthropology and primatology , which may be connected with departments of biology and zoology ; and from archaeology , which may be connected with departments of Classics , Egyptology , Oriental studies , and the like. In other countries (and in some, particularly smaller, British and North American universities), anthropologists have also found themselves institutionally linked with scholars of cultural studies , ethnic studies , folklore , human geography , museum studies , sociology , social relations , and social work . British anthropology has continued to emphasize social organization and economics over purely symbolic or literary topics. The European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA)

9701-495: The subtleties of psychology defy most ideologies. The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki , written in 11th-century Japan, was considered by Jorge Luis Borges to be a psychological novel. French theorists Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari , in A Thousand Plateaus , evaluated the 12th-century Arthurian author Chrétien de Troyes ' Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart and Perceval,

9810-478: The time, the field was dominated by "the comparative method". It was assumed that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process from the most primitive to most advanced. Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past. Scholars wrote histories of prehistoric migrations which were sometimes valuable but often also fanciful. It

9919-520: The two, are found in most institutes of anthropology. Thus the formal names of institutional units no longer necessarily reflect fully the content of the disciplines these cover. Some, such as the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Oxford), changed their name to reflect the change in composition; others, such as Social Anthropology at the University of Kent, became simply Anthropology. Most retain

10028-538: The use of computer graphics ... and I think the results are outstanding." He used more subtle directing in The Wrestler and Black Swan, in which a less-visceral directing style better showcases the acting and narratives. Aronofsky filmed both works with a muted palette and a grainy style. Part of this consistent style involves collaborations with frequent partners cinematographer Matthew Libatique , editor Andrew Weisblum and composer Clint Mansell . Mansell's music

10137-479: The ways in which culture affects individual experience, or aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of people. Social anthropology is a term applied to ethnographic works that attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations such as those that comprise domestic life, economy, law, politics, or religion, give analytical priority to the organizational bases of social life, and attend to cultural phenomena as somewhat secondary to

10246-456: The ways in which individuals negotiate and make use of the social structural possibilities. During this period Gluckman was also involved in a dispute with American anthropologist Paul Bohannan on ethnographic methodology within the anthropological study of law. He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader. The Association of Social Anthropologists of

10355-408: The work of French sociologists Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss , Radcliffe-Brown published an account of his research (entitled simply The Andaman Islanders ) that paid close attention to the meaning and purpose of rituals and myths. Over time, he developed an approach known as structural functionalism , which focused on how institutions in societies worked to balance out or create an equilibrium in

10464-416: The world. It links human thought processes and the physical and ideational aspects of culture. The scopes of these two disciplines intersect in the field of cognitive development . The following part of the section shows the significance of their co-research for understanding the processes that constitute society. According to Sir Edward Tylor: "Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense,

10573-496: Was very little spiritual attendance in the temple. It was a cultural thing—celebrating the holidays, knowing where you came from, knowing your history, having respect for what your people have been through." He graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School . He has one sister, Patti, who attended a professional ballet school through high school. His parents would often take him to Broadway performances, which sparked his interest in show business. During his youth, Aronofsky trained as

10682-513: Was a finalist in the 1991 Student Academy Awards. In 1992, Aronofsky received his MFA degree in directing from the AFI Conservatory , where his classmates included Todd Field , Doug Ellin , Scott Silver , and Mark Waters . He won the institute's Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal. Aronofsky's debut feature, titled Pi —sometimes stylized as π —was shot in October 1997. The film was financed in part from $ 100 donations from his friends and family. In return, he promised to pay each back $ 150 if

10791-454: Was based on a conception of rigorous fieldwork and the structure-functionalist conception of Durkheim ’s sociology . Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon , whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian , and Sir E. B. Tylor , who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte . Edmund Leach (1962) defined social anthropology as

10900-446: Was credited. The director and Fox Searchlight disputed Lane's claim. Their released statements said, "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did. However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film." Aronofsky said in an interview with Entertainment Weekly : I had my editor count shots. There are 140 dance shots in

11009-633: Was during this time that Europeans first accurately traced Polynesian migrations across the Pacific Ocean for instance—although some of them believed it originated in Egypt . Finally, the concept of race was actively discussed as a way to classify—and rank—human beings based on difference. Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917) and James George Frazer (1854–1941) are generally considered the antecedents to modern social anthropologists in Great Britain . Although

11118-531: Was founded in 1989 as a society of scholarship at a meeting of founder members from fourteen European countries , supported by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. The Association seeks to advance anthropology in Europe by organizing biennial conferences and by editing its academic journal, Social Anthropology/Anthropologies Social . Departments of Social Anthropology at different universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of

11227-494: Was incredibly supportive of Mickey and he is old friends with Mickey and really wanted to help with this opportunity, so he pulled himself out of the race." Cage responded, "I wasn't quote 'dropped' from the movie. I resigned from the movie because I didn't think I had enough time to achieve the look of the wrestler who was on steroids, which I would never do". The roughly 40-day shoot began in January 2008. The Wrestler premiered at

11336-499: Was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth . From the late 1930s until the postwar period appeared a string of monographs and edited volumes that cemented the paradigm of British Social Anthropology (BSA). Famous ethnographies include The Nuer , by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard , and The Dynamics of Clanship Among

11445-558: Was produced and filmed exclusively for the Sphere in the Las Vegas Valley on its 16K resolution screen. Aronofsky was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York, United States, on February 12, 1969, the son of teachers Charlotte and Abraham Aronofsky, both of Polish-Jewish descent. He grew up in Brooklyn's Manhattan Beach neighborhood. He said he was "raised culturally Jewish , but there

11554-432: Was released by Paramount Pictures on September 15, 2017. It stars Jennifer Lawrence , Javier Bardem , Michelle Pfeiffer , Domhnall Gleeson , Ed Harris and Kristen Wiig . The film sparked controversy upon release for its depiction of violence , and, though it received generally positive reviews, it polarized audiences, becoming one of few films to receive a "F" CinemaScore grade. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ,

11663-549: Was released on November 22, 2006, a day before the American Thanksgiving holiday; ultimately it grossed $ 15,978,422 in theaters worldwide. Audiences and critics were divided in their responses to it. In 2007, Aronofsky hired writer Scott Silver to develop The Fighter with him. Aronofsky approached Bale to star in the film, but Aronofsky dropped out because of its similarities to The Wrestler and to work on MGM 's RoboCop remake. In July 2010, Aronofsky had left

11772-507: Was set to direct an HBO series pilot called Hobgoblin . Announced on June 16, 2011, the series would have depicted a group of magicians and con artists who use their powers of deception to defeat Hitler during World War II . He was set to work on the project with Pulitzer Prize winning author Michael Chabon and his wife Ayelet Waldman. In June 2013, it was announced that HBO had dropped the show and Aronofsky had pulled out, as well. In 2011, Aronofsky tried to launch production on Noah ,

11881-456: Was the co-executive producer of SPHERES , a virtual reality journey through the universe, that was acquired in a seven figure deal at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival . In January 2021, his next film was announced to be The Whale , a film adaptation of Samuel D. Hunter 's play of the same name, starring Brendan Fraser . The Whale had its world premiere at the 79th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2022, where it received

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