Daniel Brodhead (October 17, 1736 – November 15, 1809) was an American military officer and politician who served during the American Revolutionary War .
96-534: Brodhead was born in Marbletown , Province of New York , the son of Daniel Brodhead II and Hester (Wyngart) Brodhead. Brodhead's father moved his family to what is now East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania , in 1737. Life in the frontier settlement was difficult, as Native American bands, mostly Lenape and Susquehannock, resisted settlers' encroachment. The Brodhead homestead was attacked by natives numerous times during Daniel's youth. When his father died in 1755, Brodhead
192-524: A 34-man detachment from the 8th Regiment. Hamilton surprised Fort Sackville 's small garrison and retook Vincennes on December 17. He decided to winter at Vincennes with the British regulars, while most of the militia, volunteers, and Lakes' Nations warriors returned to Detroit. In February 1779, after a gruelling march from Kaskaskia, Clark surprised Vincennes, and after summarily executing four Odawa captives, forced Hamilton's unconditional surrender. Hamilton
288-581: A French-led expedition from Montreal attacked the main Meskwaki village on the Fox River . After a four-day siege, the Meskwaki sued for peace. They provided hostages, agreed to return captives, and ceased their attacks against France's Indigenous allies. Although conflict erupted between the Meskwaki and Illinois in 1719, the fighting had little impact on Detroit. In 1723, however, the Ojibwe sent out war parties against
384-636: A contingent of 605 soldiers and militia to go into northwestern Pennsylvania. He followed the Allegheny River up into New York, where he drove the Seneca out of their villages. As most of the warriors were away fighting the Sullivan Expedition further east in New York, Brodhead met little resistance in destroying the villages, crops and people at the heart of the Seneca nation. In April 1781, Brodhead led
480-720: A contingent of Canadian militia from Detroit participated in the defeat of Braddock's Expedition . In April 1754, the French had established Fort Duquesne at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, and in July had forced George Washington to surrender Fort Necessity . The following year Major General Edward Braddock led a retaliatory expedition of 2,100 British regulars and provincials against Fort Duquesne. The French commander, Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur , sent most of his garrison and roughly 650 Indigenous allies to attack
576-652: A council held at Detroit in 1775, the Lakes' Nations indicated their support of the British, as did the local French-speaking inhabitants. In 1775, Henry Hamilton was appointed as Lieutenant Governor of Detroit. He quickly established a solid working relationship with the fort commander, Captain Richard Lernoult, and with Jesu Hay, the senior British Indian Department officer. Six militia companies totally 575 men were recruited with Hay appointed as their commanding officer. Many of these militiamen would see active service during
672-484: A death march. A few others, mostly young women and children, were held captive until the end of the war and in some cases for years afterwards. Late in 1780, George Rogers Clark began to plan an expedition against Detroit for the summer of 1781. Supported by Thomas Jefferson, Clark hoped to raise 2,000 volunteers from western Virginia and Pennsylvania, however, most of the militia in Virginia were unwilling to participate in
768-642: A fortified camp close to Fort Pontchartrain. In retaliation for the attack on the Mascouten, the Meskwaki raided the Odawa village at Detroit, captured three women including Saguima's wife, then invested Fort Pontchartrain. Dubuisson, however, was able to get word to Saguima and to the Wyandot who were at their hunting camps on Saginaw Bay . On May 13, Jean-Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes accompanied by seven French traders arrived from Fort St. Joseph and were able to reach
864-419: A gift of seven young women as slaves if his people were allowed to leave but his offer was refused. The Meskwaki escaped in late May during a series of severe thunderstorms. Indigenous and French forces led by Saguima and Vincennes tracked the escapees and entrapped them at Grosse Pointe near the outlet of Lake St. Clair. After four days of fighting Pemoussa proposed to surrender both himself and his warriors if
960-641: A lack of food and unreliable Indigenous allies. In the summer of 1728, the Jesuit Father Armand de La Richardie , came from Quebec to establish a mission at Detroit. He chose a site on the south shore of the river at La Pointe de Montréal , and it was given the imposing title of The Mission of Our Lady of the Assumption among the Hurons of Detroit. In 1742, the mission moved to Bois Blanc Island but returned to La Pointe de Montréal in 1748. The mission became
1056-477: A lengthy expedition due to the threat of raids against their homes. At Fort Pitt, Brodhead refused to commit any Continental soldiers as he was in the process of staging a campaign against the Lenape (Delaware). Few Pennsylvanians were willing to participate in an expedition headed by a Virginian due to lingering resentment over a recently settled border dispute. An exception was Colonel Archibald Lochry , commander of
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#17328581197401152-511: A preemptive strike. They surprised eight Miami near the fort and slew seven of them. Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont , who was commanding Fort Pontchartrain in Cadillac's absence, provided sanctuary to the Miami and ordered his men to open fire on the Odawa. Father Delhalle and a soldier were caught outside the fort and were killed. In the series of raids, ambushes, and counter-attacks that followed,
1248-469: A result of d'Aigremont's findings, Pontchartrain decided to replace Cadillac by appointing him governor of Louisiana . Cadillac would later describe Louisiana as a "wretched place" whose inhabitants were "gallow-birds with no respect for religion and addicted to vice." Before he was replaced as commander of Fort Pontchartrain, Cadillac naively invited the Meskwaki (Fox), Kickapoo , and Mascouten living to
1344-551: A small number of regulars to attack Fort Laurens. Bird recruited a few hundred Wyandot and Mingo warriors from the Sandusky area and began a siege on February 22, 1779. Due to the harsh winter conditions, Bird lifted the siege a month later and withdrew back to Detroit, shortly before American reinforcements arrived. Daniel Brodhead who had replaced McIntosh as commander of the Western Department, decided that Fort Lauren's location
1440-692: A successful expedition against the Lenape bands around the Muskingum River in the Ohio Country . In 1781, some of the Lenape-Delaware ended their neutrality and sided with the British. In retaliation, Brodhead mounted the Coshocton Expedition , invading their territory in central Ohio and destroying the main village of Coshocton in what is now east-central Ohio . As a result of Brodhead's campaign,
1536-623: Is a town in Ulster County , New York , United States. The population was 5,658 at the 2020 census. It is located near the center of Ulster County, southwest of the City of Kingston . US 209 and NY 213 pass through the town. It is at the eastern edge of the Catskill Park . The area was settled around 1638, and received its land patent (to Henry Beekman, Thomas Garton, and Charles Brodhead) in 1703. The community of Marbletown once served briefly as
1632-705: The Pays d'en Haut (Upper Country), but would also deter Iroquois aggression. Jérôme Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain , the French Secretary of State of the Navy , approved the plan despite the misgivings of New France 's Governor and Intendant . In June 1701, Cadillac set out from Lachine near Montreal with 100 settlers and soldiers. The expedition followed a northerly route up the Ottawa River and across to Georgian Bay and Lake Huron . The expedition reached Grosse Ile on
1728-688: The American Revolutionary War , but replaced the French fort with the newly constructed Fort Lernoult in 1779. While the territory on what is now the Michigan side of the Detroit River was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, control of the fort was not transferred until 1796. The river flowing between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie was called by Le Détroit du Lac Érié by
1824-458: The Battle of Bloody Run , costing the British 23 dead and 34 wounded. Despite their losses, the British continued to resist. In October, Pontiac offered a truce which Gladwin accepted. The need to start the winter hunt had caused the number of warriors to dwindle, while the British had been able to bring in provisions aboard the 6-gun schooner Huron and the 10-gun sloop Michigan . Pontiac lifted
1920-500: The Battle of Long Island , where he was recognized by George Washington for his bravery and initiative. At the battle, Brodhead's only son, also named Daniel, was wounded and captured. He was later exchanged in 1778, and retired as a captain in 1779 from the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment. After the Battle of Long Island , Broadhead became the acting commander of the remnants of the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment and
2016-626: The Continental Army at Valley Forge in 1777–78. “On the 5th of March, 1778, the regiment was ordered to Pittsburgh for the defense of the western frontiers, and by directions of Gen. Lachlan McIntosh , Col. Brodhead made, about the 12th of July, a detour up the West Branch to check the Indians who were ravaging Wyoming and the West Branch valley. He was at Muncy, on the 24th of July, and had ordered Capt. Finley’s company into Penn's valley, where two of
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#17328581197402112-488: The Detroit River on July 23rd. The following day, the expedition returned upstream several miles to a bluff on the north shore of the river at its narrowest point. Cadillac commenced the construction of a fort at this location which he named Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit . The first building completed was a chapel dedicated to Saint Anne , the patron saint of New France. In September, the first two European women arrived at
2208-560: The National Register of Historic Places . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 55.2 square miles (143 km ), of which 54.6 square miles (141 km ) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km ) (1.11%) is water. The Rondout Creek and Esopus Creek flow through the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,854 people, 2,386 households, and 1,598 families residing in
2304-565: The Pays d'en Haut . He noted that in contrast to Cadillac's glowing reports, there were only 62 French settlers at Detroit and 353 acres under cultivation. He described Cadillac's rule as "tyrannical," and added that Cadillac had earned the hatred of both the French settlers and their Indigenous neighbours. D'Aigremont further noted that most of the furs passing through Detroit were going to the English at Albany, either directly or through Iroquois middlemen. As
2400-450: The St. Leger Expedition . This group fought at the Battle of Oriskany in early August. Over the next few months, 28 war parties set out from Detroit. The following spring, during a council at Detroit, Hamilton once again urged Britain's Indigenous allies to "not redden the axe... with the blood of women or children or innocent men." In January 1778, Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark of
2496-472: The Western Department . His command included frontier forts such as Fort Pitt ( Pittsburgh ), Fort McIntosh ( Beaver, Pennsylvania ), Fort Laurens (near Bolivar, Ohio ), Fort Henry (Virginia) ( Wheeling, West Virginia ), Fort Armstrong (near Kittanning, Pennsylvania ), and Fort Holliday's Cove , along with dozens of lesser outposts. The Wyandot , Mingo , Shawnee , and Lenape allied with
2592-494: The Westmoreland militia who raised 107 volunteers for the campaign. When DePeyster became aware of Clark's planned expedition, he dispatched Andrew Thompson's company of Butler's Rangers to the Wyandot town of Upper Sandusky, while Indian Department officials began to gather Indigenous auxiliaries. In mid-August, Mohawk war leader Joseph Brant , who had been sent to Detroit, led about 90 Iroquois, Shawnee, and Wyandot warriors to
2688-533: The Wisconsin River . 150 were slaughtered and 154 were taken captive. 56 of the captives were killed during the arduous return to Detroit, and most of the remainder were executed after their arrival. The survivors repulsed a second Wyandot attack the following year, after which the Sauk provided sanctuary at Green Bay. In 1633, Villiers, two of his sons, and several other Frenchmen were killed when they tried to intimidate
2784-541: The tallgrass prairie located to the south of Lake Michigan but were constantly harassed by the Cahokia. The Meskwaki took refuge in a grove of trees and constructed a rough fortification. Warriors from the Potowatomi, Kickapoo, and Mascouten joined the Cahokia to besiege the Meskwaki encampment. French soldiers under the command of Nicolas Antoine Coulon de Villiers and traders from Fort de Chartres and Fort St. Joseph joined
2880-559: The British and regularly raided settlements on the Ohio Country frontier. The British were strong at Fort Detroit and other outposts, and had most of the Iroquois Confederacy as allies. In addition, Brodhead faced a tenuous alliance with Iroquois tribes such as the Oneida who supported the Patriot cause as allies, a large population of Tory-sympathizing settlers, and a delicate truce with
2976-477: The Continental Army was struggling to keep going. Furthermore, the court martial ruled Brodhead justified in spending the recruiting money on supplies, and he was not punished. A short time later, George Washington brevetted him a brigadier general . Brodhead spent the remainder of the war as commander of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment . After the war, Brodhead, by then a widower, married Rebecca Mifflin,
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3072-580: The Delaware fled from eastern Ohio. They also vowed vengeance. He retained command of the Western Department until September 17, 1781, when he was replaced by John Gibson . He had turned over command in May 1781, but returned in August and tried to regain control from Gibson, in the process arresting Gibson. However George Washington sent orders which led to Brodhead's permanent removal from command at Fort Pitt. Brodhead
3168-509: The French and Michipichy by the Odawa, was the leader of a band that had split from the Wyandot at Michilimackinac about 1690 and had lived among the Miami before rejoining the Michilimackinac band at Detroit. Cheanonvouzon sought to reclaim Wyandot autonomy from the more numerous Odawa. To this end he established a trade alliance with the Miami and Iroquois . The alliance with the Iroquois gave
3264-467: The French would spare their families. Vincennes agreed, however, once the Meskwaki warriors had laid down their arms they were massacred. Pemoussa was taken prisoner but later escaped. The women and children were enslaved, and some were later sold or gifted to the French. The Wyandot, however, elected to torture and burn all of their captives rather than keep them as slaves. In response, the Meskwaki still living west of Lake Michigan and those who had joined
3360-469: The French, meaning "The Strait of Lake Erie." In 1698, Antoine Laumet de Lamothe Cadillac, who had previously commanded Fort de Buade at Michilimackinac , proposed the establishment of a colony at Detroit. French families would be recruited as settlers, and the Indigenous tribes living near Michilimackinac would be encouraged to migrate to the area. The settlement would not only prevent English expansion into
3456-641: The Kentucky militia was authorized to lead an expedition to seize the British outposts of Kaskaskia and Cahokia on the Mississippi River . Despite having recruited only 175 men, Clark captured Kaskaskia on July 4 and Cahokia two days later. Vincennes , on the Wabash River 180 miles east of Kaskakia was occupied by the end of the month. In response, Hamilton set out from Detroit on October 7 with 125 militia and 60 Lakes' Nation warriors. They were later joined by
3552-536: The Meskwaki, disrupting the flow of furs to Detroit and Michilimackinac. In 1728, the Governor General of New France, Charles de Beauharnois concluded that a genocidal campaign against the Meskwaki was warranted. 400 French soldiers and coureurs des bois led by François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery were joined at Michilimackinac by Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot from Detroit. The forewarned Meskwaki abandoned their villages and retreated west. Lignery burned
3648-416: The Miami were joined by the Wyandot. About 30 Odawa, 50 Miami and an unknown number of Wyandot were killed. The Odawa abandoned their village and moved back to Michilimackinac but returned by 1708. Contemporary accounts, both Indigenous and French, do not agree on the cause of the attack or who was to blame. Bourgmont was criticized for his handling of the incident and deserted after Cadillac's return. For
3744-478: The Odawa war chief Saguima led Odawa and Potawatomi warriors in a surprise attack against the Mascouten living at the headwaters of the St. Joseph River. Over 150 of the Mascouten were killed including women and children. Saguima had initially planned to attack the Meskwaki living there, however, that band had moved to Detroit shortly before the attack. The Mascouten survivors took refuge with the Meskwaki who proceeded to built
3840-632: The Pennsylvania State Battalion of Musketry, which were consolidated into a single battalion, the Pennsylvania State Regiment, and would later become the 13th Pennsylvania Regiment . Brodhead took over command of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment after the death of its commander, Aeneas Mackay, early in 1777 and was promoted to colonel . Brodhead led his troops during the Philadelphia Campaign in 1777 and wintered with
3936-698: The Sauk into turning over the Meskwaki. The Sauk and the Meskwaki fled west across the Mississippi River and established a fortified village on the Wapsipicon River. News of a large French expedition led by Nicolas-Joseph des Noyelles caused the Sauk and Meskwaki to move even further west to the Des Moines River . The French expedition reached the Des Moines in March 1735, but withdrew after a brief skirmish due to
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4032-451: The Seneca began raiding in the vicinity of Detroit. Operating in small groups, they attacked and killed anyone who strayed too far from Fort Pontchartrain or the palisaded Indigenous villages. In 1713, the Wyandot intercepted a large Meskwaki war party on the Ile aux Dindes, a small island in the Detroit River about six miles downstream of Fort Pontchartrain. Raids continued in 1714 and 1715. In 1716,
4128-672: The Wendat and the French settlers. During the Fox Wars, the animosity between the Wyandot and Odawa at Detroit abated, but tempers flared again in 1738 when the Wyandot announced that they would no longer participate in joint raids against the Catawba (Flatheads). After an Odawa raid was routed by the Catawba with Wyandot assistance, the Odawa harassed and threatened the Wyandot, prompting them to relocate to Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie. Upon returning to Detroit
4224-609: The Wyandot access to goods like Caribbean rum and scarlet woollens which could be acquired from the British at Albany but not from the French. In 1707 Cadillac began granting land in the vicinity of the fort to French settlers. He required that they pay an exorbitant annual rent and a percentage of their crops to him. In response to complaints about Cadillac, Pontchartrain appointed François Clariambault d'Aigremont to investigate conditions at Detroit and other posts. In his November 1708 report, d'Aigremont accused Cadillac of profiteering and enacting policies that threatened French control of
4320-480: The Wyandot and Odawa returned to Detroit with their captives and trophies, significantly weakening Fort Duquesne's defences. The French garrison destroyed the fort and withdrew from the area before the main body of the expedition arrived in November. The disruption to the flow of trade goods that followed the 1758 Siege of Louisbourg and the capture of Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario that same year effectively ended
4416-464: The Wyandot, Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomis at Detroit initially supported the French and sent warriors to Montreal, but withdrew their support when the war curtailed the supply of trade goods. Meanwhile, Orontony and the Junundat Wyandot supported the British. In 1747, they killed five French traders and plotted to massacre settlers at Detroit. They were thwarted when a "loyal" Wyandot woman overheard
4512-547: The approaching British vanguard. In the subsequent Battle of the Monongahela , the British, unfamiliar with wilderness combat, had 457 killed in action while the French and their Indigenous allies suffered only 23 deaths. In 1757, prior to the siege of Fort William Henry , a British reconnaissance in force of 350 men was ambushed at Sabbath Day Point on Lake George by 50 Canadian militia and 450 Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi including warriors from Detroit. About 100 members of
4608-498: The area. In 1705, Cadillac reported an Indigenous population at Detroit of 2,000. In June 1706, while Cadillac was at Quebec , Odawa warriors at Detroit organized an expedition against the Sioux . As they were setting out, a Potowatomi who had married a Miami woman mistakenly warned the Odawa that the Miami were planning to raid their village during their absence. The Odawa chief known as Le Pesant or "The Bear" decided to turn back and lead
4704-405: The average family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the town
4800-502: The center of la Petite Côte (Little Coast). Located in what is now Windsor , La Petite Côte represents the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in Ontario . In 1765, the roughly sixty French families living on La Petite Côte petitioned for a parish of their own. It was decided that the mission would become the Parish of Our Lady of the Assumption with the care of the souls of both
4896-813: The confluence of the Great Miami and Ohio rivers. In early August, Clark set out by boat down the Ohio River from Wheeling intending for Lochry to rendezvous with him en route. Brant realized that he had insufficient men to attack Clark as the expedition floated past, however, learned that Lochry was not far behind. On August 24, Lochry landed his party on the north bank of the Ohio and was ambushed . 37 Americans were killed including Lochry and 64 were captured. On August 27, Brant rendezvoused with Thompson and Alexander McKee who had brought with him several hundred warriors. Brant, Thompson and McKee set off in pursuit of Clark, however,
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#17328581197404992-569: The confluence of the Ohio and Beaver rivers, and began construction of Fort Laurens on the Tuscarawas River in mid-November. Due to a shortage of provisions, McIntosh decided to return to Fort Pitt leaving the 11th Virginia Regiment to garrison the fort. That winter the garrison suffered greatly from a lack of food and warm clothing. Lernoult dispatched Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment and
5088-412: The confluence of the Ohio and Great Miami rivers, Bird rendezvoused with Alexander McKee of the British Indian Department who had recruited several hundred warriors from the Ohio Country. Although Bird's orders were to proceed to the Falls of the Ohio, he was overruled by his Indigenous allies who preferred to attack the isolated settlements on the Licking River . In late June, Bird's expedition destroyed
5184-426: The death of his first wife Elizabeth, he was married to Rebecca Mifflin the widow of Samuel Mifflin. Samuel's brother Thomas Mifflin was the first Governor of Pennsylvania. To this union was born two sons, Charles Brodhead and Richard Brodhead. Brodhead had a relatively unremarkable career before the American Revolutionary War . He farmed, ran a grist mill, and worked as a deputy surveyor for Pennsylvania . In
5280-448: The following year, the Wyandot debated whether they should move to the St. Lawrence River valley, remain near Detroit, or settle permanently at Sandusky. While one group decided to establish a village on Bois Blanc Island at the mouth of the Detroit River , another group led by Angouirot and Nicholas Orontony returned to Sandusky and constructed a village south of the bay which became known as Junundat . During King George's War ,
5376-404: The fort while the remainder lived on farms that stretched along both sides of the river. The British garrison consisted of three companies of the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot and a small artillery detachment. Roughly 4,000 Wyandot, Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe lived in the Detroit area. They were referred to as the "Lakes' Nations" by the British and could field close to 1,200 warriors. At
5472-425: The fort with weapons concealed under blankets. Pontiac intended to surprise the garrison, however, the British commander, Major Henry Gladwin , had been forewarned and his men were armed and ready. Pontiac withdrew but two days later initiated a siege. During the first week of the siege, 20 soldiers and 15 British civilians outside the fort were captured, killed or wounded, however, no French settlers were harmed. As
5568-505: The fort. For many years the entire European population lived within the palisade. In October 1703, a fire destroyed the chapel and the house of the Recollect priest, Constantin Delhalle, as well as the residences of Cadillac and Tonty. After the fort was established, Odawa (Ottawa) from Michilimackinac, and Wyandot (Huron) from Michilimackinac and the St. Joseph River migrated to Detroit and established palisaded villages. Groups of Miami , Ojibwe and later Potawatomi also migrated to
5664-426: The fort: Cadillac's wife, Marie-Thérèse Guyon , and Marie Anne Picoté de Belestre, the wife of Cadillac's lieutenant, Alphonse de Tonty . Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit was built from white oak and initially enclosed an area of about 0.85 acres (0.34 hectares). The palisade was roughly 12 feet (3.7 m) tall with a bastion positioned at each corner. Dwellings, a warehouse, and the chapel were constructed inside
5760-492: The fortification was given the name Fort Lernoult. Later in the war, a palisade was constructed that enclosed the area between the fort and the town. In May 1778, Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh was given command of the Western Department of the Continental Army . He was authorized by Congress to launch an expedition against Detroit, however, was only assigned two Continental regiments, roughly 250 men. McIntosh departed Fort Pitt on October 23, established Fort McIntosh at
5856-413: The fortified settlements of Ruddle's Fort and Martin's Station. A number of non-combatants were killed or wounded at Ruddle's Fort when the Indigenous warriors ignored the terms of surrender and took most of the inhabitants captive. Bird reported to DePeyster that the Indigenous auxiliaries "rush'd in, tore the poor children from their mothers Breasts, killed a wounded man and every one of the cattle." Bird
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#17328581197405952-438: The forts. Providing rum or other liquor to Indigenous people was forbidden. Finally, he limited the amount of powder and lead that traders could provide, which severely impacted the ability of the Indigenous population to hunt. In response, Pontiac , war leader of the Odawa, organized a loose confederation of tribes in an attempt to drive British soldiers and settlers from the region. On May 7, 1763, Pontiac and 60 Odawa entered
6048-498: The frontier outpost of Fort Muncy. However, in addition to the above information from the Pennsylvania Archives, the Orderly Book of the 8th Pennsylvania Regt and the Muster Rolls at Fort Pitt 1778 show that Brodhead led the 8th Pennsylvania regiment to Fort Pitt in the summer of 1778.) Brodhead commanded the 8th Pennsylvania in Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh 's failed attempt to capture the British stronghold of Fort Detroit . On March 5, 1779, Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander of
6144-415: The latter’s soldiers, Thomas Van Doren and Jacob Shedacre, who had participated in the campaign against Burgoyne, were killed, on the 24th, in sight of Potter's Fort, by the Indians. Soon after, Col. Hartley with his regiment relieved Col. Brodhead, and he proceeded with the 8th to Pittsburgh”. (Several histories incorrectly state that Washington sent Brodhead and the 8th Pennsylvania to rebuild and re-garrison
6240-440: The next several years, he lived as a coureur des bois before undertaking an exploration of the Missouri River in 1714. The Governor General of New France, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil concluded that Le Pesant was responsible. Vaunreuil insisted that Le Pesant be turned over to the French, and gave Cadillac the authority to arrest and execute him. Le Pesant was apprehended at Michilimackinac and brought to Detroit but
6336-410: The participation of Detroit's Indigenous population in the war. On November 29, 1760, a few months after the capture of Montreal , Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit surrendered peacefully to a British contingent led by Major Robert Rogers and officially became known as Fort Detroit. The newly appointed governor of the Province of Quebec , Jeffrey Amherst , introduced a number of measures that strained
6432-434: The planning and informed the Jesuit missionary Father Pierre-Philippe Potier at Bois Blanc Island. Potier hastened to Fort Pontchartrain and warned its commander about the threat. Fearing retribution, Orontony led his people south and established the village of Conchaké at the head of the Muskingum River . In the interim, the Detroit Wyandot abandoned Bois Blanc Island and relocated to La Pointe du Montreal directly across
6528-408: The population. There were 2,386 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and
6624-441: The powerful Lenape-Delaware tribe. Its friendly chief had signed a treaty with the US as an ally. From his headquarters at Fort Pitt, Brodhead directed numerous raids against hostile native tribes, often leading the offensives personally. His most famous raid was the Brodhead Expedition that was conducted against the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy between August 11 and September 14, 1779. Brodhead left Fort Pitt with
6720-423: The provincial 1st New Jersey Regiment (Jersey Blues) were killed or drowned while 150 were taken prisoner. In September 1758, during the Forbes Expedition , a British reconnaissance force of 800 led by Major James Grant attempted to capture Fort Duquesne but was overwhelmed by the French, Odawa and Wyandot defenders. A third of the British force was killed, wounded or captured including Grant. Afterwards, most of
6816-409: The relationship between the British and the Indigenous population of the Great Lakes region. Amherst believed that although trade was necessary and desirable, the lavish giving of gifts was not. The governor failed to understand that Indigenous leaders considered gift-giving a key part of diplomacy. Amherst ended the common practice of traders visiting Indigenous villages and ordered trading restricted to
6912-607: The river from Fort Pontchartrain. Following the death of Orontony in 1750, a smallpox epidemic in 1752, and the attack by Charles Michel de Langlade on the nearby British-aligned Miami village of Pickawillany, the Muskingum River settlement was abandoned. A number of the Conchaké Wyandot returned to Detroit, however, most returned to Sandusky. During the French and Indian War , Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Wyandot warriors as well as
7008-472: The safety of Fort Pontchartrain. Soon the Wyandot returned from their hunting camp, followed by Saguima with 600 Odawa and Potawatomis. The Meskwaki withdrew into their fort which was then besieged by the Odawa, Potawatomis, Wyandot, and French. Following a parley, the three Odawa women were released, however, the siege continued as France's Indigenous allies were unwilling to negotiate with the Meskwaki. The Meskwaki war chief Pemoussa later offered his own life and
7104-456: The siege as did warriors from the Sauk and Miami. Efforts to negotiate were rebuked and while the Sauk provided sanctuary for some of the children, almost all of the Meskwaki were killed or enslaved when they attempted a breakout. In December 1731, a war-party of Wyandot from Detroit and Christian Iroquois from Lake of Two Mountains near Montreal attacked the remnant population of Meskwaki living on
7200-604: The siege on October 15 and withdrew south to the Maumee River. During the Revolutionary War, Detroit served as a staging area for attacks on frontier settlements by British regulars, Butler's Rangers and Britain's Indigenous allies. Several American expeditions against Detroit were proposed or planned but were never fully executed. At the beginning of the war, Detroit had a population of roughly 1,500 including 90 black and Indigenous slaves. About 225 individuals lived inside
7296-469: The siege progressed, Pontiac's force of roughly 460 Odawa, Potawatomi, and Wyandot grew to more than 800 with the addition of warriors from the Ojibwe and other tribes. On July 29, 260 British reinforcements arrived under the command of Captain James Dalyell. The following day, Dalyell attempted an attack on Pontiac's encampment 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the fort. Pontiac ambushed the British force at
7392-515: The state capital, after the city of Kingston was burned by the British during the American Revolutionary War . Part of Marbletown was used in 1823 to form the Town of Olive and another part was used in 1844 to form the Town of Rosendale . The town of Marbletown was formed in 1788. The Bevier Stone House , Rest Plaus Historic District , Cornelius Wynkoop Stone House and Mohonk Mountain House are listed on
7488-399: The town. The population density was 107.3 inhabitants per square mile (41.4/km ). There were 2,846 housing units at an average density of 52.1 per square mile (20.1/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 95.46% white , 1.38% African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.70% Asian , 0.53% from other races , and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.07% of
7584-603: The villages and destroyed the crops in the fields but returned to Michilimackinac without engaging the Mewkwaki in battle. In 1729, the Mascouten and Kickapoo ended their long-standing alliance with the Meskwaki. The following year most of the Meskwaki began a long journey east to seek sanctuary with the Seneca. That summer they were discovered by the Cahokia while encamped on the Illinois River . The Meskwaki fled south and east across
7680-419: The war hatchet" and strike at the rebels but to refrain from committing atrocities. 40 volunteers were recruited from the militia to accompany the warriors. In early July, six war parties totalling 117 Odawa, Ojibwe & Potawotomi and 18 volunteers left Detroit to attack frontier settlements in what is now Kentucky and West Virginia . An additional 47 Lakes' warriors headed to Fort Niagara in support of
7776-575: The war. Until the summer of 1777, British policy was for their Indigenous allies to be ready to support the Crown but remain inactive. That spring, however, Hamilton received orders to deploy Indigenous warriors on diversionary attacks in support of the Burgoyne expedition . At a June 1777 council attended by the Lakes' Nations and the Mingo , Shawnee and Wyandot from the Ohio Country , Hamilton urged them to "take up
7872-562: The west of Lake Michigan to relocate to Detroit. The Meskwaki had long been enemies of the Ojibwe, as well as the Odawa, Potawatomi and the Illinois Confederation . In 1710, two bands of Meskwaki along with some Kickapoo and Mascouten moved to the headwaters of the Grand and St. Joseph rivers. One group of Meskwaki established an encampment near Fort Pontchartrain later that year. Cadillac's successor, Jacques-Charles Renaud Dubuisson ,
7968-639: The widow of General Samuel Mifflin . Brodhead was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati . He later served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. On November 13, 1789, he was appointed Surveyor General of Pennsylvania and held the post for the next eleven years. He died at Milford, Pennsylvania , and was buried in the Milford Cemetery. Marbletown, New York Marbletown
8064-563: The years leading up to the outbreak of hostilities, Brodhead began to take part in the protest movements against British taxation. In 1774, Brodhead was elected to represent Bucks County at a provincial meeting held in Philadelphia on July 15, 1774. In 1776 as war broke out, Brodhead was commissioned as an officer of the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel . His first action came at
8160-417: Was $ 46,250, and the median income for a family was $ 54,085. Males had a median income of $ 40,640 versus $ 30,130 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 23,962. About 4.4% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over. Fort Detroit Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Detroit (1701–1796)
8256-414: Was a French and later British fortification established in 1701 on the north side of the Detroit River by Antoine Laumet de Lamothe Cadillac . A settlement based on the fur trade , farming and missionary work slowly developed in the area. The fort was located in what is now downtown Detroit , northeast of the intersection of Washington Boulevard and West Jefferson Avenue. Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit
8352-406: Was able to prevent a repeat when Martin's Station surrendered, however, both forts were plundered and burned. Afterwards, Bird's regulars and militia escorted about 150 men, women and children to Detroit, arriving there in early August. Of the 200–250 prisoners taken by the Indigenous auxiliaries, most were brought to Detroit, but a number were killed en route in what historian Russell Mahan has called
8448-406: Was allowed to escape. Angry that Le Pesant had not been executed, the Miami and Wyandot murdered three settlers in the vicinity of the fort. Cadillac later led a lackluster attack against the Miami settled on the St. Joseph River. The Wyandot leader Cheanonvouzon may have orchestrated the conflict by spreading false rumours and encouraging Miami aggression. Cheanonvouzon, known as Quarante Sols by
8544-459: Was attacked by the Meskwaki during the Fox Wars , and was the target of an aborted attack by English-aligned Wyandot during King George's War . During the French and Indian War , Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit surrendered to the British on November 29, 1760 after the capture of Montreal . It was besieged by Indigenous forces during Pontiac's War in 1763. The British controlled the area throughout
8640-563: Was left with 150 acres from the estate. He sold his land share to brother Garret. This became the residence of the Flory family for many years at 81 North Courtland Street, the oldest home in East Stroudsburg . The home is now privately owned and renovated by Joel Smith. Brodhead married Elizabeth Dupui of Northampton County in April 1756. To this union was born one child, Ann Garton Brodhead. Upon
8736-429: Was officially exchanged in the spring of 1781. In Hamilton's absence, Lernoult took steps to strengthen Detroit's defences. He began construction of a substantial redoubt on the high ground overlooking the stockaded town. Assisted by many of the inhabitants, the soldiers of the garrison dug ditches and erected an earthwork fortification of four half-bastions surmounted by a palisade. Work was completed in April 1779 and
8832-468: Was opposed to having Indigenous tribes settle at Detroit, and considered the Meskwaki and their allies to be troublemakers. The Meskwaki stole livestock, taunted the Odawa and Wyandot, claimed they were the rightful masters of Detroit, and openly boasted about their plans to trade with the English. This band abruptly abandoned Detroit early in the spring of 1712 and took refuge among the Seneca . In April 1712,
8928-434: Was removed from his command over allegations of mishandling supplies and money. Brodhead had made impressment (the forced sale of supplies) a policy. He had spent money intended for bonuses to recruit new militiamen to purchase supplies for his existing troops. Brodhead was acquitted of all charges except misspending the recruiting money. George Washington had been aware of the impressment and had given his tacit approval, as
9024-622: Was sent to augment the garrison. On 1 November 1779, Major Arent DePeyster , who had previously commanded at Michilimackinac, succeeded Captain Lernolt as Fort Detroit's commander. In May 1780, DePeyster ordered an expedition against American forces at the Falls of the Ohio ( Louisville ). He choose Captain Bird to lead the force of 150 soldiers from the 8th Regiment, 47th Regiment, Royal Artillery, and Detroit militia, accompanied by 100 Lakes' Nations warriors. At
9120-525: Was taken to Williamsburg, Virginia , falsely accused of paying for scalps, and was treated as a criminal rather than a prisoner of war. The Virginia Council, headed by Thomas Jefferson , ordered Hamilton placed in irons and confined to the Williamsburg jail. These harsh measures were relaxed several weeks later due to the intervention of George Washington. Hamilton accepted parole to New York in October 1780 and
9216-461: Was untenable and ordered the fort abandoned. Brodhead proposed an attack on Detroit for later that year, however, abandoned his plan in favour of an expedition up the Allegheny River in support of the Sullivan expedition . In response to news of Hamilton's capture, and in anticipation of an American campaign against Detroit, a company of Butler's Rangers and a detachment of the 47th Regiment of Foot
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