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41-697: On April 7, 1781, Daniel Brodhead led an American force of 150 Continental Army troops and 134 Pennsylvania militiamen out along the Ohio River. Fearing the neutral Turtle Clan of the Lenape in Goschachgunk would soon be joining the British as the more aggressive Wolf Clan had, they embarked with the initial purpose of securing the Turtle Clan's alliance. However, the ever-increasing attacks against American settlers made by

82-636: A contingent of 605 soldiers and militia to go into northwestern Pennsylvania. He followed the Allegheny River up into New York, where he drove the Seneca out of their villages. As most of the warriors were away fighting the Sullivan Expedition further east in New York, Brodhead met little resistance in destroying the villages, crops and people at the heart of the Seneca nation. In April 1781, Brodhead led

123-773: A merchant following his graduation from the College of Philadelphia . After serving in the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and the First Continental Congress , where he signed the Continental Association , he joined the Continental Army in 1775. During the Revolutionary War , Mifflin was an aide to General George Washington and was appointed the army's Quartermaster General , rising to

164-692: A successful expedition against the Lenape bands around the Muskingum River in the Ohio Country . In 1781, some of the Lenape-Delaware ended their neutrality and sided with the British. In retaliation, Brodhead mounted the Coshocton Expedition , invading their territory in central Ohio and destroying the main village of Coshocton in what is now east-central Ohio . As a result of Brodhead's campaign,

205-494: Is also the settlement which housed many of the surviving people from the previously raided and destroyed the settlement of Lichtenau. There is now a historical marker in the city of Coshocton at 40° 16.554' N, 81° 50.659' W. Daniel Brodhead Daniel Brodhead (October 17, 1736 – November 15, 1809) was an American military officer and politician who served during the American Revolutionary War . Brodhead

246-571: Is interred at Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in Lancaster. A Commonwealth of Pennsylvania historical marker outside Holy Trinity, dedicated in 1975, commemorates Thomas Wharton and Mifflin, the first and last Presidents of Pennsylvania under the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . It reads: Holy Trinity Lutheran Church . Founded in 1730. A session for an Indian treaty was held in the original church building in 1762. The present edifice

287-533: The 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic happened during his term in office. Fries Rebellion also started during his term. He then returned to the state legislature, where he served until his death the following month. Although Mifflin's family had been Quakers for four generations, he was expelled from the Religious Society of Friends when he joined the Continental Army, because his involvement with

328-548: The Battle of Long Island , where he was recognized by George Washington for his bravery and initiative. At the battle, Brodhead's only son, also named Daniel, was wounded and captured. He was later exchanged in 1778, and retired as a captain in 1779 from the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment. After the Battle of Long Island , Broadhead became the acting commander of the remnants of the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment and

369-568: The Continental Army at Valley Forge in 1777–78. “On the 5th of March, 1778, the regiment was ordered to Pittsburgh for the defense of the western frontiers, and by directions of Gen. Lachlan McIntosh , Col. Brodhead made, about the 12th of July, a detour up the West Branch to check the Indians who were ravaging Wyoming and the West Branch valley. He was at Muncy, on the 24th of July, and had ordered Capt. Finley’s company into Penn's valley, where two of

410-473: The Western Department . His command included frontier forts such as Fort Pitt ( Pittsburgh ), Fort McIntosh ( Beaver, Pennsylvania ), Fort Laurens (near Bolivar, Ohio ), Fort Henry (Virginia) ( Wheeling, West Virginia ), Fort Armstrong (near Kittanning, Pennsylvania ), and Fort Holliday's Cove , along with dozens of lesser outposts. The Wyandot , Mingo , Shawnee , and Lenape allied with

451-559: The British and regularly raided settlements on the Ohio Country frontier. The British were strong at Fort Detroit and other outposts, and had most of the Iroquois Confederacy as allies. In addition, Brodhead faced a tenuous alliance with Iroquois tribes such as the Oneida who supported the Patriot cause as allies, a large population of Tory-sympathizing settlers, and a delicate truce with

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492-418: The Continental Army was struggling to keep going. Furthermore, the court martial ruled Brodhead justified in spending the recruiting money on supplies, and he was not punished. A short time later, George Washington brevetted him a brigadier general . Brodhead spent the remainder of the war as commander of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment . After the war, Brodhead, by then a widower, married Rebecca Mifflin,

533-643: The Delaware fled from eastern Ohio. They also vowed vengeance. He retained command of the Western Department until September 17, 1781, when he was replaced by John Gibson . He had turned over command in May 1781, but returned in August and tried to regain control from Gibson, in the process arresting Gibson. However George Washington sent orders which led to Brodhead's permanent removal from command at Fort Pitt. Brodhead

574-587: The Moravian Christian settlements, such as Schoenbrunn , Gnadenhutten and Salem , which housed Christian Indians and American missionaries such as John Heckewelder , as Brodhead declared that "these Indians had conducted themselves from the commencement of the war in a manner that did them honour." Brodhead and his soldiers received food from these villages. Feeling his expedition at the end and his troops' anger satiated, Brodhead returned to Pennsylvania. In 1782, American troops from Pennsylvania came back to

615-634: The Pennsylvania State Battalion of Musketry, which were consolidated into a single battalion, the Pennsylvania State Regiment, and would later become the 13th Pennsylvania Regiment . Brodhead took over command of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment after the death of its commander, Aeneas Mackay, early in 1777 and was promoted to colonel . Brodhead led his troops during the Philadelphia Campaign in 1777 and wintered with

656-837: The United States Constitutional Convention in 1787. He was a signatory to the Continental Association and the Constitution. He served in the house of Pennsylvania General Assembly (1785–1788). He was a member of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and on November 5, 1788, he was elected president of the Council, replacing Benjamin Franklin . He was unanimously reelected to

697-589: The Wolf Clan caused many within Brodhead's ranks to seek retribution, and the mission became an active military campaign. Brodhead first reached the main Turtle Clan village of Gekelmukpechunk . He requested a discussion between the principal chiefs of the village, and three were sent to meet him. His initial hope was to secure the allegiance of the villagers and enlist Lenape warriors into his campaign. Unfortunately, one of Brodhead's militiamen, Lewis Wetzel , killed one of

738-727: The area. This was a force made up of primarily Pennsylvanian settlers attempting to avenge attacks on American settlers in Western Pennsylvania. After falsely promising protection to the Moravian Christian Lenape and Moravian Christian Mahicans, the Pennsylvania militia massacred residents of the pacifist Moravian Christian settlement of Gnadenhutten in what would become known as the Gnadenhutten massacre , with those who were murdered being recognized as Christian martyrs . This

779-494: The army's first quartermaster general, under order of Congress. Although it has been said that he was good at the job despite preferring to be on the front lines, questions were raised regarding his failure to properly supply Washington and the troops at Valley Forge , alleging that he had instead warehoused and sold supplies intended for Valley Forge to the highest bidder. Reportedly, after Washington confronted him about this, Mifflin asked to be relieved as quartermaster general but

820-555: The committee that wrote Pennsylvania's state constitution, becoming the state's first governor after the constitution's ratification in 1790. Mifflin left office as governor in 1799 and died the following year. Mifflin was born January 10, 1744, in Philadelphia, in the Province of Pennsylvania . He was the son of John Mifflin and Elizabeth Bagnall. His great-grandfather John Mifflin Jr. (1662–1714)

861-426: The death of his first wife Elizabeth, he was married to Rebecca Mifflin the widow of Samuel Mifflin. Samuel's brother Thomas Mifflin was the first Governor of Pennsylvania. To this union was born two sons, Charles Brodhead and Richard Brodhead. Brodhead had a relatively unremarkable career before the American Revolutionary War . He farmed, ran a grist mill, and worked as a deputy surveyor for Pennsylvania . In

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902-721: The frontier outpost of Fort Muncy. However, in addition to the above information from the Pennsylvania Archives, the Orderly Book of the 8th Pennsylvania Regt and the Muster Rolls at Fort Pitt 1778 show that Brodhead led the 8th Pennsylvania regiment to Fort Pitt in the summer of 1778.) Brodhead commanded the 8th Pennsylvania in Brig. Gen. Lachlan McIntosh 's failed attempt to capture the British stronghold of Fort Detroit . On March 5, 1779, Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander of

943-416: The latter’s soldiers, Thomas Van Doren and Jacob Shedacre, who had participated in the campaign against Burgoyne, were killed, on the 24th, in sight of Potter's Fort, by the Indians. Soon after, Col. Hartley with his regiment relieved Col. Brodhead, and he proceeded with the 8th to Pittsburgh”. (Several histories incorrectly state that Washington sent Brodhead and the 8th Pennsylvania to rebuild and re-garrison

984-597: The military contradicted that faith's pacifistic doctrines. Mifflin became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1768 and served for two years as its secretary. He served from 1773 to 1791 as a trustee of the College and Academy of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania ), including two years as treasurer (1773–1775). Mifflin died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania , on January 23, 1800. He

1025-480: The nearby village of Goschachgunk. He divided his men into three regiments and laid their village to waste. On the first night, 16 Lenape warriors were captured, taken south of the village, and massacred by the Americans; another 20 were killed in battle, and 20 non-combatants were taken prisoner. Five of those captured were Christian Munsees, who were released. Brodhead and Colonel Davis Shepherd did not further attack

1066-412: The peaceful chiefs just as they had crossed the river to meet. Fearing massive losses and an unplanned battle, Brodhead retreated and refocused his troops on their initial goal of reaching Coshocton. On April 20, Brodhead and his men, including some American-allied Lenape, raided and destroyed the neutral Christian Munsee village of Indaochaic . Then, aided by Lenape chief Gelelemend , they traveled to

1107-596: The powerful Lenape-Delaware tribe. Its friendly chief had signed a treaty with the US as an ally. From his headquarters at Fort Pitt, Brodhead directed numerous raids against hostile native tribes, often leading the offensives personally. His most famous raid was the Brodhead Expedition that was conducted against the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy between August 11 and September 14, 1779. Brodhead left Fort Pitt with

1148-509: The presidency on November 11, 1789. He presided over the committee that wrote Pennsylvania's 1790 state constitution . That document did away with the Executive Council, replacing it with a single governor. On December 21, 1790, Mifflin became the last president of Pennsylvania and the first governor of the Commonwealth. He held the latter office until December 17, 1799, when he was succeeded by Thomas McKean . The Whiskey Rebellion and

1189-671: The rank of major general. He returned to Congress in 1782 and was elected president of the Congress the following year. He served as speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1785 to 1787 and as president of Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council from 1788 to 1790. Mifflin was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and signed the United States Constitution . He then presided over

1230-625: The son of Francis Hopkinson . After Sarah's death in 1790, Emily became her father's hostess and a family source references a total of four daughters in the family, "all beautiful women." A source indicates that Sarah "had no children of her own." Early in the Revolutionary War, Mifflin left the Continental Congress to serve in the Continental Army. He was commissioned as a major, then became an aide-de-camp of George Washington. On August 14, 1775, Washington appointed him to become

1271-629: The states to send enough delegates to Congress to ratify the Treaty of Paris , which finally took place on January 14, 1784, at the Maryland State House in Annapolis. He also appointed Thomas Jefferson as a minister to France on May 7, 1784, and he appointed his former aide, Colonel Josiah Harmar , to be the commander of the First American Regiment . Mifflin later served as a delegate to

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1312-742: The widow of General Samuel Mifflin . Brodhead was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati . He later served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. On November 13, 1789, he was appointed Surveyor General of Pennsylvania and held the post for the next eleven years. He died at Milford, Pennsylvania , and was buried in the Milford Cemetery. Thomas Mifflin Thomas Mifflin (January 10, 1744 – January 20, 1800)

1353-564: The years leading up to the outbreak of hostilities, Brodhead began to take part in the protest movements against British taxation. In 1774, Brodhead was elected to represent Bucks County at a provincial meeting held in Philadelphia on July 15, 1774. In 1776 as war broke out, Brodhead was commissioned as an officer of the Pennsylvania State Rifle Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel . His first action came at

1394-564: Was a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly (1772–1776). He served two terms in the Continental Congress (1774–1775 and 1782–1784), including seven months (November 1783 to June 1784) as that body's presiding officer. Mifflin's most important duty as president was to accept on behalf of Congress the resignation of General George Washington on December 23, 1783. After the war, the importance of Congress declined so precipitously that Mifflin found it difficult to convince

1435-544: Was an American merchant, soldier, and politician from Pennsylvania , who is regarded as a Founding Father of the United States for his roles during and after the American Revolution . Mifflin signed the United States Constitution , was the first governor of Pennsylvania , serving from 1790 to 1799, and was also the state's last president, succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 1788. Born in Philadelphia, Mifflin became

1476-525: Was born in Marbletown , Province of New York , the son of Daniel Brodhead II and Hester (Wyngart) Brodhead. Brodhead's father moved his family to what is now East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania , in 1737. Life in the frontier settlement was difficult, as Native American bands, mostly Lenape and Susquehannock, resisted settlers' encroachment. The Brodhead homestead was attacked by natives numerous times during Daniel's youth. When his father died in 1755, Brodhead

1517-604: Was born in Warminster , Wiltshire , England and settled in the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1760, Mifflin graduated from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania ) and joined the mercantile business of William Biddle. After returning from a trip to Europe in 1765, he established a commercial business partnership with his brother, George Mifflin. He married a second cousin, Sarah Morris, on March 4, 1767. Their daughter Emily Mifflin married Joseph Hopkinson ,

1558-407: Was created, on which Mifflin served from 1777 to 1778. He then rejoined the army but took little active role, following criticism of his service as quartermaster general. He was accused of embezzlement and welcomed an inquiry; however, one never took place. He resigned his commission, but Congress continued to ask his advice even after accepting his resignation. Prior to American independence, Mifflin

1599-563: Was left with 150 acres from the estate. He sold his land share to brother Garret. This became the residence of the Flory family for many years at 81 North Courtland Street, the oldest home in East Stroudsburg . The home is now privately owned and renovated by Joel Smith. Brodhead married Elizabeth Dupui of Northampton County in April 1756. To this union was born one child, Ann Garton Brodhead. Upon

1640-489: Was persuaded to resume those duties because Congress was having difficulty finding a replacement. Mifflin's leadership in the Battle of Trenton and the Battle of Princeton led to a promotion to major general . In Congress, there was debate regarding whether a national army was more efficient or whether the individual states should maintain their own forces. As a result of this debate the Congressional Board of War

1681-434: Was removed from his command over allegations of mishandling supplies and money. Brodhead had made impressment (the forced sale of supplies) a policy. He had spent money intended for bonuses to recruit new militiamen to purchase supplies for his existing troops. Brodhead was acquitted of all charges except misspending the recruiting money. George Washington had been aware of the impressment and had given his tacit approval, as

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